Pakistan at the Millennium PDF
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PAKISTAN AT THE MILLENNIUM ' Go<Jgle Original from 01g1t1zed oy UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Go gle Orlg1MI from 01gtz t UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN rAKISTAN AT THE MILLENNIUM Edited by Charles H. Kennedy Kathleen McNeil Carl Ernst David Gilmartin OXFORD UNIVBlt.SITY Plt.ESS Google Onginal fron1 01g1tlz•dby UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6oP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries 0 Oxford University Press 2003 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First published 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form Br by any means, without the prior peuuission in writing of Oxford University Press. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to Oxford University Press at the address below. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. ISBN 0 19 579776 0 Typeset in Times Printed in Pakistan by New Sketch Graphics, Karachi. Published by Ameena Saiyid, Oxford University Press 5-Bangalore Town, Sharae Faisal PO Box 13033, Karachi-75350, Pakistan. Google Original frcm oig1t1ze-0 by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Contents page .. Preface VII . Introduction XI I . , Building State and Nation in Pakistan 1 Rasul Bakhsh Rais 2. Painting in Pakistan: 1947-1997 26 Marcella C. Sirhandi 3. Appropriating the Punjabi Folk: 40 Gender and Other Dichotomies in Colonial and Post-Colonial Folk Studies David Gilmartin and Michelle Maskiell 4. Back to the Future? 65 Pakistan, History, and Nation Building Ian Talbot 5. The Pakistan Military: 95 A Bibliographical Study Hasan-Askari Rizvi 6. The Sound of Pakistani Culture: 131 Fifty Years of Building, Contesting, and Negotiating National Identity through the Sonic Arts Regula Burckhardt Qureshi Google Onginal fron1 01g1tlz•dby UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VJ CONTENTS 7. Towards a De-polarization of the 142 Pakistani Women's Movement Kathleen McNeil 8. The Sufi and the Mullah: 169 Islam and Local Culture in Pakistan Katherine Pratt Ewing 9. Knights, not Pawns: 199 Ethnic Nationalism and Regional Dynamics in Post-Colonial Balochistan Paul Titus and Nina Swidler 10. Provincial Dreams and Federal Nightmares: 237 The Urdu Short Stories of Mazhar ul Islam Christopher Shackle 11 . Interpreting the 'Fanatic': 270 Colonial Justice and the 1897 Tribal Revolt in the North-west Frontier Robert Nichols 12. Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: 302 Quest for Assured Nuclear Deterrence Rodney W. Jones 13. Ayub Khan, Constantinos Doxiadis, and Islamabad: 351 Biography as Modernity in a Planned Urban Space Frank C. Spaulding Contributors 377 Index 379 Google Onginal fron1 01g1tlz•dby UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Preface The thirteen original essays which comprise this volume were each presented in earlier forms at the American Institute of Pakistan Studies' 'Pakistan at Fifty' conference held at the Graylyn Conference Center of Wake Forest University on 28-31 August 1997. The volume represents a disparate collection of themes and disciplines reflective of the breadth of Pakistan Studies in the United States and the Commonwealth. To a significant extent each essay stands on its own; each authored by a prominent specialist in his or her respective field. The essays are loosely linked around the theme of Pakistan's first fifty years of existence-the state's accomplishments, failures and challenges for the future. Unlike other edited collections that have focused on Pakistan's first fifty years of existence, this volume is not dominated completely by political themes. Nevertheless, this volume offers a superb treatment of Pakistan's nascent nuclear doctrine [Rodney Jones, chapter 12] and a brilliant survey of Pakistan's failure to fully integrate its diverse 'nations' owing to misguided reliance on a centralizing ·('state-building') paradigm [Rasul Rais, chapter 1]. Paul Titus and Nina Swidler [chapter 9] contextualize such 'state-building' failures in their detailed treatment of Baloch national politics. Ian Talbot, in chapter 4, extends this theme to apply to the colonial period. Even in the Punjab (ostensibly the core of Pakistani statal identity after independence), sentiments for the creation of Pakistan were far from universal. Indeed, the creation of Pakistan was largely the result of skillful negotiations and compromises by the resourceful M A Jinnah. The volume also offers a very useful bibliographic essay on the political aspects of Pakistan's military [Askari Rizvi, chapter 5}. Google Onginal fron1 01g1tlz•dby UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Vlll PREFACE Kathleen McNeil [chapter 7] offers a creative and compelling argument for utilizing an Islamic paradigm to further the feminist agenda in the state-a strategy which would be both populist and authentic. Contributions by Katherine Ewing [chapter 8] and Robert Nichols [chapter 11] discuss the implications of British colonial policies on the development of post-colonial institutions in Pakistan. Ewing discovers the 'invisibility' of ulema and madrasas in the colonial schema- an 'invisibility' that has chronically misrepresented the importance of such institutions in Pakistan's policy discourse since independence. Similarly, Nichol's detailed treatment of the Malakand uprising of 1897 posits that 'fanaticism was the key trope of colonial frontier discourse' (p. 275). One cannot avoid the comparison of such colonial paradigms with the post 11 September environment in which madrasas (no longer 'invisible') but