Pan-Africanism; A Short Political Guide - Freedom Archives

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COUN LEGUM
*. A SNORT POUTICAl 6010E
i[VISID EDITION
COLIN LEGUM
PAN-AFRICANISM
A SHORT POLITICAL GUIDE
REVISED EDITION
FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, Publishers
NEW YORK - WASHINGTON - LONDON
Acknowledgments
The works of all writers quoted have been fully acknowledged. But
my special acknowledgment and thanks are due to the following authors
and publishers:
Ras Khan, The Poetry of Dr. R. E. G. Armattoe (Presence Africaine,
Paris); Mr. Harold R. Isaacs; Langston Hughes, The Langston Hughes
Reader (Braziller, New York), Selected Poems (Alfred A. Knopf, New
York), Tambourines to Glory (John Day, New York); Olumbe Bassir, An
Anthology of West African Verse (Ibadan); Miriam Koshland for her
translations in Black Orpheus (Ibadan); David Diop, Les Temps du
Martyr (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris); Aime C6saire, Four
Poems and The Return of the Native (Black Orpheus, Ibadan, and
Presence Africaine, Paris); Leopold Senghor, Anthologie de la Nouvelle
Podsie Negre et Malgache (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris);
Michael Dei-Aneng, Wayward Lines from Africa; Claude McKay, Out-
cast (Twayne, New York); Leon Dalmas (Presence Africaine, Paris).
FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, Publishers
1ti Fourth Avenue,NewYork 3, N.Y., U.S.A.
7'7-79 CharlotteStreet, London W.i, England
Publishedin theUnited Statesof Americain 1965
byFrederickA. Praeger, Inc., Publishers
This is an enlarged and revised editionof the book first published in 1962
byFrederickA. Praeger, Inc.
Second printing,1965
Allrights reserved
©1962, 1965 byColinLegum
LibraryofCongress CatalogCard Number: 65-1564,1
Printedin theUnitedStates of America
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION
I concluded the first edition of this book with the following
observation: `Nowhere in this book have I made any claims about
Pan-Africanism. I have tried to describe it as objectively as I can.
I have no views of my own aboutwhether it will succeed or fail in
the end. I am more concerned at this stage to understand it, to be
"with it" (in the modern phrase), than to pass judgments on it.
Thatit is a dynamic movement nobody can deny. That it is evolv-
ing new ideas and methods with great rapidity is plain. But who
can say with any degree of confidence where it will lead?'
Although muchhas happened sincethat edition appeared, I have
no reason to revise that open-ended conclusion. Pan-Africanism
has maintained its dynamism and its flexibility. Its fortunes have
fluctuated with a rapidity that has made keeping pace with them
difficult, let alone attempting to make durable evaluations of them.
As one concerned primarily with contemporary history I do not
regard it useful at this stage to attempt a serious evaluation of the
episodes I record. Thisisnot the sameassaying that I have adopted
an uncritical attitude in the way I have recorded the growth of
Pan-Africanist ideas and movements. However, I have tried to
avoidtakingsides between the rival leaders and the contesting ideas
and viewpoints within the Pan-African movement.
`Fission and Fusion'-Chapter VIII of this new edition-is a
record of developments between 1962 and 1964- I have found it
more convenient to adopt this method than to revise each section.
The only important exception is Chapter V-`Africa's Divided
Workers'-which my wife has made more comprehensive.
Finally, to avoid an unhandy expansion of the book I have omit-
ted anumber of appendices: `The Idea of an African Personality'
(extracts from an address by Dr. Edward W. Blyden), Chief
Awolowo's `Statement on African Affairs', and Dr. Azikiwe's ad-
dress, `The Future of Pan-Africanism'. Students interested in these
documents will be able torefer to themin library copies of the first
edition. In their place I have introduced four new appendices: the
5
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6 PREFACE
Charter of the Organisation of African Unity, the OAU Protocol
on Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration, the principal resolu-
tions of the first summit meeting of African Heads of State at
Addis Ababa, 1963, and those of the first Assembly of the Heads of
1
Stateand Governmentofthe OAU, Cairo, 964.
COLINLEGUM
London.
November, r964
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This book is dedicated to the work of the Africa Bureau.
In an abbreviated form it was delivered as the Africa Bureau's
1961 Annual Address. I am grateful to the Chairman, Lord
Hemingford, and to the Executive for agreeing that the Address
should be published in this expanded form.
The book is in two parts; the first might be more readable, but
the second is more useful. In the first part I have tried to trace
briefly the origins and growth of Pan-Africanism, and its subse-
quent impact on Africa after its transplantation in 1958.
In the second part I have provided a documentary guide to Pan-
Africanism, the absence of which I personally have felt to be a
great handicap in the past. This is only a start; much more work
requires to be done by our academic colleagues who have so far
largely neglected this field of study.
