Parasitology: An Integrated Approach

1086 Pages·2022·16.043 MB·English

by  Alan Gunn, Sarah J. Pitt

Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Animal Associations
1.3 Parasite Hosts
1.4 Zoonotic Infections
1.5 The Co-evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts
1.6 Parasitism as a ‘Lifestyle’: Advantages and Limitations
1.7 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases
1.8 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem
2 Taxonomy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case
2.3 Taxonomic Hierarchy
2.4 Kingdom Protista
2.5 Kingdom Animalia
3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada,
Apicomplexa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phylum Rhizopoda
3.3 Phylum Metamonada
3.4 Phylum Apicomplexa
3.5 Subclass Coccidiasina
4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae
and Fungi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phylum Kinetoplastida
4.3 Phylum Chlorophyta
4.4 Kingdom Fungi
5 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes
5.3 Class Cestoda
5.4 Phylum Acanthocephala
6 Nematode Parasites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Class Enoplea
6.3 Class Rhabdita
7 Arthropod Parasites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phylum Chelicerata
7.3 Phylum Crustacea
7.4 Subphylum Hexapoda
8 Parasite Transmission
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Contaminative Transmission
8.3 Transmission Associated with Reproduction
8.4 Autoinfection
8.5 Nosocomial Transmission
8.6 Active Parasite Transmission
8.7 Hosts and Vectors
8.8 Host Factors
8.9 Co-Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens
8.10 Environmental Factors
9 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Invertebrate Immunity
9.3 Vertebrate Immunity
9.4 Innate Immunity to Parasites
9.5 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites
9.6 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites
9.7 Avoiding the Host Immune Response
9.8 Immunity to Malaria
9.9 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions
9.10 HIV-AIDS and Parasitic Infections
10 Pathology Part A
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Factors In�luencing Pathogenesis
10.3 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology
10.4 Types of Pathology
11 Pathology Part B
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Damage to Speci�ic Organs
11.3 Co-Infections and Pathogenesis
12 The Useful Parasite
12.1 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites?
12.2 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a
Healthy Immune System
12.3 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions
12.4 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active
Substances
12.5 Parasites as Biological Control Agents
12.6 Parasites as Forensic Indicators
13 The Identi�ication of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites
13.1 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction
13.2 Importance of Correct Identi�ication
13.3 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test
13.4 Isolation of Parasites
13.5 Identi�ication from Gross Morphology
13.6 Biochemical Techniques for Identi�ication
13.7 Immunological Techniques for Identi�ication
13.8 Molecular Techniques for Identi�ication
13.9 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the
Laboratory: Introduction
14 Parasite Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug
14.3 Pharmaceutical Drugs
14.4 DNA/RNA Technology
14.5 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins)
14.6 Nanotechnology
14.7 Quantum Dots
14.8 Natural Remedies
14.9 Homeopathy
15 Parasite Vaccines
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Design and Use of Vaccines
15.3 Herd Immunity
15.4 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial
Antiparasitic Vaccines
15.5 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine
15.6 Types of Vaccine
15.7 Identi�ication of Antigens for Use in Anti-parasite
Vaccines
15.8 Vaccine Delivery
15.9 Vaccines Against Malaria
15.10 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies)
15.11 Problems with Vaccination Strategies
16 Parasite Control
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Eradication, Elimination, and Control
16.3 Education
16.4 Environmental Modi�ication and Cultural Control
16.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology
16.6 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population
16.7 Piggy-Backing Control Programmes
16.8 Disruptions to Control Programmes
16.9 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid
Organisations
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Summary of advantages and disadvantages
associated with the paras...
Table 1.2 A comparison of global disability adjusted life years
(DALYs) and...
Table 1.3 Summary of factors contributing to the problems of
parasitic dise...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 The taxonomic hierarchy with speci�ic reference to
the sheep nasa...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Representative examples of parasitic protozoa
belonging to the ph...
Table 3.2 The distribution, vectors, and host ranges of
representative Babe...
Table 3.3 Summary of the most important species of
Sarcocystis in human and...
Table 3.4 Selected species of Cryptosporidium to indicate their
usual host ...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Examples of kinetoplastid parasites of medical,
veterinary, and a...
Table 4.2 Morphological forms of Kinetoplastida parasitic in
humans and dom...
Table 4.3 Taxonomic divisions within the genus Leishmania.
Table 4.4 Examples of Trypanosoma species of medical and
veterinary importa...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Characteristics of the Turbellaria, Monogenea,
Digenea, and Cesto...
Table 5.2 Life cycle stages of digenetic trematodes.
Table 5.3 Morphological characteristics of Schistosoma
mansoni, Schistosoma...
Table 5.4 Distribution and intermediate hosts of schistosome
species parasi...
Table 5.5 Metacestodes (larval stages) formed by
cyclophyllidean tapeworms....
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Species and genotypes belonging to the genus
Trichinella.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Morphological and developmental features exhibited
by the majorit...
Table 7.2 Distinguishing morphological characteristics of the
phylum Chelic...
Table 7.3 Taxonomic arrangement of the Acari.
Table 7.4 Morphological features of the Class Insecta.
Table 7.5 Examples of Diptera that act as vectors of parasitic
diseases.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Biological and abiotic factors that in�luence the
toxicity of a p...
Table 8.2 How a pollutant can increase the chances of parasite
transmission...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Principal invertebrate immune mechanisms.
Table 9.2 The sequence of major immune responses that occur
in a typical ma...
Table 9.3 Classi�ication of lymphocytes.
Table 9.4 Classi�ication, distribution, and function of
mammalian immunoglo...
Table 9.5 Mechanisms by which immunoglobulins bring about
the removal of pa...
Table 9.6 T helper lymphocytes and some of their functions.
Table 9.7 Summary of the main mechanisms parasites employ
to avoiding the h...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Host factors and parasite factors that determine
the pathology a...
Table 10.2 Mechanisms by which parasites cause pathology.
Table 10.3 Mechanisms by which parasites cause anaemia.
Table 10.4 IARC classi�ication of the ability of agents to induce
cancer in...
Table 10.5 Metabolic consequences of diarrhoea.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Potential advantages and problems associated with
helminth thera...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Instances in which correct identi�ication is
important.
Table 13.2 Properties of an ideal parasite diagnostic test.
Table 13.3 Limitations of traditional light microscope
techniques for paras...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Properties ssof an ideal antiparasitic drug or
treatment regime....
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Types of vaccine.
Table 15.2 Cell types used to produce vaccines.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 How a parasite’s life cycle in�luences its treatment
and control...
Table 16.2 Factors contributing to the success of the smallpox
eradication ...