Pakistan, authoritarianism in 1980s

210 Pages·1991·7.82 MB·English

by  Craig Baxter

PAKISTAN
AUTHORITANRIIS M
&litedBy
INT HE1 9805
CraigB axter
& Syed aziW a ti
,P akistan
Authoritian1r 9i8a0nsi sm
EditeByd
CraiBgax te&r SyReazdi W asti
VANGUARD
.
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HeadO ffice:4 5T heM allL ahorPea kistan
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CONTENTS
Foreword i
.......................................... •..........................
1. PakistAaunt'hso ritaHreiraint age ...1
............... .. .
SyeRda zWia sti
2. PakistFaonr'esi Pgonl icLiym:i teOdp tio.ns1 2
. ...
CraigB axter
3. Pakistaanndt heS uperpower. . 29
........... ... ..........
LeoE. Rose
4. Pakistaanndt he" AfghParno blem" ...4..5. ..........
.
LouiDsu pree
5. DomestPiocl itiintc hse 1 980s . 67
............. .......... .
WilliLa.mR ichter
6. Ziaa ndt heC ivilBiuarne aucrats:
PakistBaunr'esa ucriantc hye 1 980..s .. ...88
.... ... . .
CharlH.e sK enned.y
7. PakistEacno'nso my1,9 47-2000:
EconomiPce rformaanncdeS tratfoegry
FuturGer owt.h. ... ...". .....1.0.1. ............
.. . .......... ...
ShahiJda veBdu rki
8. Pakistani Wiontm hee1n 9 80asn dB eyon.d1. .3 4
AnitMa. Weiss
9. PakistZaank'asSt y steamn dt he
StatoufsW c>men 153
..............� .".. ................. .......
GracCel ark
10. Pakistaanndt heO rganizaotfi on
theI slamCiocn ference .. .1 72
.................. ....... .....
SyeSdh arifuPdidirnz ada
FOREWORD
Thpea prset hfaotl aleor wsa e leocftt ihoopnsr ee seantt ed
ac onferoenPn ackteia sinn t h1e89 0hse ladtC olumbia
UnviersNietwYy o,kr ,A pr1i-6l71 ,1 987. coTvhaee ry,
numbeorf a psecotfst e h politeiccoanloa,mdn i sco,c ial
systoeftm hsca otut ynr.
, SyeRda zWia sitnit urcoetdsh see rwiietsah ne ss,a y
aadptferdoh mio sp einnagd edsrssi,g nitfyhiiemn pgon rctea
oft hceh anges ina st Phcaeok itusrnmtyoa vnef sr om
maratlil atwo a f oromfr epresegnotvaetrinovmniee t nst,
wayo,n eh opetso, r eneowfa l dcertmcaio rule. Craig
a
BaxteLre Roao nesdl ooaktt he seacdnfou rreiitpgyoin lc y
optiaovnasi ltaoPb ailktsea n caonmdte oc opmabtlibeu t
dffieerncto nucslioLnosu.Di usp reexep loar sepse cific
itnernatrietolinnahosapil, t habte twePeank isatnadn
Afgahnins,at dna doess o·t horugahn h isctaoslru irvey.
WillRiiacmhd tsiecru stshieens t epronlailstc iecanasel the
polistyisctaoelfPm a ikstuanned rgocehsae n.Cg hlaers
Kendnywe riotnea ps ar tliacarups ecotft he posslytietmi,c al
thbeu reauacdnrt ahcceyh ,a nightea sus n edrgodnurei ng
thZei -aul-pHearq.i S ohhdadi JavBeudkr ic ontsih niuse
stiuedosnt heeoc nomsiycs tofet mhc eon utyr.
Tot ehsaet rcilewse,h vaea ppdeden thien augural
addrses SoyfeS dhr auidfdPiinrd zata,h see crryeg teeanral
oft hOerg naizattihoIenls acomC fio nferHeinascdd ers.es
proviad veasl uasrbuvleeoy f t hceo ncnteiobnestw een
IndMiuasnl (ibmesf 1o9r4ea7 ·)Pn adk tiasMnuis l(iatmfesr
1497o)nt hoen hea nd thaIensm dlic au mmaohnt hoet her.
