Pain Review

707 Pages·2016·55.809 MB·English

by  Steven D. Waldman

Any screen.
Any time.
Anywhere.
Activate the eBook version
of this title at no additional chargee..
Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content,
view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline.
Unlock your eBook today.
1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem Scan this QR code to redeem your
eBook through your mobile device:
2 Scratch off your code
3 Type code into “Enter Code” box
4 Click “Redeem”
5 Log in or Sign up
6 Go to “My Library”
Place Peel Off
It’s that easy!
Sticker Here
For technical assistance:
email [email protected]
call 1-800-401-9962 (inside the US)
call [phone] (outside the US)
Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on
expertconsult.inkling.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book,
at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means.
PAIN REVIEW
This page intentionally left blank
PAIN REVIEW
SECOND EDITION
Steven D. Waldman, MD, JD
Associate Dean
Chair and Professor
Department of Medical Humanities and Bioethics
Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
PAIN REVIEW, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323448895
Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be
found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current
information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to
verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the
responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from
any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2009
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Waldman, Steven D., author.
Title: Pain review / Steven D. Waldman.
Description: Second edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2017] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016036815 (print) | LCCN 2016038118 (ebook) | ISBN
9780323448895 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780323481656 (Online)
Subjects: | MESH: Pain Management | Musculoskeletal Diseases | Nerve Block |
Nervous System Diseases | Peripheral Nervous System
Classification: LCC RB127 (print) | LCC RB127 (ebook) | NLM WL 704.6 | DDC
616/.0472--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036815
Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston
Content Development Specialist: Cara-Beth Lillback
Publishing Services Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu
Project Manager: Dr. Atiyaah Muskaan
Design Direction: Ryan Cook
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
Every long journey begins
with a first step.
—CONFUCIUS
To my children—David Mayo, Corey, Jennifer, and Reid—all of
whom are sick of hearing me invoke the above quote . . . but who
have nevertheless steadfastly followed its
timeless wisdom in their daily lives!
Preface
Hypnopedia: the art or process of learning while asleep by means of lessons Well, as my brother Howard, with whom I have practiced pain manage-
recorded on disk or tapes ment for the past 26 years, will tell you, I am still and always looking for an
As a child, I was always fascinated by the advertisements on the back of easier way to do things. When I started studying for my American Board of
the comic books that my brother Howard and I avidly read. Among the Anesthesiology recertification examination in pain management, there were
many ads for a myriad of amazing items and services was one featuring a no texts written to specifically help one review pain management in an
picture of a white-bearded Russian scientist standing next to a sleeping organized and time-efficient manner, and I approached my publishers with
woman, touting that for just $19.95 you could purchase lessons that could the concept of creating such a review text. The result of our efforts is Pain
teach you to Learn While You Sleep. Given that the Russians had just Review.
launched Sputnik and had supposedly detonated a hydrogen bomb, I was In writing Pain Review, it was my goal to create a text that not only
completely convinced that this was something I could not live without. contained all of the material needed to review the specialty of pain manage-
I must admit that part of my desire to buy Learn While You Sleep was that ment but also to organize that material into small, concise, easy-to-read
I hated school and was always looking for an easier way to complete my chapters.
lessons. I believe that by breaking up the overwhelming amount of knowledge
While I was never able to con my parents into spending the $19.95 for related to pain management into smaller and more manageable packets of
the Learn While You Sleep lessons, they did buy me a pair of the x-ray vision information, the task of reviewing the entire specialty becomes much less
glasses for the then princely sum of $1.99. Needless to say, they didn’t work daunting. I have also made liberal use of illustrations, as in many chapters a
nearly as well as I had hoped, and I began to wonder if the other things picture is the best way to convey a concept or technique.
advertised on the back pages of my comics were as bogus. I didn’t have to Whether you are getting ready to take your certification or recertifica-
wonder too long as the full-size replica of a Sherman tank that my brother tion examination in pain management or simply want to learn more about
had ordered off the back of a Superman comic turned out to be little more the specialty, I hope that Pain Review will serve your needs and help with
than a big orange cardboard box. So much for Learn While You Sleep! your studies.
At this point, the reader might ask, ‘‘What does an old comic book ad for
Learn While You Sleep have to do with a review text for pain management?’’ Steven D. Waldman, MD, JD
vi
Contents
SECTION 1 ANATOMY 33. The Brachial Plexus 79
