Parasitism: The diversity and ecology of animal parasites

514 Pages·2013·19.82 MB·English

by  Goater T.M., Goater C.P., Esch G.W.

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Parasitism
The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites
SECOND EDITION
Reflectingtheenormousadvancesmadeinthefieldoverthepast10years,thistextsynthesizes
thelatestdevelopmentsintheecologyandevolutionofanimalparasitesagainstabackdrop
ofparalleladvancesinparasitesystematics,biodiversity,andlifecycles.Ithasbeenthoroughly
revisedtomeettheneedsofanewgenerationofparasitologystudents,whethertheirinterest
isinecology,conservationbiology,evolution,immunology,orhealthsciences.
Balancingtraditionalapproachesinparasitologywithmodernstudiesinparasiteecology
andevolution,theauthorspresentbasicecologicalprinciplesasaunifyingframeworktohelp
studentsunderstandthecomplexphenomenonofparasitism.Richlyillustratedwithover
250figures,thetextisaccompaniedbycasestudyboxesdesignedtohelpstudentsappreciate
thecomplexityanddiversityofparasitesandthescientistswhostudythem.Thisunique
approach,whichispresentedclearlyandwithaminimumofjargonandmathematicaldetail,
encouragesstudentstothinkgenerallyandconceptuallyaboutparasitesandparasitism.
TimothyM.GoaterisProfessorandformerChairintheBiologyDepartmentatVancouverIsland
University,BritishColumbia,Canada.Duringthepast20yearshehastaughtcoursesin
introductorybiology,parasitology,ecologicalparasitology,invertebratezoology,andento-
mology.Hisresearchinterestsfocusonthepopulationandcommunityecologyofparasites.
CameronP.GoaterisAssociateProfessorandformerChairintheDepartmentofBiological
SciencesattheUniversityofLethbridge,Alberta,Canada.Hisparasitologicalresearchrootsare
inthecommunityecologyofhelminthsofwaterfowlontheCanadianprairies,andoverthe
past15yearshehastaughtcoursesinintroductorybiology,invertebratebiology,fieldbiology,
andsymbioticinteractions.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsareintheexperimentalecologyof
helminth-hostinteractions.
GeraldW.EschisCharlesM.AllenProfessorofBiologyatWakeForestUniversity,North
Carolina,USA,wherehehastaughtfor47years.Heiswidelyregardedtobeoneofthe
world’sleadingecologicalparasitologists,andservedasEditoroftheJournalofParasitologyfor
19years.
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Parasitism
The Diversity and Ecology
of Animal Parasites
SECOND EDITION
TIMOTHY M. GOATER
VancouverIslandUniversity,BritishColumbia,Canada
CAMERON P. GOATER
UniversityofLethbridge,Alberta,Canada
GERALD W. ESCH
WakeForestUniversity,NorthCarolina,USA
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UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:http://www.cambridge.org/9780521190282
©CambridgeUniversityPress2001,2014
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2001
Secondedition2014
PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Goater,TimothyM.,1959–
Parasitism:thediversityandecologyofanimalparasites/TimothyM.Goater,Cameron
P.Goater,GeraldW.Esch.–Secondedition.
pages cm.
Firstpublishedas:Parasitism/AlbertO.Bush...[andothers],2001.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-19028-2(hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-12205-4(paperback)
1. Parasites–Textbooks. 2. Parasitism–Textbooks. 3. Parasites–Ecology–Textbooks.
4. Biodiversity–Textbooks. 5. Parasitology–Textbooks. I. Goater,CameronP.
II. Esch,GeraldW. III. Parasitism. IV. Title.
QL757.P287 2013
578.6′5–dc23
2013016194
ISBN978-0-521-19028-2Hardback
ISBN978-0-521-12205-4Paperback
Additionalresourcesforthispublicationathttp://www.cambridge.org/parasitism
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
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We dedicate this book to our students,
past, present, and future.