The edista odnr altlh oastet hceo nferweinstchoe
exprtehsreas ip piraetcfiootrnh heo psiittaoylfC omlbuia
Unviersaintdiy t Sso uthAesrinIa nnt sitduriteec tbeyd
AinsElmibeere T.h naksa res oea xltentdote hdte w o
modaeotrrosf t he wosrekosinsnsiHg:o wradW riggoifn s
ColuimaUb nivearnsMdiu tahym maAdfz arle,c totrh eo f
ItnertniaoInsallaU mnviiecr siinIl tsmaya abd.
C.B.
-s.R.W.
1
Pakistaanu'tsh oritarian
heritage
SyeRda zWia sit
Frotmh dea iy.t ag nieidn pdenednecien1 94P7a,k ihsatsa n
faccerdi isnees v eareryn ap:o lailte,ioc cnmoice,t hcn,i
reignoaaln,id tn eartnioIntcasrl e.a wtaiosop np obsybe odt h
thIen dni NaatioCnoanlg raedns tsh Ber siht,i aafntde r
inpdeendeantctete smw permea det oj oepdairziet s
existTehenR cadec.fl eAi wfradw,h ifcihx edb outnhrdei aes
betweIenand aindP akainsw tasc onsiduejnruesbdty
Pakinsitasan cdr teeamda ynm orep robltehmaissnt o eldv.1
TheK ashmdiirs prumetaneis a s ourocfge r tei arrtiitoan
betwtehetenw c oo uinetbsrut,t hiem medciraitsei s resulting
frotmh Aew arwda st hien floufxm lilioofnM su slim
refugfereoEsma tsI nad tioP akistadne rptaaunordfe
Hindus afnrdoP makS iisktthoIas nn d. Ti hanee swt ahtaed
niethtehrree sounroctreh psee rslot nocn oepwei ttheh se
massipvoep tuilsoahnti sf.
There mwaeynr ea mdiinsttirvaaen de conomic
porbletmhste:rn s afoefra s sefrtosm I ndtioPa a ktiastnh;e
lacofke pxerieandcnmesiidtt rviaes t;at ffhree onrzigaation
oft hea rym;a ndt hceo sotfe stlaibshai cnegn tral
govmeertnnw itan he cwpa ilto,af efsia cnodfi fceeqi upmnet.
Quai-di-AMzoahmma madA li J(i1 n86n71-a49h8 t)h,e
fuondoeftr h nee swt ahtaead,l wbaeysea nm embeorft e h
opposiatnidho andn veerj ionetdh eB ritIinsdhi an
govmeernntb,u otn A ugu1s4t, h1e9 4samu7es dt hoef fice
ofg overgneonreH reaw la.as l rdeyia nh sis evenfrtaiiels ,
anidl blu,ht e w orkweidtg hr eatu nzlthe isiad le aotnh
Septem1b11e,9r 84 .H isd aetwha sa sevebrleot wo
1
Paksita'nsa uth01itlmwiiat1a1g e 2
Pasktnia.H ils ieauntate.dn n PriMmeini stLeairuq aAtl i
Khan( 1895-t1o9o5ck1o )n lta rnodh aneddsl taatfeif ras
witcho nfiadnetdna cucent t hiialss sassoinOn ca:ttioobne r
161,9 5T1h.e.wr aens o l e�lde�wfrht oc ouclmod1J1; ahtph e
respoeftc hwteh o lneta ion. . · . · ;•
In mteahen teti hmearreo ssoer rneiego nparloe bmlsI.t
waasc atluilnyJn inasth i'mteh athtqe u esotfiw ohne ther
Bengsahlodiu lbe tai olNnnaaaglu awgaesr asiedb,u t
Jninadhe clatrheatdeth r weo ulbdeo nyl oneN ational
languaangtdeh waotu bledU rd.uL2i uaaqsts 'ucceasss or
PrimMien i.wsrat seK hwaa Njazimu(d1d8i9n4 )-.A19 64
Benghael· ih,ae da rlsiuecre eJenidneadah s g orvenor
geneHreaw la.sg entalnede px eriebnucwtee dka, a dn
.
