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PARALLEL LIVES - Candida Martinelli's Italophile Site PDF

1719 Pages·2003·5.84 MB·English
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PARALLEL LIVES BY PLUTARCH A series of 4 single biographies and 23 pairs of biographies of Greeks and Romans, origionally written in Greek (Attic dialect) by Plutarch who lived from approximately 46 to 120 A.D. This free e-book was created and is distributed not-for-profit by Candida Martinelli of Candida Martinelli’s Italophile Site 2 common dialect, fall into two Cicero, are followed with a brief principal classes: the didactic comparison. Composed with Preface Provided by essays and dialogues, grouped great learning and research, the Editor under the title of Moralia; and the Lives are not only historical biographies, the Parallel Lives of works of great value, but they are famous Greeks and Romans. also, and purposely, character The more than 80 essays are studies with a moral. The first Plutarch (AD 46?-120), Greek charmingly written and enlivened translation of the Lives into biographer and essayist, born in by anecdotes and quotations. English was by Sir Thomas North Chaeronea in Boeotia. He was The essays treat matters of in 1579; this is the translation educated in Athens and is ethics and religion. Some are Shakespeare followed closely in believed to have traveled to philosophical works supporting the composition of his plays Egypt and Italy and to have the teachings of Plato in based on Roman history, such as lectured in Rome on moral opposition to the doctrines of the Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, and philosophy. He frequently visited Stoics and the Epicureans, and Antony and Cleopatra.1 Athens and was a priest in the nine books of Symposiaca, or temple at Delphi. He spent the Table Talks, by wise men on later years of his life at various subjects. Chaeronea, where he held municipal office. Many of the Best known are Plutarch's treatises he wrote are probably Parallel Lives, a series of 4 single based on his lecture notes. To biographies and 23 pairs of his students, Plutarch was biographies. Many of the pairs, regarded as a genial guide, such as those on the legendary philosopher, and spiritual lawgivers Lycurgus and Numa director. Pompilius, the generals 1"Plutarch," Microsoft® Encarta® 96 Encyclopedia. © 1993-1995 Microsoft Alexander the Great and Julius His extant works, written in a Corporation. All rights reserved. © Caesar, and the orators modified Attic, a so-called Funk & Wagnalls Corporation. All Demosthenes and Marcus Tullius rights reserved. COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON WITH AEMILIUS PAULUS ......................................................................455 PREFACE PROVIDED BY EDITOR ..........................3 PELOPIDAS................................................................457 THESEUS ........................................................................6 MARCELLUS.............................................................485 ROMULUS ....................................................................34 COMPARISION OF PELOPIDAS WITH COMPARISON OF ROMULUS WITH THESEUS .63 MARCELLUS.............................................................513 LYCURGUS ..................................................................67 ARISTIDES.................................................................516 NUMA POMPILIUS...................................................100 MARCUS CATO ........................................................543 COMPARISON OF NUMA WITH LYCURGUS ...125 COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES WITH MARCUS SOLON.........................................................................131 CATO...........................................................................570 POPLICOLA...............................................................156 PHILOPOEMEN ........................................................575 COMPARISON OF POPLICOLA WITH SOLON 174 FLAMININUS.............................................................593 THEMISTOCLES ......................................................178 COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN WITH CAMILLUS.................................................................206 FLAMININUS.............................................................614 PERICLES...................................................................242 PYRRHUS ...................................................................617 FABIUS........................................................................281 CAIUS MARIUS.........................................................652 COMPARISON OF PERICLES WITH FABIUS....306 LYSANDER ................................................................694 ALCIBIADES..............................................................309 SYLLA .........................................................................721 CORIOLANUS ...........................................................347 COMPARISON OF LYSANDER WITH SYLLA...758 COMPARISON OF ALCIBIADES WITH CIMON ........................................................................763 CORIOLANUS ...........................................................383 LUCULLUS.................................................................784 TIMOLEON ................................................................387 COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS WITH CIMON ..826 AEMILIUS PAULUS .................................................423 NICIAS ........................................................................829 CRASSUS ....................................................................860 COMPARISON OF TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS WITH AGIS AND CLEOMENES...1352 COMPARISON OF CRASSUS WITH NICIAS......893 DEMOSTHENES......................................................1356 SERTORIUS ...............................................................898 CICERO ....................................................................1381 EUMENES...................................................................924 COMPARISON OF DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO COMPARISON OF SERTORIUS WITH EUMENES ....................................................................................1420 ......................................................................................942 DEMETRIUS ............................................................1424 AGESILAUS ...............................................................944 ANTONY ...................................................................1467 POMPEY .....................................................................981 COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY COMPARISON OF POMPEY AND AGESILAUS ....................................................................................1529 ....................................................................................1057 DION..........................................................................1532 ALEXANDER ...........................................................1062 MARCUS BRUTUS..................................................1574 CAESAR ....................................................................1132 COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS ............1617 PHOCION .................................................................1186 ARATUS ....................................................................1621 CATO THE YOUNGER ..........................................1216 ARTAXERXES.........................................................1660 AGIS...........................................................................1272 GALBA ......................................................................1685 CLEOMENES ...........................................................1288 OTHO ........................................................................1706 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS..........................................1317 CAIUS GRACCHUS ................................................1336 5 account of Lycurgus the lawgiver meet with candid readers, and and Numa the king, I thought I such as will receive with THESEUS might, not without reason, indulgence the stories of ascend as high as to Romulus, antiquity. being brought by my history so near to his time. Considering Theseus seemed to me to As geographers, Sosius, crowd therefore with myself resemble Romulus in many into the edges of their maps parts particulars. Both of them, born of the world which they do not Whom shall I set so great a man out of wedlock and of uncertain know about, adding notes in the to face? Or whom oppose? parentage, had the repute of margin to the effect, that beyond who's equal to the place? being sprung from the gods. this lies nothing but sandy deserts full of wild beasts, (as Aeschylus expresses it), I Both warriors; that by all the unapproachable bogs, Scythian found none so fit as him that world's allowed. ice, or a frozen sea, so, in this peopled the beautiful and far- work of mine, in which I have famed city of Athens, to be set in Both of them united with strength compared the lives of the opposition with the father of the of body an equal vigor mind; and greatest men with one another, invincible and renowned city of of the two most famous cities of after passing through those Rome. Let us hope that Fable the world the one built Rome, periods which probable may, in what shall follow, so and the other made Athens be reasoning can reach to and real submit to the purifying processes inhabited. Both stand charged history find a footing in, I might of Reason as to take the with the rape of women; neither very well say of those that are character of exact history. In any of them could avoid domestic farther off, Beyond this there is case, however, where it shall be misfortunes nor jealousy at nothing but prodigies and found contumaciously slighting home; but towards the close of fictions, the only inhabitants are credibility, and refusing to be their lives are both of them said the poets and inventors of fables; reduced to anything like probable to have incurred great odium with there is no credit, or certainty any fact, we shall beg that we may their countrymen, if, that is, we farther. Yet, after publishing an 6 may take the stories least like they ascribe to Pittheus,-- Pittheus, therefore, taking poetry as our guide to the truth. advantage from the obscurity of Unto a friend suffice A stipulated the oracle, prevailed upon him, it The lineage of Theseus, by his price; is uncertain whether by father's side, ascends as high as persuasion or deceit, to lie with to Erechtheus and the first which, also, Aristotle mentions. his daughter Aethra. Aegeus inhabitants of Attica. By his And Euripides, by calling afterwards, knowing her whom mother's side he was descended Hippolytus " scholar of the holy he had lain with to be Pittheus's of Pelops. For Pelops was the Pittheus," shows the opinion that daughter, and suspecting her to most powerful of all the kings of the world had of him. be with child by him, left a sword Peloponnesus, not so much by and a pair of shoes, hiding them the greatness of his riches as the Aegeus, being desirous of under a great stone that had a multitude of his children, having children, and consulting the hollow in it exactly fitting them; married many daughters to chief oracle of Delphi, received the and went away making her only men, and put many sons in celebrated answer which forbade privy to it, and commanding her, places of command in the towns him the company of any woman if she brought forth a son who, round about him. One of whom before his return to Athens. But when he came to man's estate, named Pittheus, grandfather to the oracle being so obscure as should be able to lift up the stone Theseus, was governor of the not to satisfy him that he was and take away what he had left small city of the Troezenians, clearly forbid this, he went to there, she should send him away and had the repute of a man of Troezen, and communicated to to him with those things with all the greatest knowledge and Pittheus the voice of the god, secrecy, and with injunctions to wisdom of his time; which then, it which was in this manner,-- him as much as possible to seems, consisted chiefly in grave conceal his journey from every maxims, such as the poet Hesiod Loose not the wine-skin foot, one; for he greatly feared the got his great fame by, in his book thou chief of men, Until to Athens Pallantidae, who were continually of Works and Days. And, thou art come again. mutinying against him, and indeed, among these is one that despised him for his want of 7 children, they themselves being went thither, and a place there to They write also that this was the fifty brothers, all sons of Pallas. this day is yet named Thesea, as reason why Alexander gave it is said, from him. He clipped command to his captains that all When Aethra was delivered of a only the fore part of his head, as the beards of the Macedonians son, some say that he was Homer says the Abantes did.