Palaepaphos-Skales: An Iron Age Cemetery in Cyprus (Text)

280 Pages·1983·31.839 MB·English

by  Karageorghis, Vassos

DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT
PALAEPAPHOS- SKALES
AN IRON AGE CEMETERY IN CYPRUS
by
VASSOS KARAGEORGHIS
with Appendices by
Gisele Clerc, Patricia Maynor Bikai, Edith Porada, Emilia
Masson, Maurice Sznycer, Elizabeth Goring, E. J. Peltenburg,
Jacques-Claude Courtois, Carolyn Elliott, Honor Frost, Vassos
Karageorghis, Carola Schulte-Campbel/, A. Demetropoulos,
Anthony King
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TEXT
UNIVERSITATSVERLAG KONSTANZ GMBH
Ein Textband mit xiii, 468 Seiten, 92 Abbildungen, 5 Tafeln und 56 Tabellen
Ein Tafelband mit 201 Abb. und 201 Tafeln
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ISBN 3 87940 234 5
© 1983 Universitiitsverlag Konstanz GmbH
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auf photomechanischem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) zu vervielfiiltigen. ·
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Herstellung des Abbildungs-und Tafelbandes: Universitiits-Druckerei Konstanz GmbH
CONTENTS
Page
Vorwort .. vii
Preface .. ix
Abbreviations xi
I Introduction .. 1
II The tombs of the CG I period .. 3
III Burial customs of the CG I period 7
IV The tombs and their contents .. 9
V Note on the typology of pottery 350
VI Note on Red Slip ware 369
VII Summary and conclusions 370
VIII Appendices
Appendix I Aegyptiaca de Palaepaphos-Skales, Gisele Clerc 375
Appendix II The imports from the East, Patricia Maynor Bikai 396
Appendix III Cylinder and stamp seals from Palaepaphos-Skales, Edith Porada 407
Appendix IV Les objets inscrits de Palaepaphos-Skales, Emilia Masson et Olivier
Masson 411
Appendix V · Note sur !'inscription gravee sur une cruche de Ia Tombe 69 de Palae-,
paphos-Skales, Maurice Sznycer . . 416
Appendix VI Techniques of the Palaepaphos-Skalesjewellery, Elizabeth Goring . . 418
Appendix VII The faience bowlfromPalaejJaphos-Skales T.58:5, E. J. Peltenburg.. 423
Appendix VIII Les poids de Palaepaphos-Skales, Jacques-Claude Courtois 424
Appendix IX Stone objects from Palaepaphos-Skales, Carolyn Elliott . . 426
Appendix X Note on three fragmentary anchors from the Palaepaphos-Skales
tombs, Honor Frost ·· 433
Appendix XI An 11th-century B.C. bathtub from Palaepaphos-Skales T. 49:198,
Vassos Karageorghis 435
Appendix XII The human skeletal remains from Palaepaphos-Skales, Carola Schulte-
Campbell . . 439
Appendix XIII Identification of molluscs from an 11th-century B.C. t()mb at Palae-
paphos-Skales, A. Demetropoulos 452
Appendix XIV Report on some eggshell from Tomb 66, Anthony King 453
General Index 454
VORWORT
Die Untersuchung von Grabern und Graberfeldern spielt in der archao
logischen Erforschung von Alt-Paphos-wie bei jeder antiken Stadt
eine bedeutsame Rolle. Die Befunde der zahlreichen Graber, die 1888 durch
den Cyprus Exploration Fund und 1899 durch F.B: Welch entdeckt wurden,
sind heute nur noch bruchstiickhaft greifbar. Sie lassen sich daher nur in
begrenztem Mass fiir die Geschichte der Stadt auswerten. Dagegen eroffnete
die Ausgrabung von 43 Grabern in Evreti, Asproyi und Kaminia durch die
Kouklia Expedition of the University of St. Andrews and the Liverpool
Museum (1952-53) eine entscheidende historische Einsicht: in Alt-Paphos
hestand bereits seit dem 15. Jahrhundert v. Chr. eine grossere spatbronzezeitliche
Siedlung. Das Graberfeld von Lakkos tou Skarnou, das in Teilen durch die
deutsch-schweizerische Archaologische Expedition untersucht wurde (1967-68),
bot das erste Beispiel eines Friedhofes, in dem die Bestattungen iiber die unge
wohnlich weite Zeitspanne von der ausgehenden Spatbronzezeit im 11. Jahr
hundert v. Chr. bis zur spatklassischen Periode im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
reichen. Die 1980-81 ausgegrabene Nekropole von Skales umspannt densel
ben Zeitraum, doch bieten ihre Graber ein ungleich reicheres und aussage
kraftigeres Inventar. Die Funde von Skales sind nicht nur fiir die Geschichte
von Alt-Paphos von Bedeutung. Sie werfen auch neues Licht auf die Ent
wicklung der cyprischen Keramik seit der friihgeometrischen Zeit. Ich bin
daher Dr. Vassos Karageorghis, dem Direktor des Cyprischen Department of
Antiquities, besonders dankbar fiir seine Bereitschaft, die Ergebnisse dieser
wichtigen Grabung in den "Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos" zu veroffentli;::hen.