lacckhaeirsdm aT.h ree giloenaadtleo roaskd nvtaeao gfti hs
adni ngtureaidg aitnhcseet n tgroeavrln nmtIe.nt hPeu jnba
am ovemweansstt aratgieandts ehtA hmadso.ir Q adiainsi
(ar elicgmoimouuinstt yh athtMe u slmiajmro ictoyn siders
outsidbeou ntdhosefo rthxIo sdloaRmee)sn.t maegnati nst
thAeh maddtaiestd ot hbee gniignno ft hcee nyta udnrt he
Ahragrr ouopfp olciiatnihsa dl onogpp os·et dh e; m
noenthenlboeosdsr ya isaeynd o jbceti,ow nhseJ ni nnah
appoiSniZtrae fdUa lrl Kahahn (1 893-1a9nA8 h5m)a,da is
ForeMiignni .sH teea rblayvd otceaPda sktnia'csa se on
Kahsmrii nt hUen tieNdat oinbsu,at c amipgawna sst taerd
fohri osu stweirtt hh e vcaoenn ocnfit hPeu jnaCbh ief
MiinstKehrw.aa Njaizmudcdoiunnl odtt a cktlhiees sue
polciatllaiydn r oiti;s nhgobpu rnainnldgo otsitnagri tne d
LahorTeh.el aawdn o dredre terisoomr uacthe dt hat the
civaiuhltoi ritecso unlodct o ntirtso,olM atrailL aw was
impeodis nL ahoi·rn1 e9 5T3h.iw sat sh fei trasstot fpe ow er
byt hmeli tiraya ntdh bee ginonfais negr oifme astr ilaalw
perii9nPd ask iPsatskaatinns. u ffeargerdaf vooeds ohrtea g
angde nereoacnlmlociyc noditwieordnees ti eorirnaTgth.u s
lacokfc onficdeenntptrop aulll aera sdihpe,tr heeoc nocm i
situaatnidro engn,ia polr ob·l( enim EsatsP asktian, the
questoifto nhB ee nigl aalngwuaarsgae i asgeadai nntd h e
demotnrsatiino1 n95sr2 e suilnt eddt aheteoh f a few
demonstraallt coorpnissr)te,od3p ass cotnroolft he
.gonvmeerinntt tohh ea sno dfb uaruectrsaT.h eayss mued
thsaitn tchpeeo lciiasthn iafda itloce odn tterhs oiltt iuoaint,
3 Paksita'nsa utl10rihteat1iitaa1g1e
wast herieprso nsitboir leisttlyoa rwae n .do rdCerhf.i e
amongt hewma sG hulMaumh amm(a81d9 5-1,9t 5h6e)
aliinggoev rorn-genwehroha ald,s ucceNeadmzeuidd din
whehne s teppdeodw nt oa ssupmree mipe arfstheir
Liatqs'ua sasassination. ·
GhulMaumh ammwaadsa n aobffliecb eurht,e w as
ambitiadonr uust hSloeosdnsie .ffr endceevse lboeptewde en
hima nNda zimudHdeif ni.rd sitis smsNeazdi mudidni n
195a3n tdh einn1 95d5si soltvheCedo nstiAtsuseelnmytb,
whichha fda itlope orddu caec osntintT.uh tmeie ombeorfs
thaess meblhya ndo bte en taorb elseo sluvciehs ssa use
payrb iettwtehetenw woi nagnstd h qeu esotfwi hoent her
thesrheo ublead s pearaetleoe crtaotrje o nite loerctate.
Thesaetc ioonfst heg ovoerrg nenercarle qtae d
constictruitasiniowdsnh aelrn e ferweansmc aeed ttoh e
SupreCmoeu, rJ tucsetM iuhmamad Munri (8195-1,9 81)
endsoertdh aec tiooftn hgseo rvneogren eWriatlha.si hnto r
spaonfa fyeewsa t rhMeu slLiema g, uetphayert tahtl ead
suca�h u ccessmfouvlee mnftro P akni,sw tasda eefadta end
losatlc.lo ntNreowpl ar.t iweesrfo er.m de arids om.eo ld
polciit.aw inhsoh aodp poPsaeikds '.tsca rnteia,ol knieD r.
