Paradigms of Peace: A Pragmatist Introduction to the Contribution to Peace of Paradigms of Social Science

260 Pages·2016·4.373 MB·English

by  Timo Kivimaki

May2,2013 14:6 BC:8831-ProbabilityandStatisticalTheory PST˙ws
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk

Published by
Imperial College Press
57 Shelton Street
Covent Garden
London WC2H 9HE
Distributed by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kivimäki, Timo, author.
Title: Paradigms of peace : a pragmatist introduction to the contribution to
peace of paradigms of social science / Timo Kivimäki.
Description: New Jersey : Imperial College Press, [2016] |
Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015047344 | ISBN 9781783269433 (hc : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Peace. | Peace-building. | Constructivism (Philosophy)
Classification: LCC JZ5538 .K59 2016 | DDC 303.6/6--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015047344
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2016 by Imperial College Press
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy
is not required from the publisher.
Desk Editors: Suraj Kumar/Mary Simpson
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
Suraj - Paradigms of Peace.indd 1 29-06-16 4:33:10 PM
“9x6” b2373 Paradigms of Peace
Contents
Preface ix
About the Author xi
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Classical and Constructivist Pragmatism 7
2.1. Classical Pragmatic Peace Research 8
2.2. Pragmatism with a Constructivist Twist 16
2.3. Pragmatism and the “False Gods” of Peace Research 19
Chapter 3. Positivism: Social Engineering of Peace 25
3.1. Classical Pragmatist Science and Engineering 25
3.2. Mainstream Peace Research as Social Engineering 28
3.3. Optimizing Pragmatism in Traditional Causal Analysis 34
3.4. Critique of the Social Engineering of Peace 39
3.5. Moving from Classical Pragmatist Peace Research
to Neo-Pragmatist Peace Research 46
Chapter 4. Toward a Social Science of Peace 49
4.1. Problems of Deterministic Knowledge of Peace
and War 50
4.2. Modeling Purposive Conflict Behavior 61
v
bb22337733__FFMM..iinndddd vv 66//3300//22001166 66::5588::3377 PPMM
b2373 Paradigms of Peace “9x6”
vi Contents
4.3. The Relevance of Game Theory for Modeling the Reasons
for Action 70
4.4. Social Structures that Make Peaceful Actors Choose
Belligerence 73
4.4.1. S tructures that make peaceful actors choose
belligerence: The anatomy of the prisoner’s
dilemma model 74
4.4.2. P roblems in seeing conflict settings as prisoner’s
dilemma structures 78
4.4.3. S tructures that make peaceful actors choose
belligerence: The bargaining game model 90
4.4.3.1. Making the opponent more dependent
on a solution 96
4.4.3.2. Making oneself less dependent
on a solution 103
4.4.3.3. Making oneself more determined
about one’s terms of peace 112
4.5. Bargaining and Rationality 118
Chapter 5. Interpretations as a Conflict Reality 121
5.1. Introduction 121
5.2. Social Rationality and the Constitution of Bargaining
Structures 126
5.3. Reconstruction of other Conflict Situations 135
Chapter 6. Social Construction of Structures of Peace
and Conflict 141
6.1. Social Constitution of Conflict Realities 142
6.2. Implications of the Social Constitution of Social Realities
on Peacemaking 144
Chapter 7. Critical Approaches and Peace 155
7.1. What Kinds of “Natural” Connotations and Associations
Does the Word Security in its Current Practice Smuggle
into Our Thinking? 158
bb22337733__FFMM..iinndddd vvii 66//3300//22001166 66::5588::3377 PPMM
“9x6” b2373 Paradigms of Peace
Contents vii
7.2. What Kind of Critical Perspectives could be Useful
for Peace Research and Peace? Feminine and Third
World Critical Perspectives 165
7.3. Positive Critical Perspectives 167
Chapter 8. Intellectual Opportunities for the Creation
of a Less Violent World 171
8.1. Normative Considerations in Relation to What
to Consider as Real 172
8.2. How are Peaceful Social Constructs Created
and Violent Ones Transformed? 174
8.3. What Kind of Social Transformation should Peace
and Conflict Studies Support? 187
8.4. Problems in the Transition to a Cosmopolitan Security
Community 198
8.4.1. T he problem of asymmetry of solidarity
and agency 200
8.4.2. T he problem of asynchrony of collective security
agency in the Global North and Global South 208
8.5. How do We Proceed from Here: Can Paradigms
Give Prescriptions for Peace Action 210
Chapter 9. Conclusions and Missions for Pragmatist
Peace Research 217
Bibliography 225
Index 247