FRANZ GEORG MAIER
PREFACE
The excavations at Palaepaphos-Ska/es began as an emergency operation, with a few ex
pert technicians of the Department of Antiquities, namely Andreas Georghiou (foreman),
Chrysilios Polykarpou (draughtsman), retired technical assistant Symeon K.lonaris and Custo
dian George Ioannou as the expert diggers. It subsequently ·developed into a major operation
which, however, proved worthwhile. To the technicians named above, who shared with me
the hardships of digging and the pleasures of unique discoveries, I express my gratitude. My
thanks go also to all my devoted labourers, most of whom are refugees from various parts of
the island and are now residents of Kouklia village. Mr. Philip Papageorghiou of Paphos, the
owner of the field where we excavated, showed patience and understanding and collaborated
with us in spite of the inevitable delay in the development of his field.
Cleaning and mending thousands of vases, as well as treating hundreds of metal and other
delicate objects from the Skates tombs in the Workshops of the Cyprus Museum and in practic
ally all the District Museums and in the Laboratory of the Cyprus Museum, became a major
operation for the technical staff of the Department of Antiquities who showed exemplary pa
tience and skill. To all of them, as well as to the members of the Photographic section and the
draughtsmen of the Cyprus Museum (Xenophon Michael, Chrysilios Polykarpou, Elias Mar
kou and Mary Hadjisavva) I express my thanks. Yiannis Hadjisavvas and Maria Hadjinico
laou undertook the preparation of the plates.
The study of the material was carried out in the afternoons and weekends, when my ad
ministrative duties would allow archaeological activity, and during one month's stay (November
1981) in the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut in West Berlin. I would like to express my
thanks to the President of the Institute, Professor Dr. E. Buchner, who made this visit possible.
The study for publication of thousands of objects of considerable archaeological signifi
cance was not something which I could have undertaken without the assistance of specialists.
I am grateful to all those who undertook to write appendices on specific objects or categories
of objects. Dr. C. Xenophontos, of the Geological Survey Department, identified all the stone
objects and Dr. I. Kashoulis, of the State General Laboratory, analysed substances which
required his expert knowledge. The onerous task of checking my descriptions and verifying
my classification, as well as the critical examination of the whole of my text, was carried out
by Maria Iacovou and Dr. Carolyn Elliott ~ithout whose patience and devoted assistance
this work could never have been accomplished. Thanks are due also to my secretary, Maroulla
Tsouri, who undertook the task of typing (twice) my text and to Dr. Carolyn Elliott who edited it.
Financial assistance was given generously from various quarters. The Cyprus Government,
through the Ministry of Communications and Works, undertook all the expenses of the ex
cavation. The Gerda Henkel Foundation generously paid:for the preparation of the numerous
drawings by Elias Markou. I would like to express here my gratitude to this Foundation and
particularly to Professor F. G. Maier for his unfailing help which was offered unselfishly in
numerous ways.
Last but not least I would like to express my grateful thanks to Professor Dr. Buchner,
President of the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, and to Professor F. G. Maier who accept
ed this book for publication in the series Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos.
The Deutsches Archiiologisches Institut has undertaken all the expenses of printing, thus
making it possible for the volume to appear so quickly after the excavation.
As can be seen above, the publication of the excavations at Palaepaphos-Skales is a collec
tive work which has involved numerous people. The author simply acted as a coordinator
and takes particular pleasure in expressing here his gratitude to all his collaborators.
V. KARAGEORGHIS
ABBREVIATIONS
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
Alaas V. Karageorghis, Alaas, a Protogeometric Necropolis in Cyprus.
Nicosia 1975
A/asia I C.F.A. Schaeffer et al., A/asia I (Premiere Serie). (Mission Ar
chiologique d'Alasia tome IV). Paris 1971
AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archiiologischen Instituts. Athenische
Abteilung
Andronikos, M., Vergina I (1969) : M. 'Av8p6vtKo<;, Bepyiva I. To NeKpm:arpeiov rwv TvpfJwv. (Bt
PA.to91)K11 -ri'j<; tv 'A91)vat<; 'ApxawA.oytKi'j<; 'E-ratpsia<;, 'Apt9Jl. 62).