nonetheless still 'mysterious' have become typified as the breeding grounds of extremism and terror; and in which 'terrorism' (replacing 'fanaticism') has become the key trope of journalistic discourse. David Gilmartin and Michelle Maskiell [chapter 3] explore the paradoxical situation of imagining a 'Pakistan folk culture' (ostensibly for reasons of 'state building') that results in the discovery of 'folk cultures' linked to provincial and local structures. Curiously, the intellectual architect of the Lok Virsa, Mazhar ul-Islam, is also the subject of Christopher Shackle's [chapter 1O ] literary critique. Also included in the volume are unusual, perhaps unique, chronological treatments of Pakistan's visual [Sirhindi, chapter 2] and aural arts [Qureshi, chapter 6]. Finally, Frank Spaulding [chapter 13] offers an intriguing interpretation of the ideology underlying the creation of Pakistan's federal capital, Islamabad. A project such as this involves many people. The original idea for the 'Pakistan at Fifty' conference stemmed from discussions at the American Institute of Pakistan Studies' Executive Committee meeting in October 1996. Particularly instrumental in the early planning stage were Afak Haydar and Craig Baxter (then officers of the AIPS). A conference Google Onginal fron1 01g1tlz•dby UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PREFACE IX committee was established at that time consisting of David Gilmartin, Carl Ernst, John Richards, and myself. Plans were made over the next several months to hold a conference at Wake Forest University's Graylyn Conference Center. Kathleen McNeil, a graduate student at WFU, and AIPS' assistant to the Director, became deeply involved in the project subsequently and is largely responsible for organizing the resultant conference held on 28-31August1997. Very important to the logistics of the conference was the support of Paul Escott, Dean of the College, Wake Forest University; and WFU's Vice-President John Anderson. Renee Kelly of the Graylyn Conference Center was also instrumental in planning the conference. The lion's share of funding, was provided by the Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC). Mary Ellen Lane, CAORC's director, was also very supportive throughout. In all, fifty-three Pakistani specialists participated in the conference as paper-givers, discussants, or moderators. In alphabetical order with their respective institutional affiliation they were: Akbar S. Ahmed, Cambridge University; Zamir Akram, Embassy of Pakistan; Nigel Allan, University of California at Davis; Tahir Andrabi, Pomona College; Craig Baxter, Juniata College; Grace Clark, Catholic University; Carl Ernst, University of North Carolina; Katherine Ewing, Duke University; Jason Finkle, University of Michigan; David Gilmartin, North Carolina State ·University; Afak Haydar, Arkansas State University; Wilma Heston, University of Pennsylvania; Peter Hook, University of Michigan; Rodney Jones, Policy Architects, International; John Kantner, University of Michigan; Charles H. Kennedy, Wake Forest University; Mark Kenoyer, University of Wisconsin; Shuchi Kothari, University of Auckland; Robert LaPorte, Pennsylvania State University; Hafeez Malik, Villanova University; Iftikhar H. Malik, Bath University; Jamal Malik; Bamberg/Bonn University; Michelle Maskiell, Montana State University; Kathleen McNeil, Wake Forest University; Richard Meadow, Harvard University; Gail Minault, University of Texas; Richard Google Onginal fron1 01g1tlz•dby UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN x PREFACE Newell, University of Northern Iowa; Robert Nichols, University of Pennsylvania; Nizamuddin, United Nations; Steven Poulos, University of California at Berkeley; Frances Pritchett, Columbia University; Omar Qureshi, University of Michigan; Regula Qureshi, Edmonton University; Yasmin Qureshi, Oxford University Press; Rasul Baksh Rais, Wake Forest University/ Quaid-i-Azam University; Megan Reif, Wake Forest University; John Richards, Duke University; Hasan Askari-Rizvi, Columbia University/Punjab University; Christopher Shackle, University of London, SOAS; Nasim Hasan Shah, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Pakistan, rtd.; Brian Silver, Voice of America; Marcella Sirhandi, Oklahoma State Universjty; Frank Spaulding, Ohio State University; Brian Spooner, University of Pennsylvania; Anne Sweetser, USAID; Nina Swidler, Fordham University; Anwar Syed, University of Massachusetts; Ian Talbot, Coventry University; Paul Titus, University of Canterbury (NZ); Mohammad Waseem, Oxford University/Quaid-i-Azam University; Robert Wirsing, University of South Carolina; Vazira Zamindar, University of Michigan; and Lawrence Ziring, University of Western Michigan. This resultant volume is the collective responsibility of the four editors as well as Oxford University Press, Karachi. The latter institution and its Managing Director, Amecna Saiyid remained supportive throughout. A particular debt of gratitude is owed to two editors, Faisal Nazir and Daleara Jamasji Hirjikaka, who have endured, with good humour, the numerous delays occasioned by the editors' collective lapses. Finally, closer to home I would like to express my particular gratitude to Carolyn and Kipp Kramer who have provided me with a place to work, their beach cottage at Nag's Head, NC. And, as always I owe a lifetime of gratitude to my family and particularly Patricia Poe, who, to my continuing amazement puts up with me. Charles H. Kennedy Nag's Head, NC 14 March 2002 Google Origlr.al from 01g1tizea by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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