pakistan affairs notes

120 Pages·2012·12.22 MB·English

PAKISTAN AFFAIRS NOTES
Contents
PART 1 – REFORMERS & EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS ................................................. 2 
EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM ............................................................................ 2 
MUSLIM REFORMERS .............................................................................................................. 4 
EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS ................................................................................................ 9 
THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWO-NATION THEORY ............................................. 16 
PART 2 – PRE PARTITION HISTORY ....................................................................................... 22 
DECLINE OF MUGHAL RULE ............................................................................................... 22 
SHIMLA DEPUTATION ............................................................................................................. 26 
MUSLIM LEAGUE ..................................................................................................................... 29 
THE LUCKNOW PACT .............................................................................................................. 33 
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT ........................................................................................................... 41 
NEHRU REPORT & QAID’S POINTS .................................................................................... 46 
ALLAMA IQBAL’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD ................................. 58 
CONGRESS RULE IN THE PROVINCES ............................................................................ 62 
PAKISTAN RESOLUTION ........................................................................................................ 66 
CRIPPS MISSION ....................................................................................................................... 72 
CABINET MISSION ................................................................................................................... 78 
PART 3 – POST PARTITION PERIOD ....................................................................................... 87 
INITIAL PROBLEMS FACED AFTER THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN ....................... 87 
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE QUAID-E-AZAM ............................................................ 92 
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES......................................................................................... 95 
CONSTITUTION MAKING (1 947-56) .................................................................. 98 
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................................. 101 
TRAGEDY OF EAST PAKISTAN .......................................................................................... 111 
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN. .......................................................... 117 

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PART 1 – REFORMERS & EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS

EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM NATIONALISM
 Arab traders’ honesty
 Kiring Noor, the first Indian national to embrace Islam
 Sarqafi, Governor of Oman under Hazrat Umer (634 – 644), invaded sea ports near Bombay
without his permission
SINDH DAR UL ISLAM
 Gifts and women from Ceylon
 Pirates attack
 Al Malik bin Abdul Malik as a Ummayyad Caliph
 Hijaj Bin Yousaf
 Muhammad Bin Qasim  Syrian soldiers  Entered from Makran
 Raja Dahir killed near Mehran (Indus) in June 712
 Rani Bai, Raja’s wife, challenged MBQ with 15,000 soldiers and defeated. She burnt herself
MBQ REFORMS
 12 Dirham tax
 No social caste system
 Established Sadru Imam Al ajal for Islamic laws interpretation
 Suleman bin Abdul Malik called MBQ back and perished him in 715
SPREAD OF ISALM IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA
 MBQ  712
 Mehmud Gahznavi – 2nd expediter – 17 attacks between 1000 to 1026
o Ghaznavid period ended in 1185 with death of Khusru Malik
 Ghuri period (1185 – 1192)  expanded to Bengal and Bihar
 Dehli Sultanate (1192 – 1526)  Muslim sufis
 Mughal era (1526 – 1857)  Muslims sufis
 Muslim sufis
o Shaikh Ismail in Ghaznavi period
o Ali Makhdom Hajveri came Lahore in 1035, Bahud Din Zakaria, Shaikh Fareed Dud
Din, Khawaja Bukhtiar Kaki, Nazam Ud Din Olia, Mujadid Alaf Sani, Hazrat Shahi
Wali Ullah , Muin ud Din Chishty
IMPACT OF ISLAM
 Cultural Influence
o Caste system
o Urdu and Hindi came into being
o Islamic way of construction
 Religious Influence
o Shankarachariya (Organizer of modern Hinduism) influenced by Islam
o Ramananda, Ghuru Nanik and Chaitanya were Hindu prominent leaders influenced
by Islam

HINDU REACTION
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I. Bagti Movement
 Started in 14th century
 Objective to check the popularity of Islam
 No difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and Kahba
 Bagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders

II. Din-E-Ilahi (1582)
 Akbar introduced in desire to win the collaboration of Rajput chiefs
 Marriages with Hindu girls
 Elevation of Hindu to imp positions
 Under Din e Elahi
o Worship of sun
o Jizya and pilgrimage tax abolished
o Akbar as shadow of god on earth
o Cow slaughter and Azan prohibited
o No child named as Muhammad
 Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani opposed Din e Elahi
 Muslims lost their hegemony

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MUSLIM REFORMERS
HAZRAT MUJADID ALAF SANI (June 1564 – Dec 1626)
 Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi
 Father name  Sheikh Abdul Ahad
 Went to Delhi at age of 36
 Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah
Social Conditions during his time
 Populace belief in Karamat
 Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran
 Akbar’s anti Islamic look
 Hindu cultural domination
 Bakhti Movement
 Wahdat al Wajood theory
Mujadid’s efforts
1. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi
2. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahood
a. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood
3. Refusal to prostate – society purification
a. Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years
4. Preaching in fort of Gawaliar
5. Preparation of Disciples
6. Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani
a. Letters to important nobles and leaders
b. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan
7. Books
a. Isbat ul Nabuwwat
b. Risla e Nabuwwat
i. Need & importance of Prophethood
c. Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai
d. Toheed e Shaheedi
i. Islamic philosophy
8. Two nation theory
a. First stone of two nation theory – first founder of Pakistan
9. Influence over Jehangir – Khutba; Cow Slaughter;
Shaikh imprisoned
 Asaf Jah, Jehangeer’s PM Shaikh summoned No prostration jailed
 After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupees
 He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts
“When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the
rejection of monism that Sheikh’s claim for being the Mujadad of his age.” IH Qureshi
“Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I
associated him for few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn
into a light which will illuminate the world.” Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M Ikram
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HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH MOHADITH DELVI (1703 DELHI - 1762)
 Father of Modern Muslim India
 Real name Qutabuddin
 Born at Delhi son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) – scholar of Fiqa and Islamic
jurisprudence
 Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat  completed study in 15 year of age
 Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
 He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years
 Aim  Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly
Conditions
 Incapable successor of Aurangzeb
 Un-Islamic trends,
 Muslim life honour property not secured,
 Shia-Suni conflicts,
 Marhats and Sikhs challengers
SHAH’S EFFORTS
1. Religious work
a. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian – 1738
b. Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and persian
c. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends
d. Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
e. Recommended application of Ijtehad
f. Initiated Tatbiq  liberal element
g. Balance b/w four schools –
h. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni – Khilafat-al-Khulafa
2. Political work
a. Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire
b. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs  won over Najib ud
Dola, Shuja ud Daula
c. Ahmad Shah Abdali  defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 1761
3. Social work
a. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in
Sons’ efforts
subcontinent
b. Concept of reorientation of Muslim society Quranic translation in
i. Basic social justice
Urdu by Rafiuddin and
ii. Removing social inequalities
Abdul Qadir
iii.
c. Concept of economy Shah Abdul Aziz waged
i. Production of wealth Jehad
ii. Consumption of wealth
iii. Distribution of wealth
iv. Exchange of wealth
4. Literary work
a. Izalat-al-Akifa
b. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d. Master piece of literature 1738
e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
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f. Quranic translation in Persian
g. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
h. Hujjat-ul-Balagha – about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

“I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time
has come when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented
to the world in a rational manner.” Quoted by SM Ikram

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SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI (1786 – 1831)
 Inheretor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz
 Birth at Rai Barally in 1786
 Father Shah Illam Ullah
 Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz
 1810 – joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar
 1818 – wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem
Condition
 Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
 NWFP by Sikhs
Objective
 Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle –
Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles
Jehad Movement
 HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
 Battles
1. OKARA 1826
2. HAZRO 1827
3. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
 He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000
 Tried to poision Syed Ahmad
 Killed by Mujahideen in 1829
4. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR
 Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad
5. HAZARA II 1830
 Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested
 Declaration of Khilafat (1830)
1. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh
 BALAKOT BATTLE 1831
1. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed
Causes of Failure
1. Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjit’s army – training & modern war strategy
2. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
3. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh
4. Misudnderstaning created by Ranjit Singh
5. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered Mujahideen
6. No support for poors – Zakat collection
7. Islamic laws during war – compulsory girls & widow marriage
8. Severe punishment
9. Pathans were against Wahabisim
“The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the
subcontinent.” Dr. Sachin Sen