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CONTENTS
ListofBoxes pageix 5.5 Phylogeneticconsiderations
ForewordbyJohnC.Holmes xi andclassification 106
PrefaceandAcknowledgments xiii
6 Platyhelminthes:theflatworms 113
1 Introduction 1 6.1 Generalconsiderations 113
1.1 Encounterswithparasites 1 6.2 Temnocephalidea 114
1.2 Scope 2 6.3 Udonellidea 115
1.3 Terminology 5 6.4 Aspidobothrea 115
1.4 Overview 10 6.5 Digenea 116
6.6 Monogenea 146
2 Immunologicalaspectsofparasitism 16 6.7 Gyrocotylidea 152
2.1 Generalconsiderations 16 6.8 Amphilinidea 154
2.2 Vertebrateimmunity 21 6.9 Eucestoda 154
2.3 Invertebrateimmunity 31 6.10 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand
2.4 Ecologicalimmunology 34 taxonomicclassification 171
7 Acanthocephala:thethorny-headed
3 Protista:theunicellulareukaryotes 40
3.1 Generalconsiderations 40 worms 179
3.2 Formandfunction 41 7.1 Generalconsiderations 179
3.3 Biodiversityandlife-cyclevariation 43 7.2 Formandfunction 179
3.4 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand 7.3 Nutrientuptakeandmetabolism 186
classification 81 7.4 Developmentandgenerallifecycle 188
7.5 Biodiversityandlife-cyclevariation 191
4 Microsporida:theintracellular, 7.6 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand
classification 192
spore-ormingfungi 86
4.1 Generalconsiderations 86
4.2 Formandfunction 86 8 Nematoda:theroundworms 199
4.3 Developmentandgenerallifecycle 88 8.1 Generalconsiderations 199
4.4 Biodiversityandlife-cyclevariation 88 8.2 Formandfunction 199
4.5 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand 8.3 Nutrientuptakeandmetabolism 208
classification 93 8.4 Developmentandgenerallifecycle 209
8.5 Biodiversityandlife-cyclevariation 211
5 Myxozoa:thespore-formingcnidarians 96 8.6 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand
classification 237
5.1 Generalconsiderations 96
5.2 Formandfunction 97
9 Nematomorpha:thehairworms 244
5.3 Developmentandgenerallifecycle 97
5.4 Biodiversityandlife-cycle 9.1 Generalconsiderations 244
variation 100 9.2 Formandfunction 244
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viii Contents
9.3 Developmentandgenerallifecycle 246 14 Parasitebiogeographyand
9.4 Biodiversityandecology 247 phylogeography 379
9.5 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand 14.1 Generalconsiderations 379
classification 249 14.2 Historicalbiogeography 380
14.3 Ecologicalbiogeography 386
10 Pentastomida:thetongueworms 252 14.4 Appliedaspectsofparasitebiogeography
10.1 Generalconsiderations 252 andphylogeography 389
10.2 Formandfunction 252
10.3 Nutrientuptakeandmetabolism 256 15 Effectsofparasitesontheirhosts:from
10.4 Developmentandgenerallifecycle 256 individualstoecosystems 396
10.5 Biodiversityandlife-cyclevariation 258 15.1 Generalconsiderations 396
10.6 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand 15.2 Effectsofparasitesonhostindividuals 396
classification 261
15.3 Effectsofparasitesonhost
populations 411
11 Arthropoda:thejoint-leggedanimals 263 15.4 Effectsofparasitesonhostcommunities
11.1 Generalconsiderations 263 andecosystems 422
11.2 Crustacea 264
11.3 Chelicerata 289 16 Evolutionofhost–parasiteinteractions 432
11.4 Hexapoda 308 16.1 Generalconsiderations 432
11.5 Phylogeneticrelationshipsand 16.2 Parasite-mediatednaturalselectionand
classification 328 evolution 432
16.3 Geneticstructureofparasite
12 Parasitepopulationecology 335 populations 441
12.1 Generalconsiderations 335 16.4 Introductiontohost–parasite
12.2 Terminologyandgeneralapproaches 336 coevolution 446
12.3 Introductiontoparasitepopulation
