Particle Accelerators

192 Pages·2011·12.8 MB·English

Experimental Methods of Particle Physics
Particle Accelerators
Andreas Streun, PSI
[email protected]
http://people.web.psi.ch/streun/empp
Andreas Streun, PSI 1
Particle Accelerators
1. Introduction
2. Accelerator basics and types
3. Transverse beam dynamics
4. Longitudinal beam dynamics
5. Emittance
6. Synchrotron radiation
7. Luminosity
8. Muons and neutrinos
Andreas Streun, PSI 2
1. Introduction
(cid:1) Books & webs
(cid:1) Why accelerators?
(cid:1) Particles
(cid:2) Particles of interest
(cid:2) Particle wavelength and momentum
(cid:2) Particles to accelerate
(cid:2) Particle production
(cid:1) A beam of particles
(cid:2) Beam quality
(cid:2) Accelerator peformance
(cid:1) Particle Physics experiments
(cid:2) Center-of-mass energy
(cid:2) Luminosity
Andreas Streun, PSI 3
Books & Webs
(cid:1) K. Wille, Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger und
Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen,
Teubner Studienb(cid:252)cher, Stuttgart 1992.
(cid:1) K. Wille, The physics of particle accelerators,
Oxford university press, 2005.
(cid:1) S. Y. Lee, Accelerator Physics, World Scientific, Singapore 1999
(cid:1) H. Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics I+II,
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 2007.
(cid:1) Proceedings of The CERN Accelerator School
http://cas.werb.cern.ch/cas/
(cid:1) A. W. Chao and M.Tigner, Handbook of Accelerator Physics and
Engineering, World Scientific, Singapore 1998.
(cid:1) Proceedings of the Accelerator Conferences
http://www.jacow.org/
Andreas Streun, PSI 4
I.
Why accelerators? →→→→ Applications
length scale
10-10 m = 1 ¯ / atomic 10-15 m / nuclear 10-18 m / electroweak
Nuclear
Materials
Particle
Physics (NP)
Research (MR)
Physics (PP)
Physics
Energy frontier
Chemistry
Particle
Particle factories
Accelerators
Biology
Exotic particles
Pharmacy
Medical applications Industrial applications
Andreas Streun, PSI 5
II.
Why accelerators? →→→→ Connections
Hamiltonian Mechanics
Classical Physics
Electrodynamics
Engineering
Particle
Radio-frequency
Modern Physics
Accelerators
Magnet technology
Quantum mechanics
Ultra high vacuum
Computing Particle Physics
Mechanical engineering
High performance computing
Alignment & Survey
Accelerator design codes
Electronics
Digital signal processing s/w
Control systems
Application programming
Andreas Streun, PSI 6
III.
Why accelerators? →→→→ common PP & MR interests
Particle Physics (PP) Materials Research (MR)
High energy Particle Neutrino Spallation Photon
colliders factories factories neutron sources sources
Linear Circular High power proton Storage Free electron
colliders colliders accelerators rings lasers (FEL)
A c c e l e r a t o r s
Linear accelerators Cyclotrons Synchrotrons
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)
PP & MR scientists: understand potential and limitations of accelerators
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)
help to specify future machines
Andreas Streun, PSI 7
Particles of interest (PP)
Particle Physics: interested in all particles!
presently: particular interest in
(cid:1) new and unknown particles:
o
W– (80.4 GeV), Z (91.2 GeV), H (>115 GeV), ...?
produced in e++++e−−−−or pp or pp collision
(cid:3)
highest energies: e.g. LEP, LHC
o o
(cid:1) meson pairs (e.g. K K , B B ) at high rate
S L
(cid:3)
meson factories: e.g. KEK-B, DAΦΦΦΦNE.
(cid:1) muons (µµµµ– ) and neutrinos (νννν ,νννν )
e µµµµ
(cid:3)
long baseline experiments: e.g. CNGS, JPARC
(cid:3)
muon accelerator and neutrino factory projects
Andreas Streun, PSI 8
Particles of interest (MR)
Materials Research: neutral particles
(cid:3)
high penetration depth in materials
(cid:1) Neutrons (n)
(cid:2) penetrate high Z materials
(cid:2) depth not a steep function of Z
(cid:2) have a magnetic moment and a spin
(cid:2) explore structure and dynamics of materials
(cid:2) rather low flux (= particles per time and area)
(cid:1) Photons (γγγγ)
(cid:2) available at (very!) high flux
(cid:2) penetrate well low Z materials
(cid:2) have polarization
(cid:2) complementary to neutrons ((cid:147)surface vs. bulk(cid:148))
Andreas Streun, PSI 9
Particle wavelength
(cid:4)
Size of structure Size of probe
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)
MR λλλλ ~ 10-10 m NP (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) λλλλ ~ 10-15 m PP λλλλ ~ 10-18 m
h
De-Broglie wavelength λ=
p
Planck constant
non (cid:150) relativistic
h
= 6.63•10-34 Js = 4.14•10-15 eV•s
p = m v
o
Particle momentum c
<
<
v
p = m v = m c βγ
• • high relativistic
o
v
≈≈≈≈
c
p= m c γ= Ε / c
•
o
Andreas Streun, PSI 10