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FARAIZI MOVEMENT
Wide scale ignorance of Muslims resulted in Hindu emergence in 19th century.
Haji Shariat Ullah (1781 - 1840)
Left for Arabia in 1799  influenced by MBA Wahab  started Faraizi Movement – stress on Faraiz -
when back  denied concept of Peer-Mureed  opposed Zamindar levied taxes  Harassed by them
 left Najabari  Death in Faridpur
Dudu Mian
(Mohsan Ud Din Ahmad)  divided Bangal into circles and appointed Khalifa  opposed tax of
Durga and land  Khas Mehal occupied on his direction  established his own state  harassed by
Zamindars thorough false charges  died in Sep 1824

TITU MIR (1782-1831)
Nisar Ali (Titu Mir) born in Bengal Visited Makkah in 1819 and influenced by Syed Ahmed Barelvi.
 On arrival back, he started preaching He made a fort in Narkalberia, asked followers not to give
beard tax (Kishan Rai) Kishan attacked but defeated  183 British army attacked Narkalberia
and killed Titu Mir.

Organization:
1. Security of Peassantory – Lathibardar  Political branch
2. Social Justice – Punchayat  Religious branch
Doctrine: 4 steps
1. Tauba
2. Fraiz
3. Tuheed
4. Ustaad Shagir instead of Peer Mureed
5. Dar-ul-Arab
Khalafat System:
1. Ustaad
2. Uprasta – Advisor to Ustaad
3. Superintendent Khalifa – 10 G K
4. Gaon Khalifa – 500 families

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EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe that
the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of
ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as
their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feeling
was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts
resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British
crown.
After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new
educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education
in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in
1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and
western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This
tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.
Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the
spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their
attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very
important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of
the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education
became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the
Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)
 Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather – Ex Mughal PM)
 Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
Joined gov’t in 1839 – after father’s death – in a clerical job  1841 – promoted as Sub-Judge 
1846 – transferred to Delhi  Chief judge in 1846  was offered an estate for services rendered to
British during war 1857 but he rejected  1877 – member of imperial council  1886 – University
of Edinburgh – LL.D degree 1888 – Knighthood
Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
Objective:
1. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
2. Cooperation with the British government

1. Schools
 Muradabad (1859)
 Ghazipur (1863)
2. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
 (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
 1866 – Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill &
friendship)
 Muhammadan Educational Conference
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 Established in 1866  held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques 
Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
3. Muhammadan Educational Conference
 Established in 1866  held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques 
Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
1869 – went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge
4. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
 to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
5. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
On pattern of Oxford  Fund raising committee formed 24th May, 1874, MAO High school
established  1877 – got status of college  western, eastern and Islamic education 
1920 – status of University
Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement
1. Muslims should avoid active politics
2. Sir Syed wrote “Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind  Causes of WOI 1857
1. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
2. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
3. Mismanagement of Indian army
4. Ill advised measure of gov’t
 Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
3. 1866 – Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh – to express grievances of
Indians to gov’t
4. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
5. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 – forum for those who did not join Congress
6. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 – Against Hindu Revivalist movements
a. Arya Smaj – Hindustan 1977
b. B G Tilak – Cow Slaughter
c. Shudhi -
d. Shangtahn -
Religious Services of Aligarh Movement
1. Wrote “Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle” in response to William Muire’s
objectionable remarks in “Life of Muhammad”
2. Philosophical commentary “Tabaeen-al-Kalam” on bible – point out similarities
3. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed – having positive attitude towards
religion
Social services of Aligarh Movement
1. “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq”  criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend
2. Established Orphanage houses
3. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu  protecting Urdu
4. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab  Muslims can eat with Christians
Pioneer of two nation theory
 Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
 Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
 Shakespeare dialogue
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