ecology 337 17 Environmentalparasitology:parasites
asbioindicatorsofecosystemhealth 459
13 Parasitecommunityecology 356 17.1 Generalconsiderations 459
13.1 Generalconsiderations 356 17.2 Parasitesaseffectindicatorsofpollutant
13.2 Introductiontoparasitecommunity stress 460
ecology 357 17.3 Parasitesasenvironmentalsentinels 470
13.3 Thestructureofparasiteinfracommun-
ities:restrictedniches 361
Glossary 477
13.4 Thestructureofparasitecommunities:
Index 489
speciesrichness 368
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LIST OF BOXES
1.1 Abriefhistoricalperspectiveofpara- 7.4 PhylogenyoftheAcanthocephalaand
sitology:pioneeringscientistsandtheir theevolutionofparasitism 195
ground-breakingparasitological 8.1 Evolutionofnematodelife-cycleplas-
discoveries page4 ticity:developmentalswitchingin
1.2 Parasitesystematics:aphylogenetics Strongyloidesspp. 213
primer 11 8.2 Entomopathogenicnematodesandtheir
2.1 Immunology:aterminologyprimer 18 microbialsymbionts:tappingtheir
3.1 Aplastidinapicomplexans:apromise chemotherapeuticpotential 216
fornewdrugtherapies? 43 8.3 Transmammarytransmissionin
3.2 Protistsashostsformicrobial hookworms 225
symbionts 44 8.4 Wolbachiaspp.:endosymbioticbacteria
3.3 Giardiasis:epidemiologyandpatho- infilaridnematodes 234
genesisofbeaverfever 48 8.5 ClassificationoftheNematoda 239
3.4 Pathogenesis,epidemiology,anddiag- 10.1 Pentastomids:mastersof
nosisofChagas’disease 53 immunoevasion 254
3.5 Relapseandrecrudescenceinmalaria 68 10.2 ClassificationofthePentastomida 258
3.6 Diagnosisofhumanmalaria 74 10.3 FossilpentastomesfromtheCambrian
3.7 ClassificationoftheProtista 79 erasuggestanalternatephylogenetic
4.1 Nosemaceranae:anemergingpathogen hypothesis 259
ofEuropeanhoneybees 89 11.1 Astonishingmetamorphosisinpen-
4.2 ClassificationoftheMicrosporida 94 nellidcopepodsandrhizocephalan
5.1 Pathogenesisandepizootiologyof barnacles 280
whirlingdiseasecausedbyMyxobolus 11.2 Onacorns,ticks,andmice:theepi-
cerebralis 101 demiologyofLymedisease 297
5.2 Proliferativekidneydiseaseandsolving 11.3 Amite-yecologicalandeconomic
thePKXorganismmystery:anorphan problem:Varroadestructorof
parasiteofbryozoansfindsataxonomic honeybees 303
homeintheMyxozoa 106 11.4 Flymaggotsasagentsoflethal
5.3 ClassificationoftheMyxozoa 108 parasitism 322
6.1 ‘Gettingin’:hostlocation, 11.5 Parasite’swebofdeath!Manipulation
recognition,andpenetrationby ofspiderweb-buildingbehaviorbyan
trematodemiracidia 123 insectparasitoid 326
6.2 ‘Gettingout’:theenigmaofeggrelease 11.6 ClassificationoftheArthropoda 329
inthehumanschistosomes 139 13.1 Hostimmunityandparasiteinfracom-
6.3 ClassificationofthePlatyhelminthes 162 munitystructure:newevidenceforan
7.1 Acanthocephalans:mastersofpheno- oldhypothesisnts’:parasite-induced
typicmanipulation 180 fruitmimicryinNeotropicalrainforests 366
7.2 SexualselectionintheAcanthocephala 188 15.1 ‘Berryants’:Parasite-inducedfruit
7.3 ClassificationoftheAcanthocephala 194 mimicryinneotropicalrainforests 407
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x ListofBoxes
15.2 Thepoliticsofparasitism:sealice, 16.2 Parasites,sex,andtheRedQueen:
aquaculture,andthedeclineofsalmon castratingtrematodesmaintain
populationsincoastalBritishColumbia 412 sexualreproductioninNewZealand
15.3 Avianmalariadeterminesthedistribu- snails 449
tions,biodiversity,andcommunity 17.1 Ribeiroiaandthecomplexityof
structureofHawaii’snativebirds 423 amphibiandeformities:amultidiscipli-
16.1 Parasite-mediatednaturalselectionon naryapproachtounderstandingthe
thehumanHbSgene 433 possiblelinktoeutrophication 466