Panel Survey of Young People in Egypt

242 Pages·2015·7.45 MB·English

by  Rania Roushdy

CAPMAS
PANEL SURVEY OF
YOUNG PEOPLE IN EGYPT
(SYPE) 2014
Generating Evidence for Policy,
Programs, and Research
Edited by Rania Roushdy and Maia Sieverding

PANEL SURVEY OF
YOUNG PEOPLE IN EGYPT
(SYPE) 2014
Generating Evidence for Policy,
Programs, and Research
Edited by Rania Roushdy and Maia Sieverding
i
The Population Council confronts critical health and development issues—from stopping the
spread of HIV to improving reproductive health and ensuring that young people lead full and
productive lives. Through biomedical, social science, and public health research in 50 countries,
we work with our partners to deliver solutions that lead to more effective policies, programs, and
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Cairo, Egypt 11431
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popcouncil.org
Suggested citation: Roushdy, Rania and Maia Sieverding. 2015. “Panel survey of young people in
Egypt 2014: Generating evidence for policy, programs, and research.” Cairo: Population Council.
This is the final report of the 2014 Survey of Young People in Egypt. The opinions expressed herein
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the initiative supporters.
Photo credits: Cover: Wolfgang Sterneck/Salma Abou Hussein; page 1: Imre Cikajlo;
page 9: Amr Nabil/AP; page 31: John Samples/Photoshare; page 51: kasra.co; page 69:
powerofforever.com; pages 95, 111, 127, and 143: Joel Carillet.
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Contents
Authors ............................................ v CHAPTER 3: EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF
YOUTH IN EGYPT: WHO ATTENDS SCHOOL,
Study Team .........................................vi
WHO SUCCEEDS, AND WHO STRUGGLES .......... 31
Acknowledgements ................................ vii
3.1 Introduction ..................................32
Acronyms .........................................viii
3.2 Educational attainment and school completion ...32
Preface .............................................ix
3.3 Intergenerational educational mobility. . . . . . . . . . .34
Foreword ...........................................xi
3.4 Patterns of ever attending school ...............36
Executive Summary ................................ xii
3.5 Youth experiences with literacy classes .........38
3.6 When do students exit school? .................39
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
CHARACTERISTICS ............................... 1 3.7 Who are the youth currently in school? ..........40
1.1 Egypt in the post-revolutionary period ............2 3.8 Struggles in school ............................41
1.2 Overview of SYPE 2009 and SYPE 2014 ..........2 3.9 School quality ................................42
1.3 Survey design and implementation ..............3 3.10 Tutoring and family help during school ..........44
1.4 The profile of young people in 2014 ..............6 3.11 Conclusion ...................................48
CHAPTER 2: HEALTH OF EGYPTIAN YOUTH IN 2014: CHAPTER 4: YOUNG PEOPLE’S LABOR MARKET
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS ........9 OUTCOMES DURING A PERIOD OF TRANSITION ....51
2.1 Introduction ..................................10 4.1 Introduction ..................................52
2.2 Access to health care ..........................10 4.2 Labor force participation .......................52
2.3 Self-rating of health and reported prevalence 4.3 Employment structure .........................56
of chronic diseases and disability ................12
4.4 Unemployment ...............................61
2.4 Hygienic practices ............................. 13
4.5 Employment transitions .......................64
2.5 Health and the environment .................... 13
4.6 Entrepreneurship .............................65
2.6 Exposure to risk of injury and violence ........... 14
4.7 Conclusion ...................................67
2.7 Nutrition, dietary habits, and physical activity .... 17
2.8 Use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs ..............19
CHAPTER 5: THE CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL
2.9 Mental health and social development ...........20
MIGRATION ASPIRATIONS OF EGYPTIAN YOUTH. . . .69
2.10 Reproductive health ........................... 21
5.1 Introduction ..................................70
2.11 Conclusion ...................................29
5.2 Youth migration aspirations in 2014 ............. 71
5.3 Changes in migration intentions: 2009 and 2014 ..76
5.4 The January 25, 2011 revolution and migration
intentions ....................................78
5.5 Conclusion ...................................79
