Particle Analysis in Oceanography

414 Pages·1991·25.562 MB·English

by  H. B. Steen (auth.), Serge Demers (eds.)

Particle Analysis in Oceanography
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Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 27
Particle Analysis in Oceanography
Edited by
Serge Demers
Institut Maurice-Lamontagne
Ministere des Peches et des Oceans Canada
850 Route de la Mer
Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4
Canada
Springer -Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Individual Cell and Particle
Analysis in Oceanography held at Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy, October 21-30,
1990.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Individual Cell and Particle Analysis in Oceanography (1990: Acqua
fredda di Maratea. Italy) Particle analysis in oceanography 1 edited by Serge Demers.-(NATO ASI series.
Series G. Ecological sciences; vol. 27) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Individual
Cell and Particle Analysis in Oceanography held at Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy, October 21-30,1990"
T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75123-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75121-9
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-75121-9
1. Optical oceanography-Congresses. 2. Flow cytometry-Congresses. I. Demers, Serge, 1951- II. North
Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. III. Title. IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series G, Ecological
sciences; no. 27. GC177.6.N381990 551 A6'0028-dc20 91-27492
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991
Typesetting: Camera-ready by authors
31/3140·543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
Foreword by Jean Boulva
Preface by Serge Demers
Instrumentation and calibration
H. B. Steen
Flow cytometry instrumentation 3
D. J. Arndt-Jovin
Digital microscopy and image analysis: where does it
impact on oceanography? 31
R. lturriaga
Applications of microphotometry to optical oceanography 39
K. A. Ault
Calibration and quantitative analysis 47
Pigments and fluorescence
w. w. C. Gieskes
Algal pigment fingerprints: clue to taxon-specific abundance,
productivity and degradation of phytoplankton in seas and
oceans 61
T. G. Owens
Energy transformation and fluorescence in photosynthesis 101
Marine optics and light scattering
A. Morel
Optics of marine particles and marine optics 141
G. C. Salvnan, S. Brito Singham, R. G. Johnston and C. F. Bohren
Light scattering properties of cells 189
Microbial ecology through individual cell analysis
F. Azam and D. C. Smith
Bacterial influence on the variability in the ocean's
biogeochemical state: a mechanistic view 213
E. F. DeLong
Molecular systematics, microbial ecology and single cell
analysis 237
VI
From cell to Oceans
L. Legendre and 1. Le Fevre
From individual plankton cells to pelagic marine
ecosystems and to global biogeochemical cycles 261
P. M. Holligan and W. M. Balch
From the ocean to cells: coccolithophore optics
and biogeochemistry 301
M. R. Lewis and 1. 1. Cullen
From cells to the ocean: satellite ocean color 325
R. Iturriaga, A. Morel, C. Roesler and D. Stramski
Individual and bulk analysis of the optical properties
of marine particulates: examples of merging these two scales
of analysis 339
Flow cytometry in oceanography
R. 1. Olson, E. R. Zettler, S. W. Chisholm and 1. A. Dusenberry
Advances in oceanography through flow cytometry 351
Conclusion
P. G. Falkowski, S. Demers and L. Legendre
Concluding remarks: promises and limitations of individual
cell and particle analysis 403
List of participants 409
Subject index 411
NATO Advanced Study Institute
on Individual cell and particle analysis in oceanography
Hotel Villa del Mare, Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy
October 21-30, 1990
Acosta Pomar, Lucila; Agusti, Susana; Amann Rudolf; Anderson, Donald; Ault, Kenneth; Azam, Farooq; Babin,
Marcel; Balfoort, Hans; Bannister, Thomas T.; Benedetti, Alberto; Berman, Thomas; Binder, Brian; Blaise,
Christian; Blanco, Juan; Boyd, Carl; Bruce, Barry D.; Burkill, Peter; Button, D. K.; Campbell, Lisa; Casotti,
Raffaella; Chisholm, Sally; Cucci, Terry; Cunningham, Alexander; De Long, Edward; Decembrini, Franco;
Demers, Serge; Denis, Michel; Denizeau, Francine; Dinet, Marie-Josephe; Dubelaar, George B.; Dubinsky, Zvi;
Dusenberry, Jeffrey; Estrada, Marta; Falkowski, Paul; Frankel, Sheila; Frenette, Jean-Jacques; Gagnon, Real;
Gieskes, Winfried; Gilstad, Mona; Goericke, Ralf; Gudmundsson, Kristinn; Happey-Wood, Christine M.;
Harrison, Paul J.; Heldal, Mikal; Hofstraat, J.W.; Holligan, Patrick; Iturriaga, Rodolfo; Jochem, Frank;
Johnsen, Geir; Kachel, Volker; Kana, Todd M.; Koray, Tufan; Kraay, Gysbert; Krigsman, Johan; Laflamme,
Manon; Lazzara, Luigi; Lefevre, Dominique; Legendre, Louis; Leppanen, Juha-Markku; Levasseur, Maurice;
Lewis, Marlon; Li, William; Lipschultz, Fred; Maestrini, Serge Y.; Marino, Donato; Marrase, Celia; Martin,
David; Mazel, Charles; Mazumder, Asit; Medlin, Linda; Monfort, Patrick; Montresor, Marina; Morel, Andre;
Olson, Robert; Orellana, Monica; Owens, Thomas; Paran, Nava; Partensky, Frederic; Peeters, Kees; Perry,
Mary-Jane; Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun; Roesler, Collin; Roy, Suzanne; Sakshaug, Egil; Salzman, Gary;