'A9i'jvcit 1969
Annuario Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni
Italiani in Oriente
Antichita Cretesi II Antichita Cretesi. Studi in Onore di Doro Levi. Vol. 2. (Cronache
di Archeologia 13, 1974)
RASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Heltenique
Benson, J. L., Bamboula at Kourion : J. L. Benson, Bamboula at Kourion. The Necropolis and
the Finds. Philadelphia 1972
Blinkenberg, Chr., Fibules Grecques et Orientales (1926) : Chr. Blinkenberg, (Lindiaka V)
Fibules Grecques et Orientales. (Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes
Selskab. Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser. XIII. 1). K0benhavn
1926
BMCat. of Finger rings F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan,
and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum.
London 1907
Boardman, J., The Cretan Collection in Oxford : J. Boardman, The Cretan Collection in Oxford.
The Dictaean Cave and Iron Age Crete. Oxford 1961
Boardman, J., Greek Emporio (1967) : J. Boardman, Excavations at Chios 1952-1955. Greek
Emporia. Oxford 1967
Brock, J. K., Fortetsa J. K. Brock, Fortetsa. Early Greek tombs near Knossos. (British
School at Athens Supplement Paper no. 2). Cambridge 1957
BSA Annual of the British SChool at Athens
Canciani, von Hase, Palestrina : F. Canciani, F. W. von Hase, La tomba Bernardini di Pales
trina (Latium Vetus-II). Roma 1979
Catling, CBMW H. W. Catling, Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World.
(Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology). Oxford 1964
Cesnola, Atlas III (i) L. P. di Cesnola, A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of
Cypriote Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York. New York 1903
Corinth XII Gladys R. Davidson, Corinth. Results of Excavations conducted
by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Vol. XII.
The Minor Objects. Princeton, New Jersey 1952
Corinth XV (ii) Agnes Newhall Stillwell, Corinth. Results of Excavations conducted
by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Vol. XV,
part ii. The Potters' Quarter. The Terracottas. Princeton, New
Jersey 1952
xu ABBREVIATIONS
CRAI 1980 Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Comptes Rendus des
seances de l'A nnie 1980
CVA , Gr. Britain Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Great Britain-Fascicule 2
Deshayes, J., Les Outils J. Deshayes, Les Outils de Bronze, de !'Indus au Danube (IVe au
ue millenaire). (Institut Fran'Yais d'Archeologie de Beyrouth.
Bibliotheque Arch6ologique et Historique. Tome LXXI). Paris
1960
Deshayes, J., La Necropole de Ktima : J. Deshayes, La Necropole de Ktima. (Institut Fran9ais
d'A rch6ologie de Beyrouth. Bibliotheque Arch6ologique et Histo
rique. Tome LXXV. Mission Jean Berard 1953-55). Paris 1963
Dikaios, Enkomi P. Dikaios, Enkomi excavations 1948-1958. Mainz am Rhein 1969,
1971
Dothan, T., Qedem 10 (1979) : Trude Dothan, Excavations at the Cemetery of Deir el-Balah.
( Qedem, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, no. 10). Jerusalem 1979
Hall, E. H., Excavations in Eastern Crete, Vrokastro (1914) : E. H. Hall, Excavations in Eastern
Crete Vrokastro. (University of Pennsylvania. The Museum An
thropological Publications. Vol. III no. 3). Philadelphia 1914
Hesperia Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at
Athens
Jacobsthal, Greek Pins P. Jacobsthal, Greek Pins and their connexions with Europe and
Asia. (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology). Oxford
1956
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
Kaloriziki J. L. Benson, The Necropolis of Kaloriziki. (Studies in Mediter
ranean Archaeology vol. XXXVI). Goteborg 1973
Karageorghis; V., Nouveaux Documents : V. Karageorghis, Nouveaux Documents pour !'Etude
du Bronze Recent a Chypre. (Ecole Fran'Yaise d'Athenes. Etudes
Chypriotes, III). Paris 1965
Karageorghis, V., Kition (1976) : V. Karageorghis, Kition. Mycenaean and Phoenician dis
coveries in Cyprus. London 1976
Karageorghis V., J. des Gagniers, La Ciramique Chypriote de Style Figure: V. Karageorghis,
J. des Gagniers, La Ceramique Chypriote de Style Figure. Age du
Fer (1050-500 Av. J.-C.) (Biblioteca di Antichita Cipriote 2. Con
siglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Istituto per gli Studi Micenei et
Egeo-Anatolici). Roma 1974 and Supplement, 1979
Kerameikos I Wilhelm Uraiker und Karl Kubler, Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der
Ausgrabungen. I. Die Nekropolen des 12. Bis 10. Jahrhunderts.