% should be shaved, as being the immediately named Theseus, And this sort of tonsure was from readiest hold for an enemy. from the tokens which his father him named Theseis. The had put @ under the stone; Abantes first used it, not in Aethra for some time concealed others that he received his name imitation of the Arabians, as the true parentage of Theseus, afterwards at Athens, when some imagine, nor of the and a report was given out by Aegeus acknowledged him for Mysians, but because they were Pittheus that he was begotten by his son. He was brought up a warlike people, and used to Neptune; for the Troezenians pay under his grandfather Pittheus, close fighting, and above all Neptune the highest veneration. and had a tutor and attendant set other nations accustomed to He is their tutelar god, to him over him named Connidas, to engage hand to hand; as they offer all their first-fruits, and whom the Athenians, even to this Archilochus testifies in these in his honor stamp their money time, the day before the feast verses: -- with a trident. that is dedicated to Theseus, sacrifice a ram, giving this honor Slings shall not whirl, nor many Theseus displaying not only to his memory upon much juster arrows fly, When on the plain the great strength of body, but equal grounds than to Silanio and battle joins; but swords, Man bravery, and a quickness alike Parrhasius, for making pictures against man, the deadly conflict and force of understanding, his and statues of Theseus. There try, As is the practice of Euboea's mother Aethra, conducting him to being then a custom for the lords Skilled with the spear.-- the stone, and informing him who Grecian youth, upon their first was his true father, commanded coming to man's estate, to go to Therefore that they might not him to take from thence the Delphi and offer first-fruits of their give their enemies a hold by their tokens that Aegeus had left, and hair to the god, Theseus also hair, they cut it in this manner. to sail to Athens. He without any 8 difficulty set himself to the stone and humanity, though naturally land from Athens to and lifted it up; but refused to lauded by common people, either Peloponnesus; and Pittheus, take his journey by sea, though it out of want of courage to commit giving him an exact account of was much the safer way, and injuries or fear to receive them, each of these robbers and though his mother and yet no way concerned those who villains, their strength, and the grandfather begged him to do so. were strong enough to win for cruelty they used to all strangers, For it was at that time very themselves. Some of these, tried to persuade Theseus to go dangerous to go by land on the Hercules destroyed and cut off in by sea. But he, it seems, had road to Athens, no part of it being his passage through these long since been secretly fired by free from robbers and murderers. countries, but some, escaping his the glory of Hercules, held him in That age produced a sort of men, notice while he was passing by, the highest estimation, and was in force of hand, and swiftness of fled and hid themselves, or else never more satisfied than in foot, and strength of body, were spared by him in contempt listening to any that gave an excelling the ordinary rate, and of their abject submission; and account of him; especially those wholly incapable of fatigue; after that Hercules fell into that had seen him, or had been making use, however, of these misfortune, and, having slain present at any action or saying of gifts of nature to no good or Iphitus, retired to Lydia, and for a his. So that he was altogether in profitable purpose for mankind, long time was there slave to the same state of feeling as, in but rejoicing and priding Omphale, a punishment which he after ages, Themistocles was, themselves in insolence, and had imposed upon himself for the when he said that he could not taking the benefit of their superior murder, then, indeed, Lydia sleep for the trophy of Miltiades; strength in the exercise of enjoyed high peace and security, entertaining such admiration for inhumanity and cruelty, and in but in Greece and the countries the virtue of Hercules, that in the seizing, forcing, and committing about it the like villanies again night his dreams were all of that all manner of outrages upon revived and broke out, there hero's actions. and in the day a every thing that fell into their being none to repress or chastise continual emulation stirred him hands; all respect for others, all them. It was therefore a very up to perform the like. Besides, justice, they thought, all equity hazardous journey to travel by they were related, being born of 9 cousins-german. For Aethra was he slew Periphetes, in the above all art. This Sinnis had a daughter of Pittheus, and neighborhood of Epidaurus, who daughter of remarkable beauty Alcmena of Lysidice; and used a club for his arms, and and stature, called Perigune, Lysidice and Pittheus were from thence had the name of who, when her father was killed, brother and sister, children of Corynetes, or the club-bearer; fled, and was sought after Hippodamia and Pelops. He who seized upon him, and everywhere by Theseus; and thought it therefore a forbade him to go forward in his coming into a place overgrown dishonorable thing, and not to be journey. Being pleased with the with brushwood shrubs, and endured, that Hercules should go club, he took it, and made it his asparagus- thorn, there, in a out everywhere, and purge both weapon, continuing to use it as childlike, innocent manner, land and sea from wicked men, Hercules did the lion's skin, on prayed and begged them, as if and he himself should fly from whose shoulders that served to they understood her, to give her the like adventures that actually prove how huge a beast he had shelter, with vows that if she came in his way; disgracing his killed; and to the same end escaped she would never cut reputed father by a mean flight Theseus carried about him this them down nor burn them. But by sea, and not showing his true club; overcome indeed by him, Theseus calling upon her, and one as good evidence of the but now, in his hands, invincible. giving her his promise that he greatness of his birth by noble would use her with respect, and and worthy actions, as by the Passing on further towards the offer her no injury, she came tokens that he brought with him, Isthmus of Peloponnesus, he forth, and in due time bore him a the shoes and the sword. slew Sinnis, often surnamed the son, named Melanippus; but Bender of Pines, after the same afterwards was married to With this mind and these manner in which he himself had Deioneus, the son of Eurytus, the thoughts, he set forward with a destroyed many others before. Oechalian, Theseus himself design to do injury to nobody, but And this he did without having giving her to him. Ioxus, the son to repel and revenge himself of either practiced or ever learnt the of this Melanippus who was born all those that should offer any. art of bending these trees, to to Theseus, accompanied And first of all, in a set combat, show that natural strength is Ornytus in the colony that he 10

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