PAPUA NEW GUINEA GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY PAPUA NEW GUINEA GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY EDITED BY STEPHEN HOWES AND LEKSHMI N. PILLAI PACIFIC SERIES To all involved in the UPNG School of Business and Public Policy – ANU Crawford School of Public Policy partnership. Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760465025 ISBN (online): 9781760465032 WorldCat (print): 1297067968 WorldCat (online): 1297067837 DOI: 10.22459/PNG.2022 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: University of Papua New Guinea graduands, 2019, by Dek Sum. For more information on the partnership between the University of Papua New Guinea School of Business and Public Policy and The Australian National University Crawford School of Public Policy, see devpolicy.crawford.anu.edu.au/png-project/anu-upng- partnership. This book is published under the aegis of the Pacific Editorial Board of ANU Press. This edition © 2022 ANU Press Contents Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Stephen Howes and Lekshmi N. Pillai Part I: Politics and Governance 2 . Elections and politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Michael Kabuni, Maholopa Laveil, Geejay Milli and Terence Wood 3 . Decentralisation: A political analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Stephen Howes, Lawrence Sause and Lhawang Ugyel 4 . Crime and corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Grant W. Walton and Sinclair Dinnen Part II: The Economy 5 . PNG’s economic trajectory: The long view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Stephen Howes, Rohan Fox, Maholopa Laveil, Luke McKenzie, Albert Prabhakar Gudapati and Dek Sum 6 . Have living standards improved in PNG over the last two decades? Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys . . . 163 Manoj K. Pandey and Stephen Howes Part III: Society 7 . Uneven development and its effects: Livelihoods and urban and rural spaces in Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 John Cox, Grant W. Walton, Joshua Goa and Dunstan Lawihin 8 . Communication, information and the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Amanda H. A. Watson Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261