Berlin 1939
Kerameikos IV Karl Kubler, Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen IV. Neu
funde aus der Nekropole des 11. und 10. Jahrhunderts. Berlin 1943
Kerameikos V. 1 Karl Kubler, Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen. Funfter
Band, 1. Teil. Die Nekropole des 10. Bis 8. Jahrhunderts. Berlin
1954
Kition II G. Clerc, V. Karageorghis, E. Lagarce, J. Leclant, Fouilles de
Kition II. Objets Egyptiens et Egyptisants: scarabees, amulettes
et figurines en pate de verre et en fai'ence, vase plastique en fai'ence.
Sites I et II, 1959-1975. Nicosia 1976
LAAA University of Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology
Lefkandi J. Boardman et a!., Lefkandi I. The Iron Age Settlement. The
Cemeteries. (The British School of Archaeology at Athens Supple-
mentary Vol. no. 11). London 1980
ABBREVIATIONS XllJ
Megiddo II (1948) Gordon Loud et al., Megiddo II. Seasons of 1935-39. (The Uni
versity of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications Vol. LXII).
Chicago 1948
Mitford, T. B., The Nymphaeum of Kafizin (1980) : T. B. Mitford, The Nymphaeum of Kafiz~n.
The Inscribed Pottery. (Kadmos Zeitschrift fiir Vor-und Friih
griechische Epigraphik. Supplement II). Berlin, New York 1980
Ohnefalsch-Richter, M., Kypros, Bible and Homer : M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, the Bible
and Homer. Vols I-II. London 1893
Op. Arch. : Opuscula Archaeologica
Op. Ath. : Opuscula Atheniensia
von Oppenheim, Max Freiherr, Tell HalafiV (1962): Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, Tell Halaf
IV. Die Kleinfunde aus historischer Zeit. (ed. Barthel Hrouda)
Berlin 1962
PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly
Pieridou 'A. IItspioou, • 0 IlpoJ7:oyewperpudJ~ pv()po~ ev Kvnprp. (Bt~A.to9i]KTJ
'tfj~ sv ~Aei]vat~ 'ApxawA.oytKfj~ 'E'tatpeia~ 'Apt9J!. 77). 'A9fjvat 1973
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
Praktika IlpaK7:lKa rfj~ ev 'A()rjvaz~ 'ApxawA,oyzx:fj~ ·Erazpef~
RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
de Ridder, Collection de Clercq V: A. de Ridder, Collection de Clercq. Catalogue publie par
les so ins de l' Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et sous Ia
direction de MM. de Vogiitf, E. Babe/on, E. Pottier. Tome V. Les
Antiquites Chypriotes. Paris 1908
Riis, R. J., Hama II.3 (1948) : R. J. Riis, Hama. Fouilles et Recherches de la Fondation Carls
a
berg 1931-1938. Les Cimetieres Cremation. (Nationalmuseets
Skriftes, St0rre Beretninger I). K0benhavn 1948
Rolley, Cl., Fouilles de Delphes V3 (1977) : Cl. Rolley, Fouilles de Delphes. Tome V, 3. Les
a
Trepieds cuve clouee (Ecole Frant;aise d'Athenes). Paris 1977
Sa/amine M. Yon, Sa/amine de Chypre II. La Tombe T. I. du Xr s. Av. J.-C.
(Universite de Lyon-Faculte des Lettres Institut F. Courby).
Paris 1971
SCE The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, vols I-IV. Stockholm 1934-1972-
Snodgrass, Early Greek Armour : A. M. Snodgrass, Early Greek Armour and Weapons from
the End of the Bronze Age to 600 B.C. Edinburgh 1964
Snodgrass, The Dark Age : A. M. Snodgrass, J;be Dark Age of Greece. An Archaeological
Survey of the Elevi?n,ih to the Eighth Centuries B.C. Edinburgh 1971
Stewart, E. and J., Vounous 1937-38 (1950) : E. and J. Stewart, Vounous 1937-38. Field-Re
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Acta Instituti Regni Sueciae XIV). Lund 1950
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of excavations, 1956. Jerusalem 1960
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In January 1979 levelling operations for agricultural purposes at the site of Skales, south
east of the village of Kouklia in the Paphos District, revealed a number of tombs. The Depart
ment of Antiquities was informed only after the contents of several tombs (T. 42-57) had been
exposed and others had been largely or completely destroyed. The local Custodian was asked
to remove the objects from these tombs and take them to the Kouklia Museum. Unfortunately
no record was taken nor any plans or photographs of the objects in situ made.l All information
in this report concerning the disposition of the objects in these tombs depends entirely on the
recollection of the local Custodian· Mr. George Ioannou, an experienced excavator.