CHAPTER 6: MARRIAGE AND FAMILY FORMATION CHAPTER 8: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, POLITICAL
TRENDS AMONG YOUTH IN EGYPT ................ 81 ATTITUDES, AND YOUTH’S VISIONS FOR THE
FUTURE DURING EGYPT’S TRANSITION ............. 111
6.1 Introduction ..................................82
8.1 Introduction ................................ 112
6.2 Marital status among Egyptian youth, 2009
and 2014 .....................................82 8.2 Youth opinion on priorities and threats
facing the country ........................... 112
6.3 Age at marriage and early marriage .............84
8.3 Opinions on politics and political activism ..... 114
6.4 Characteristics of youth marriages ..............86
8.4 Assessment of recent regimes ............... 115
6.5 Meeting and choosing a spouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
8.5 Assessment of values in Egyptian society .......117
6.6 Quality of youth’s marital relationships ..........89
8.6 The role of religion in politics, law, and
6.7 Cost of marriage ..............................90
personal life ................................ 118
6.8 Desired number of children .....................92
8.7 Optimism about the future ................... 119
6.9 Conclusion ...................................93
8.8 Participation in volunteering and
social groups ............................... 121
8.9 Participation in social debate .................124
CHAPTER 7: THE YOUTH OF THE REVOLUTION:
PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL EVENTS FROM 8.10 Conclusion .................................125
JANUARY 2011–JUNE 2013 .......................95
7.1 Introduction .................................96 CHAPTER 9: CONTINUING CONSERVATISM:
GENDER ATTITUDES AMONG EGYPTIAN YOUTH ...127
7.2 Youth participation in political activism
since January 2011 ...........................96 9.1 Introduction ................................128
7.3 Participation of youth’s social networks ........99 9.2 Access to education, employment, and
electoral politics ............................129
7.4 Reasons for nonparticipation ................. 101
9.3 Household dynamics ........................132
7.5 Media use for information on the January 25
revolution .................................. 101 9.4 Divorce ....................................136
7.6 Experience of violence ......................102 9.5 Gender-based violence ......................139
7.7 Perceptions of January 25, 2011 and 9.6 Conclusion ................................. 141
June 30, 2013 ..............................104
7.8 Youth participation in elections and APPENDIXES ..................................143
referendums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Appendix A: Tables ..............................145
7.9 Conclusion .................................109
Appendix B: Sampling error estimates of
SYPE 2014 key indicators ........................217
Authors
NAHLA ABDEL-TAWAB is Country Director, Population Council, Egypt
MOHAMMED ISMAIL is Professor of Statistics and Department Chair, Faculty of Economics
and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt
SARAH ISMAIL is Associate, Partners in Expanding Health Quality and Access, USA
CAROLINE KRAFFT is Assistant Professor of Economics, St. Catherine University, USA
DAFNI PAPOUTSAKI is a Teaching Fellow, Department of Economics, University of
Southampton, United Kingdom
AHMED RAGAB is Assistant Lecturer of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science,
Cairo University, Egypt
NADA RAMADAN is a doctoral student, Department of Sociology, University of California Los
Angeles and a former researcher with the Population Council, Egypt
ALI RASHED is Senior Researcher and Data Analyst, Population Council, Egypt
RANIA ROUSHDY is Senior Program Manager of the Poverty, Gender and Youth Program,
Population Council, Egypt
COLETTE SALEMI is a consultant with the Population Council, Egypt
IRENE SELWANESS is Assistant Professor of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political
Science, Cairo University, Egypt
LILA SHEIRA is a consultant with the Population Council, Egypt
MAIA SIEVERDING is SYPE Lead Research Consultant and Research Officer (former),
Population Council, Egypt
JACKLINE WAHBA is Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of
Southampton, United Kingdom
v
Study Team
CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC Mr. Ahmed Ragab
MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) RESEARCHER (FORMER)
Ms. Nada Ramadan
H.E. General Abou Bakr El Gendi
RESEARCHER (FORMER)
CAPMAS DIRECTOR
Dr. Ferial Abdel Kader Interns and Research Assistants
DEMOGRAPHER ADVISOR
Mr. Henar Elshemy
Ms. Amal Aly Nour El-Din Ms. Monica Mamdouh