bb22337733__FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 66//3300//22001166 66::5588::3377 PPMM
May2,2013 14:6 BC:8831-ProbabilityandStatisticalTheory PST˙ws
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
“9x6” b2373 Paradigms of Peace
Preface
This book is partly motivated by the realization that peace research has
failed to follow and utilize the progress made in social sciences.
The mainstream of peace research is still very traditional and the main
journals in peace research are still bastions of positivism. Most of the
post-positivist, new and innovative ideas in the study of peace and
conflicts come from security studies. Yet, security studies approaches
peace and conflict from a normatively repulsive, partisan perspective.
It is interested in someone’s security rather than being focused on
peaceful relationships. Security can be achieved by destroying enemies,
while for peace, destruction is never the answer. This is why peace
research is still important, but it needs to embrace the progress in
social science, including in security studies. This book is a study that
seeks a way how peace research could utilize the discoveries in social
sciences. It develops an agenda for pragmatic peace research — peace
research that can be an instrument of peace and that also creates inter-
pretations that constitute peaceful social realities. Consequently, this
study walks the reader through the main discoveries in social sciences
picking up lessons for peace research. This makes it useful for advanced
students of peace research and the related disciplines.
I have written this book also to correct the common misunderstand-
ing according to which only traditionalist approaches to peace and con-
flicts can be used in practice. At the same time, we often think that more
contemporary approaches are innovative and philosophically more
ix
bb22337733__FFMM..iinndddd iixx 66//3300//22001166 66::5588::3377 PPMM
b2373 Paradigms of Peace “9x6”
x Preface
advanced, but that we cannot really use them in practice for anything
else but critique. This, many think, is because the everyday understanding
of peace and conflicts is still too far from these philosophically more
advanced approaches to social sciences. My disagreements with these
views made me write this book. I think, for example, that discoveries of
securitization, structural violence, positive peace and the denaturaliza-
tion of racist, militarist or partisan language and practices have made a
huge change in the way we construct the social realities of peace and war.
They have been crucial for a more peaceful future. In the formulation of
an agenda for peace research, I have approached traditionalist as well as
more contemporary discoveries in social sciences from a pragmatist point
of view. I have tried to see how different progressive steps can be utilized
for peace research and how they can be useful in the construction of
more peaceful social realities. This way I have tried to also link the more
contemporary ways of thinking of societies to pragmatic value for peace.
I started writing this book after leaving the intellectually inspiring,
but politically and institutionally oppressive environment of the
University of Copenhagen and after returning to the University of
Helsinki. I continue to be inspired by the innovative critical work of the
Copenhagen School — Ole Wæver, Lene Hansen, and Anna Leader —
but this book was even more affected by the Critical Realist environment
of the University of Helsinki. In addition to the above-mentioned pio-
neers of the Copenhagen School, I owe a great debt to Heikki Patomäki,
Riikka Kuusisto and Teivo Teivainen. My discussions with Heikki
Patomäki on theory, research, and world politics made my short stay at
the University of Helsinki worthwhile, and gave me the inspiration to
write this book. Furthermore, I owe a great debt to my new intellectual
home, the University of Bath, whose open and inspiring environment
made it possible for me to finish writing this book. For encouragement,
advice and comments related to some of the final difficulties in this
book, I am grateful for Anna Bull, Bill Durodie, Brett Edwards, David
Galbreath, Leslie Wehner and Bryan Wong. Finally, I am grateful for the
opportunity to develop some of the ideas that I write about in this book
in the Conflict Research Society. I am especially grateful for the com-
ments, encouragement and advice from Gordon Burt, Judith Large,
Hugh Miall and Chris Mitchell.
bb22337733__FFMM..iinndddd xx 66//3300//22001166 66::5588::3377 PPMM