1. Overview of the Cranial Nerves 1 34. The Musculocutaneous Nerve 82
2. The Olfactory Nerve—Cranial Nerve I 2 35. The Ulnar Nerve 83
3. The Optic Nerve—Cranial Nerve II 4 36. The Median Nerve 84
4. The Oculomotor Nerve—Cranial Nerve III 9 37. The Radial Nerve 86
5. The Trochlear Nerve—Cranial Nerve IV 12 38. Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint 88
6. The Trigeminal Nerve—Cranial Nerve V 15 39. The Acromioclavicular Joint 90
7. The Abducens Nerve—Cranial Nerve VI 17 40. The Subdeltoid Bursa 91
8. The Facial Nerve—Cranial Nerve VII 19 41. The Biceps Tendon 91
9. The Vestibulocochlear Nerve—Cranial Nerve VIII 23 42. Functional Anatomy of the Rotator Cuff 93
10. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve—Cranial Nerve IX 25 43. The Supraspinatus Muscle 94
11. The Vagus Nerve—Cranial Nerve X 27 44. The Infraspinatus Muscle 94
12. The Accessory Nerve—Cranial Nerve XI 30 45. The Subscapularis Muscle 96
13. The Hypoglossal Nerve—Cranial Nerve XII 32 46. The Teres Minor Muscle 96
14. The Sphenopalatine Ganglion 34 47. The Subcoracoid Bursa 98
15. The Greater and Lesser Occipital Nerves 34 48. Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint 98
16. The Temporomandibular Joint 36 49. The Olecranon Bursa 100
17. The Superficial Cervical Plexus 37 50. The Radial Nerve at the Elbow 101
18. The Deep Cervical Plexus 38 51. The Cubital Tunnel 102
19. The Stellate Ganglion 39 52. The Anterior Interosseous Nerve 104
20. The Cervical Vertebrae 40 53. The Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve 105
21. Functional Anatomy of the Cervical 54. Functional Anatomy of the Wrist 105
Intervertebral Disk 51
55. The Carpal Tunnel 107
22. The Cervical Dermatomes 53
56. The Ulnar Tunnel 108
23. The Meninges 55
57. The Carpometacarpal Joints 109
24. The Cervical Epidural Space 56
58. The Carpometacarpal Joints of the Fingers 110
25. The Cervical Facet Joints 59
59. The Metacarpophalangeal Joints 111
26. The Third Occipital Nerve 60
60. The Interphalangeal Joints 112
27. The Ligaments of the Cervical Spine 62
61. The Intercostal Nerves 113
28. Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Vertebrae 64
62. The Thoracic Sympathetic Chain and Ganglia 114
29. The Thoracic Dermatomes 70
63. The Splanchnic Nerves 116
30. Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 71
64. The Celiac Plexus 117
31. Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar
65. The Lumbar Sympathetic Nerves and Ganglia 118
Intervertebral Disk 73
66. The Lumbar Plexus 119
32. Functional Anatomy of the Sacrum 75
vii
viii Contents
67. The Sciatic Nerve 121 109. The Relationship Between the Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 180
68. The Femoral Nerve 122
110. Functional Anatomy of the Nociceptors 181
69. The Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve 123
111. Functional Anatomy of the Thermoreceptors 182
70. The Ilioinguinal Nerve 124
112. Functional Anatomy of the Mechanoreceptors 183
71. The Iliohypogastric Nerve 126
113. Functional Anatomy of the Chemoreceptors 186
72. The Genitofemoral Nerve 127
114. Functional Anatomy of the Dorsal Root Ganglia
73. The Obturator Nerve 128
and Dorsal Horn 187
74. The Hypogastric Plexus and Nerves 129
115. The Gate Control Theory 188
75. The Ganglion of Impar 130
116. The Cerebrum 188
76. The Tibial Nerve 131
117. The Thalamus 191
77. The Common Peroneal Nerve 133
118. The Hypothalamus 193
78. Functional Anatomy of the Hip 134
119. The Mesencephalon 194
79. The Ischial Bursa 138
120. The Pons 195
80. The Gluteal Bursa 138
121. The Cerebellum 196
81. The Trochanteric Bursa 139
122. The Medulla Oblongata 197
82. Functional Anatomy of the Sacroiliac Joint 140
83. Functional Anatomy of the Knee 142 SECTION 3 PAINFUL CONDITIONS
84. The Suprapatellar Bursa 145 123. Tension-Type Headache 199
85. The Prepatellar Bursa 145 124. Migraine Headache 200
86. The Superficial Infrapatellar Bursa 146 125. Cluster Headache 203
87. The Deep Infrapatellar Bursa 147 126. Pseudotumor Cerebri 204
88. The Pes Anserine Bursa 147 127. Analgesic Rebound Headache 205
89. The Iliotibial Band Bursa 148 128. Trigeminal Neuralgia 207
90. Functional Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot 149 129. Temporal Arteritis 209
91. The Deltoid Ligament 150 130. Ocular Pain 211
92. The Anterior Talofibular Ligament 151 131. Otalgia 213
93. The Anterior Tarsal Tunnel 152 132. Pain Involving the Nose, Sinuses, and Throat 215
94. The Posterior Tarsal Tunnel 152 133. Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction 217
95. The Achilles Tendon 153 134. Atypical Facial Pain 218
96. The Achilles Bursa 155 135. Occipital Neuralgia 219
136. Cervical Radiculopathy 220
SECTION 2 NEUROANATOMY
137. Cervical Strain 222
97. The Spinal Cord—Gross Anatomy 157
138. Cervicothoracic Interspinous Bursitis 223
98. The Spinal Cord—Cross-Sectional Anatomy 159
139. Fibromyalgia of the Cervical Musculature 224
99. Organization of the Spinal Cord 159
140. Cervical Facet Syndrome 226
100. The Spinal Nerves—Organizational and
141. Intercostal Neuralgia 227
Anatomic Considerations 161
142. Thoracic Radiculopathy 228
101. The Spinal Reflex Arc 165
143. Costosternal Syndrome 230
102. The Posterior Column Pathway 166
144. Manubriosternal Joint Syndrome 231
103. The Spinothalamic Pathway 168
145. Thoracic Vertebral Compression Fracture 232
104. The Spinocerebellar Pathway 168
146. Lumbar Radiculopathy 233
105. The Pyramidal System 170
147. Sacroiliac Joint Pain 235
106. The Extrapyramidal System 171
148. Coccydynia 236
107. The Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic
Nervous System 173 149. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of the Face 238
108. The Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic 150. Post-Dural Puncture Headache 239
Nervous System 178
151. Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia 241