At the beginning of April the Department of Antiquities, under the direction of the pre
sent writer, undertook a large-scale systematic excavation of the whole area which was or would
have been affected by the levelling operations. No doubt the cemetery extends beyond the
limits of this area, but our aim was to rescue tombs from destruction since, after the levelling,
machinery for deep ploughing was to operate in the same area.
The locality of Skales (Fig. I), covered today by fields and sparsely dotted carob trees, is
situated about 1200 m. southeast of the modern village of Kouklia and about 1000 m. from
the coast. It is a fairly low-lying area, 32-44 m. above sea-level, rising gradually from the coast
al plain towards the first range of hills. Seen in relation to the topography of the Greek city of
Old Paphos, Skales lies c. 850 m. from the southeastern city wall and c. 1200 m. from the Sanc
tuary of Aphrodite. The distance to the Archaic necropolis of Eliomylia, between Skales and
the ancient city, is c. 600 m.; to the necropolis of Lakkos tou Skarnou (which, like Skales,
was in use from the earliest Geometric to the Late Classical period) c. 1300 m. Considering
that the Lakkos tou Skarnou tombs are situated 450-550 m. beyond the city wall, Skales was
an outlying but by no means an excessively distant cemetery.2
The cemetery at the site of Skales has long been known. In 1951 a British Mission from
the University of St. Andrews and the Liverpool Museums under T. B. Mitford and J. H. Iliffe
excavated tombs which, together with others excavated at Palaepaphos by the same Mission,
will soon be published by Dr. H. W. Catling.3 ·., :,-·
Though it was not our intention to make a systematic topographical survey of the ancient
sites of Palaepaphos (this being the task of the SwisiPGerman Mission which carries out major
excavations in the area of Palaepaphos under Professor F. G. Maier), we have been able to
trace an extensive settlement site on the rocky plateau above the slope which contained our
tombs. Traces of rubble walls are still visible on the rocky,surface as well a!> stone querns, but
all other evidence has eroded away in the course of time and one cannot determine whether
there is any relationship between this settlement and the cemetery.
Though the crest of the plateau is hard rock, the natural rock which lies below it is soft
clayish chavara and it is in this that the tombs were carved. The softness of the rock and the
1. The present writer was at that time at Oxford as a Visiting Research Fellow at Merton College, from 19th January to
31st of March, 1979.
2. Remains of a small settlement in the locality of Achni, c.800 m. south of Skales and close to the coast, were discovered
in 1979 (see F. G. Maier, RDAC 1981, 104f.). Thus far there is evidence for Classical to Roman occupation only
from this site. Moreover, its obviously limited size would exclude that a necropolis as rich as Skales was connected
with it.
3. See a preliminary note by J. H. Iliffe in Liverpool Bulletin 2 (1952), 51f.
2 PALAEPAPHOS-SKALES
weight of the bulldozer caused the ceiling of almost all the tombs to collapse. This explains
the very fragmentary condition in which objects inside the chambers were found.
The same site had been used as a cemetery for many centuries. The earliest material in the
tombs dates to the 11th century B.C. (see below), but there are also tombs of the Cypro-Geo
metric III and later periods, up to the Hellenistic period. Some of the later chamber tombs
were carved very close to the surface above the older tombs. The vast majority of tombs have
a NE-SW orientation,4 with the dramas on the SW. This was obviously dictated by the slope
of the hill. The dramas, which need not have been deep, was dug against the slope, thus secur
ing the maximum depth of rock for the chamber. This feature continues from the initial stage
of the cemetery (11th century B.C.) down to the Classical and Hellenistic periods, indicating
that this consistency was merely practical. This however, does not necessarily cast doubt on
Benson's suggestion that the consistent orientation of the tombs at Kourion-Kaloriziki, where
the ground is flat, may indicate connections with Rhodes.5
4. In describing the individual tombs conventional cardinal points are indicated. E.g. most tombs have a NE-SW
orientation. In order to avoid complicated cardinal points we have regarded them, for practical purposes in the
descriptions, as having a N-S orientation.
5. Kaloriziki, 23f.