Although I must accept sole responsibility forthe views expressed
in this book, I am nevertheless greatly indebted to Dr. George
Shepperson ofEdinburgh University, and Professor St. Clair Drake
ofRoosevelt University, Chicago, for having read and criticised this
work at various stages; to Mr. Harold R. Isaacs of the Center for
International Studies, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, whose
studies on Negro literature have been particularly valuable to me in
afieldinwhichhehas donesomuch workand ofwhich I knowcom-
paratively little. Finally I must mention my wife who has worked
almost as hard as I have in revising the manuscript and who wrote
the chapter on `Africa's Divided Workers'.
COLIN LEGUM
London.
November, rg6r
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACETOTHE REVISEDEDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRSTEDITION 6
CHAPTER I THE ROOTS OF PAN-AFRICANISM 13
CHAPTER II GROWTH IN THE DIASPORA, I900-1958 24
CHAPTER III BACK TO AFRICA, 1958-1962 38
CHAPTER IV AFRICAN REGROUPINGS 65
CHAPTER V AFRICA'S DIVIDED WORKERS 81
CHAPTER VI CULTURE AND POLITICS: THE RIFT IN THE LYRE
OFBLACK ORPHEUS 93
CHAPTER VII MODERN POLITICAL IDEAS 112
CHAPTER VIII FISSION AND FUSION, 1962-1964 131
APPENDICES 151
REFERENCES 309
INDEX 317
Amap by W. H. Bromage indicating some of the groupings
mentioned in the text will be found on pages 70-71.
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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT
AAPC All-African Peoples' Conference
AAPO All-African Peoples' Organisation
AATUF All-African Trade Union Federation
AEF Afrique Equatoriale Fran~aise
AFRO African Regional Organisation
AOF Afrique Occidentale FranCaise
ATUC AfricanTradeUnion Confederation
CGTA Confederation Generale des Travailleurs d'Afrique
FLN National Liberation Front (Algeria)
ICFTU International Confederation ofFree Trade Unions
ICTUF International Federation ofChristian Trade Unions
ILO International Labour Organisation
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Col-
oured Peoples
NATO NorthAtlantic Treaty Organisation
OAC Organisation forAfrican Community
OAMCE Afro-Malagasy Organisation of Economic Co-opera-
tion
OAU Organisation of AfricanUnity
PAFMECA Pan-AfricanMovementforEast andCentralAfrica
PAFMECSA Pan-African Movement for East, Central and South-
ernAfrica
RDA RassemblementDemocratique Africain
SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organisation
UAR United Arab Republic
UAS UnionofAfrican States
UGTAN Union Generale desTravailleurs d'Afrique Noire
UNIA Universal Negro ImprovementAssociation
UNO United Nations Organisation
UPA Unionofthe Peoples ofAngola
UPC Unionofthe Peoples of the Cameroons
UPS Union Progressiste Senegalaise
USSR seeSoviet Union
WFTU World Federation ofTrade Unions
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APPENDICES
Page
1. The Pan-African Congress, Paris, rgrg 151
2. The Pan-African Congress, Manchester, 19¢5 153
3. The BandungDeclaration, 1955 156
4. The First Conference of Independent African States,
Accra, 1958 157
5. The Second Conference of Independent African States,
Addis Ababa, rg6o 167
6. Declarationofthe Ghana-Guinea Union, 1959 178
7. The Sanniquellie Declaration, 1959 180
8. Statement on the Sanniquellie Declaration by Osagyefo
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, rg6r 182
9. The Monrovia Conference ofForeign Ministers ofInde-
pendent African States, 1959 183
to. Extracts from the Statement by the Ghana Minister of
ForeignAffairs, the Hon. Ako Adjei, at the Second Con-
ferenceofIndependentAfricanStates, rg6o 188
11. Extracts from theStatementoftheLeader oftheNigerian
Delegation, the Hon. Y. M. Sule, at the Second Con-
ferenceofIndependentAfrican States, rg6o tgo
12. Declaration by Ghana-Guinea-Mali, rg6o 193
13. The Brazzaville Declaration, rg6o 194
14. Charter for "The Union of African States", rg6r 201
15. The Casablanca Conference, rg6r 205
16. The Protocol ofthe African Charter, rg6r 211
17. The Monrovia Conference, rg6r 216
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APPENDICES
Page
18. African Conferenceon the Rule ofLaw, Lagos, 1961 220
Ig. First ConferenceofNegro Writers and Artists, Paris, 1956 230
2o. Second Conference of Negro Writers and Artists, Rome,
1959 232
21. The All-African Trade Union Federation, rg6r 239
22. The All-African Peoples Conference, 1958-6r 241
23. Charter ofthe Organisation of African Unity 281
24. Protocol of the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation
andArbitration 288
25. Resolutions of the Summit Conference of Independent
African States, Addis Ababa, May 1963 294
26. Resolutions of the First Assembly of the Heads of State
and Government of the Organisation of African Unity,
Cairo, 1964 303
PAN-AFRICANISM
A short political guide