Sandvick, Roar; Shumway, Sandra E.; Smith, David C.; Sosik, Heidi; Steen, Harald; Stramsky, Darius;
Taguchi, Satoru; Taniguchi, Akira; Taran, Glen; Therriault, Jean-Claude; Valet, Gunter; Vaulot, Daniel;
Veldhuis, Marcel; Wehrmeyer, Werner; Wood, Michelle A.; Wyatt, Timothy; Yentsch, Clarice; Yentsch,
Charles; Zing one, Adriana; Zohary, Tamar
Foreword
Investing in new technology is part of normal business in marine science. However, getting
involved in flow cytometry at a time of fiscal restraint and reduced capital expenditures took
a lot of talking and convincing by Serge Demers. He did such a good job of it that the
Maurice Lamontagne Institute (MU) , a new research center of the Canadian Ministry of
Fisheries and Oceans, rapidly became a strong supporter of this promising tool that is opening
new frontiers in the study of individual cells and particles.
When Serge came to see me a few years ago to examine the possibility of holding a major
workshop on this topic, he received a warm response and encouragement to proceed with the
project. In retrospect, I must admit that allowing Serge to assume the responsability of
organizing an international meeting in Italy, while he had no such prior experience was
worrying me a bit. I am delighted that the meeting was a great success, owing to the
dynamism of the participants and the energy of those who organized it (see Preface).
The Maurice Lamontagne Institute is proud to have been associated with such a success. MU
is a young organization, having opened its doors in December 1986. We are located in Mont
Joli, 350 km to the North-East of Quebec City, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence
Estuary. Our activities cover marine biology, physics, and chemistry, and hydrography, with
a major emphasis on inland seas under strong estuarine influence. These encompass the
Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern Canada as well as James, Hudson and Ungava
Bays, and Foxe Basin in the Canadian Arctic.
Our major thrusts of research include the study of marine food chains, fish stock assessments,
marine mammals, aquaculture, aquatic pollution, remote sensing and movement of water
x
masses. We are also responsible for the production of navigational charts in the Province of
Quebec. These activities are conducted in estuarine and marine waters.
With a staff of 250, MLI is rapidly becoming a major contributor to ocean research in
Canada. This occurs at a time when these vast expanses are the object of increased interest
from the scientific community with respect to their role in the global warming of the planet,
and when coastal areas are subject to increased focus due to the negative consequences of
human activity on the most productive part of the oceans.
It is my hope that the proceedings from this important meeting will remain for many years
a landmark for those wishing to use flow cytometry as a powerful tool in biological
oceanography. Also, that scientists like Dr. Demers in laboratories around the world will
continue to press sometime hesitant Institute directors to invest part of their resources in new
ideas or unproven techniques and tools.
Jean Boulva
Director
Maurice Lamontagne Institute
Preface
Individual cell and particle analysis in aquatic sciences is involved in many aspects of
oceanography and limnology, including optical physics of particles, phytoplankton physiology
and ecology, marine and aquatic microbiology and food web interactions. This book
concentrates on the optimal utilization of flow cytometry and image analysis and the ways in
which oceanographic and limnological problems can be uniquely or better addressed using
these techniques.
The book stresses the need to work on merging scales in order to increase our understanding
of the productivity of aquatic systems and emphasized the use of flow cytometry as a powerful
tool for rapidly integrating large amounts of information over a wide range of particle scales.
This new approach should help in finding adequate mechanistic solutions to problems of
measurement of primary production at small (individual cells). as well as at global scales.
Advancement in understanding of the aquatic system appears to be linked to such
development. For example, fluorescent oligonucleotide probes recognize specific sequences
of ribosomal RNA. Depending of their base composition they can differentiate cells at the
kingdom (e.g. eukaryotes vs prokaryotes), group (e.g. sulfate reducing bacteria) or even finer
taxonomic levels. This approach appears extremely powerful since probes can be devised to
be as specific or as general as needed. Its coupling with flow cytometry will allow to assess
in very fine detail the structure of microbial food webs in aquatic environments. These new
probes also open up the possibility to better understand how oceanic communities adapt to a
changing and unpredictable environment at the genetic level.
In the future, it is recommended that some members of the international community of ocean
scientists continue the transfer of techniques and methodologies developed in other fields,
taking into account the challenges of analyzing marine samples. These techniques include for
example, immunological probes, oligonucleotide probes, fluorescent probes to stain specific
components or activities of the cell and multivariate numerical analysis. However, we should