KhanS ah(i81b8 2-1o9f5 8Nt)oh ret hFwrenosttiP erro vince,
bemcae·p ronmeinlte adoefPr aks.i asntR.e liggiroouusp s
albseomc eaa ctiGvhuelm.a M4u h.ammwaadrs e moavendd
aonthbeurr eatu,Ikc sareanrdM irz(9a10 7-1,9b 7e4mc)ea
govergnneoearrlI .n1 95a6c ,o nstiwtausft rmiaeodtn,h e
resouflt th eefo frtosfs tialonhlte lre adbiurnega utc,r a
ChauydM huhrammAalid( 1.199085,b0- u)itwt a nse vfeurl ly
enforNcoee dl.e ctwieorhneles du ndtehrce o sntiitount,
adn,u ltip-iGaetneelrMyau,lh ammAaydu Kbh an(1 907-
197t4h)ce o mmadneirn--fco hfti heaemr yt,o ocko ntorfo l
adimnsitrabtyii omnp osMianrgtL iaawil n 1 95A8y. ub
Khansr' ulwea tsh fei rusntrd m eartilaaalwt a n atiol na
levHeelc .r teeaad systoef"m B ac sDiemocratcahyt"
inlcudieniddr eecctt aienolldna sttei1dl9 6u9n.5
Despti.ea ltlh cirsi asnitdsu rlmP,oak iisptlaanya end
impor�to�linenit ne ntraotniablo dsis eucahst hUeni ted
NatinosC,E NTOa,n SdE AT.OA ltuhgoht en·snei xoisted
betwIenednai naPd a iksnt,ta hweeyr ·aebe lt os ooruttt h eir
dfiferernecagerisdn dgir sitbuotfci naolanw at,eb ryss igning
Pakistaanu'tsh 01ithaerriiatna ge 4
thIen dWuast eTrr eaitn1y 9 6T0h.e eyv efno ugahw tai rn
196b5u,at tT ashkAeynutb,· KahnaLdna Bla hadSuhra stri,
thIen diParni mMei nismteetar n,ds ignaenad g reement
thalte tdo t hew ithdroaftw raolo tpots h per e-conflict
boundaDruireiAsny.gu br'esg iPmaek isatnCadhn i cnaam e
closteoer a coht hwehri tlhere e latwiiottnhhs Ue n ited
Stabteecsa lmeecs osr dPiaakli.sd tinadon ht a vvee rwya rm
relatwiiottnhhs Se o viUenti oonw intgot hUe- 2i ncident
antdh per eseonfac nAe m eriAciabrna snee aPre shawar.
NeverthAelleexKseosis ygtihneS, o viPerti mMei nister,
playaenid m pormteadnita rtoolrdeyu ritnhgTe a shkent
talbkest wIenednai naPd a kistan.
Econoamniidcn dusptrroigardleu srsiA nygu br'esg ime
wase xtenDsuirvietn.hg·i p se ri2o2dc apitfaalmiislti es
dominamtuecdoh f t hien dusdtervieallo phmoewnetv;e r,
thpeo liitniflcuaelin ntc hee raurreoaaflt hper ominent
landflaomridwl ainseo sdt i minidsehsepAdiy tueb 's limited
lanrde foHrimbssa .s diecm ocsryacsytd einmdo lte atdot he
developomfed netm ocratic iHnes wtaista unt ions.
autocrrualtaeinrcdt haer mayn dt he bureaucrats, along
witmho sbtu sineasnsfdme eundl aolrw desrh eis su pporters.
A formperri mmien iHsutsearSi hna hSiudh raw(1a 8r9d3y-
196)3w, a asm ontgh lee adientr hsoe p posainttdir ointe·od
keetph ede mocrtartaidcia tliioavnsed ,i Nda zimuddin.
FatiJmian n(1a 8h9 3-1t9h6se7i )s,ot feJ ri nnoaphp,o sed
Ayuibnt h1e9 6e4l ectbiuwotan ds,e feaotweidtn ogs, o me
samya,c hinabtyti hboeun rse aucracy.