HEAD SECTOR OF POPULATION STATISTICS AND Ms. Nouran Chakra
CENSUS
Ms. Dina Ashraf
Ms. Amira Gamal El-Din
Communication, Coordination,
UNDERSECRETARY FOR POPULATION STUDIES
and Finance
AND SOCIAL RESEARCH CENTER
Mr. Amr Kotb
Ms. Soaad Ahmed Eldawy
SENIOR FINANCIAL OFFICER
GENERAL MANAGER FOR STATISTICAL TRAINING
CENTER (FORMER) Ms. Hanan Tammam
SENIOR COMMUNICATION OFFICER
Mr. Gamal Hashem
Ms. Gihan Hosny
TRAINING AND IMPLEMENTATION OFFICER
SENIOR PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR
Mr. Essam Fathallah
Ms. Ayah ElDifrawy
IT EXPERT
PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR
Desktop Publishing and Copy Editing
POPULATION COUNCIL
Mr. Nashwa Bahgat
Research Team
Ms. Gihan Hosny
Dr. Nahla Abdel-Tawab Mr. Robert Heidel
COUNTRY DIRECTOR Mr. Michael Vosika
Dr. Rania Roushdy
Arabic Copy Editing
SYPE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dr. Ahmed Zayed
Mr. Ali Rashed Dr. May Gadallah
SENIOR DATA ANALYST
Arabic Translation
Dr. May Gadallah
Dr. Manal Zakaria
SENIOR RESEARCH OFFICER
Dr. Adel Shaaban
Dr. Maia Sieverding
Dr. Soheir Mahfouz
RESEARCH OFFICER (FORMER)
Cover Design
Dr. Irene Selwaness
Ms. Salma Abou Hussein
POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOW (FORMER)
Mr. Mohamed El Sharkawy
Ms. Rasha Hassan
Ms. Gihan Hosny
RESEARCHER (FORMER)
vi
Acknowledgements
The 2014 wave of the Panel Survey of Young We also gratefully acknowledge the contributions
People in Egypt (SYPE 2014) would not of Dr. Brian Barber, at the Center for the Study of
have been possible without the support and Youth and Political Conflict, University of Tennes-
commitment of a number of individuals and see, and his team of collaborators on the Jacobs
institutions. His Excellency Minister Ashraf Al Foundation- funded project, for their significant
Araby has supported the survey throughout contribution to the civic engagement module of
various phases and has shown keen interest in the SYPE 2014. The technical support provided
utilization of the results. The Central Agency for by colleagues at partner UN agencies is deeply
Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) acknowledged.
team, under the leadership and guidance of
SYPE - 2014 has been undertaken by Popula-
General Abou Bakr El Gendy, has competently
tion Council /Egypt Poverty, Gender and Youth
and diligently managed all data collection and
Program. Dr. Rania Roushdy, Senior Program
processing activities related to this survey and
Manager, deserves special thanks for capably
made valuable contributions during the review
leading all survey activities and compiling the
and pretesting of SYPE questionnaires.
final report. Our sincere gratitude goes to all
Special thanks are due to the following authors who contributed to this report as well as
organizations for their generous financial support Dr. Maia Sieverding who has thoroughly reviewed
of the 2014 SYPE: USAID, Ford Foundation, and edited earlier drafts of this report. Thanks
SIDA, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNDP, UN WOMEN, UN are also extended to Mr. Ali Rashed for managing
Volunteers, UNAIDS, UNESCO, WHO, Silatech, all data analysis activities, Ms. Aya El Defrawy for
and University of Tennessee. providing logistical and administrative support to
the project, and Robert Heidel and Michael Vosi-
We are grateful to government officials, research-
ka for the copyediting and design of this report.
ers, partners and youth leaders who contributed
to updating the 2014 survey questionnaires Last but not least, we wish to extend our sincere
during the series of consultative meetings held thanks and gratitude to the young people who
by the Population Council in April 2013. Spe- responded candidly and enthusiastically to the
cial thanks go to Dr. Ragui Assaad, Professor 2014 survey. We are hoping that results of this
of Public Policy at the University of Minnesota survey will contribute to policies and programs
and former Regional Director of the Population that help young people in Egypt realize their
Council’s West Asia and North Africa office, who dreams and full potential.
initiated the 2009 SYPE and who continued to
provide technical guidance at various stages of NAHLA ABDEL-TAWAB, MD, DRPH
2009 and 2014 surveys. Country Director
vii
Acronyms
CAPMAS Central Agency for Public
Mobilization and Statistics
EDHS Egypt Demographic and Health
Survey
EGP Egyptian pounds
IDSC Information and Decision Support
Center
IRB Institutional Review Board
LF Labor Force
OLF Out of Labor Force
PC Population Council
PSU Primary Sampling Unit
SD Standard Deviation
SYPE Survey of Young People in Egypt
UNDP United Nations Development
Programme
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund
for Women
WIQ Wealth quintiles
viii