Itw acsl etahrae tv ednu ritnhgec srei asneadsu tocratic
rultehd,ee mocrsaptioirftci h tpe e opwlaens o stu ccessfully
suppreWshseende.tv heerfoy u nadn o pporttuhneriyot sye,
agaianustto crrualtEeia.cs t Pawkaisas ltwaaniy nts h e
forefarnodtn htBe e ngaliss obf ercuasmtterh aattthe edy
ultimdaetceiltdyoeb dr eaawka fyr oWme sPta kisTthaen .
movemetnhtaw ta ss taratgeadi AnysutKb h anin 1 968
ultimalteedtl ohy i sr esigniantM iaornc1 h9 6a9n,d
reimposoiftM iaornt iLaalw u ndeGre nerAaglh a
MuhammYaadh yKah anY.a hyap'osl ihcaisetse tnheed
separoafEt aisoPtna kisatneadnn a bZlueldf AilkBiah ru tto
(1928-t1o9g 7a9iu)nn precedentedi nWp eosptu larity
PakisIttca ansn.a fbeels ya itdh aEta sPta kiswtoaunnl odt
5 Paksitasna 'uth01ithae1riitaang e
havbee coBmaen glaadtle esanhso,stt o s oobnu,ft o Irn dian
military ianntdte hrSevo evnitreiotoli nent heU nited
NatiTohnels o.os fsE asPta kiswtatashn be i ggcersittsh iast
Pakishtaatdno f acTeh.en atimoonu rnneodot n ltyhl eo ss
ofEaPsatk isbtuaatln st,oh he u milidaetfietnahgcte a, p ture
of9 0,0s0o0l daisepr rsi soonfew rasra ndt hel ososf
hundroefds sq uamriel oefs terirnWi etsoPtra yk istan
(whiwcohu bledr egaifnoeldl oawnai gnrge ewmietnIhtn dia
atS imiln1a 9 72).
Att hamto menBth,u twthoo,Ps aek isPteaonp lPea'rst y
(PPhPa)w do nam ajoorfit thWyee sPta kissteaaintnt s h e
NatioAnsasle meblleyc toif1o 9n7as0n idn t hPeu njaanbd
Sinlde gisalsasteimvbeal pipeesao,rn et dh sec eanset he
saviaonudrm essiashp.eHeiocsnh D ecemb2e0r,1 971
instain lelwse pdi arniedtn thusaimaosnmPg askti stanis. He
waasp opuclhaarr islmeaatdwiehcroh , a wdo nt hpee ople's
suppboyrr te sorntoiotnn glt yos peakiintn hgel iarn guage,
buatl saod opttihnesgit ry offde r eHsiss.s logoafron t i,
kapraa umra kan( focoldo,t ahnisdnh ge lhtaedr )hw ioanm
larnguem boeffr o lloIwwtea rhsso .p etdh ahtew oubledt he
builodfPe ark isotnaa s no ufnodo ttihnahgte,w ouulsdh er
ina ne roafd emocrgaotviecr nment.
He. stawretleHlde.t ourMeuds lciomu ntarnidte rsi ed
tor eactitvhaest pei roifMt u slibmr otherThhoeo d.
conferoeftn hcheee aodfsM uslsitma hteelsid nL ahoirne
197w4a asg resautc cHeesw sa.s evetnoc oanbvlitenh cee
peoptloae c ceBpatn glaadsae b srho tMhuesrl ciomu ntry.
Het riteobd r etahkpe o weorfb ureaubcyir nattrso ducing
"LateErnatlrS yy steTmh"e.a rmy·w,h ichha db een
compledteemloyr alwiazsre edm,o dealnldae nde ws pirit
waisn fuisnetidot H .e n ationhaelaiivznyed du sbtarnyk,s ,
insurcaonmcpea nainedes v einn trodsuocmeaedg rarian
reforhmupste, r sohneac loluynl odrt i saeb ovheif se udal
backgrHoiuasnr dr.o gance, auatnopdce rrastoinca ln ature,
weaknersesseu�il ntt eudr nais nigz esaebclteoi fpo eno ple
agaihnismtH. e wasp articularlaym ounntgph oep ular
NatioAnwaalm Pia rlteya doefrN so rtWhe sFtr ontier
ProvianncdBe a luchSiosottnah nre.e liglieoaudse risnh ip
thPeu njaanbod t haerre as turnheidmD .ea sgpaiitnes tt he
fatchtia nt1 97h3ew aasb tloeg ivtehn ea tiaco onn stitution