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Pain Review PDF

707 Pages·2016·55.809 MB·English
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Any screen. Any time. Anywhere. Activate the eBook version of this title at no additional chargee.. Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content, view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline. Unlock your eBook today. 1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem Scan this QR code to redeem your eBook through your mobile device: 2 Scratch off your code 3 Type code into “Enter Code” box 4 Click “Redeem” 5 Log in or Sign up 6 Go to “My Library” Place Peel Off It’s that easy! Sticker Here For technical assistance: email [email protected] call 1-800-401-9962 (inside the US) call +1-314-447-8200 (outside the US) Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on expertconsult.inkling.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. PAIN REVIEW This page intentionally left blank PAIN REVIEW SECOND EDITION Steven D. Waldman, MD, JD Associate Dean Chair and Professor Department of Medical Humanities and Bioethics Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 PAIN REVIEW, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323448895 Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2009 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Waldman, Steven D., author. Title: Pain review / Steven D. Waldman. Description: Second edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016036815 (print) | LCCN 2016038118 (ebook) | ISBN 9780323448895 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780323481656 (Online) Subjects: | MESH: Pain Management | Musculoskeletal Diseases | Nerve Block | Nervous System Diseases | Peripheral Nervous System Classification: LCC RB127 (print) | LCC RB127 (ebook) | NLM WL 704.6 | DDC 616/.0472--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036815 Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston Content Development Specialist: Cara-Beth Lillback Publishing Services Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu Project Manager: Dr. Atiyaah Muskaan Design Direction: Ryan Cook Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication Every long journey begins with a first step. —CONFUCIUS To my children—David Mayo, Corey, Jennifer, and Reid—all of whom are sick of hearing me invoke the above quote . . . but who have nevertheless steadfastly followed its timeless wisdom in their daily lives! Preface Hypnopedia: the art or process of learning while asleep by means of lessons Well, as my brother Howard, with whom I have practiced pain manage- recorded on disk or tapes ment for the past 26 years, will tell you, I am still and always looking for an As a child, I was always fascinated by the advertisements on the back of easier way to do things. When I started studying for my American Board of the comic books that my brother Howard and I avidly read. Among the Anesthesiology recertification examination in pain management, there were many ads for a myriad of amazing items and services was one featuring a no texts written to specifically help one review pain management in an picture of a white-bearded Russian scientist standing next to a sleeping organized and time-efficient manner, and I approached my publishers with woman, touting that for just $19.95 you could purchase lessons that could the concept of creating such a review text. The result of our efforts is Pain teach you to Learn While You Sleep. Given that the Russians had just Review. launched Sputnik and had supposedly detonated a hydrogen bomb, I was In writing Pain Review, it was my goal to create a text that not only completely convinced that this was something I could not live without. contained all of the material needed to review the specialty of pain manage- I must admit that part of my desire to buy Learn While You Sleep was that ment but also to organize that material into small, concise, easy-to-read I hated school and was always looking for an easier way to complete my chapters. lessons. I believe that by breaking up the overwhelming amount of knowledge While I was never able to con my parents into spending the $19.95 for related to pain management into smaller and more manageable packets of the Learn While You Sleep lessons, they did buy me a pair of the x-ray vision information, the task of reviewing the entire specialty becomes much less glasses for the then princely sum of $1.99. Needless to say, they didn’t work daunting. I have also made liberal use of illustrations, as in many chapters a nearly as well as I had hoped, and I began to wonder if the other things picture is the best way to convey a concept or technique. advertised on the back pages of my comics were as bogus. I didn’t have to Whether you are getting ready to take your certification or recertifica- wonder too long as the full-size replica of a Sherman tank that my brother tion examination in pain management or simply want to learn more about had ordered off the back of a Superman comic turned out to be little more the specialty, I hope that Pain Review will serve your needs and help with than a big orange cardboard box. So much for Learn While You Sleep! your studies. At this point, the reader might ask, ‘‘What does an old comic book ad for Learn While You Sleep have to do with a review text for pain management?’’ Steven D. Waldman, MD, JD vi Contents SECTION 1 ANATOMY 33. The Brachial Plexus 79 1. Overview of the Cranial Nerves 1 34. The Musculocutaneous Nerve 82 2. The Olfactory Nerve—Cranial Nerve I 2 35. The Ulnar Nerve 83 3. The Optic Nerve—Cranial Nerve II 4 36. The Median Nerve 84 4. The Oculomotor Nerve—Cranial Nerve III 9 37. The Radial Nerve 86 5. The Trochlear Nerve—Cranial Nerve IV 12 38. Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint 88 6. The Trigeminal Nerve—Cranial Nerve V 15 39. The Acromioclavicular Joint 90 7. The Abducens Nerve—Cranial Nerve VI 17 40. The Subdeltoid Bursa 91 8. The Facial Nerve—Cranial Nerve VII 19 41. The Biceps Tendon 91 9. The Vestibulocochlear Nerve—Cranial Nerve VIII 23 42. Functional Anatomy of the Rotator Cuff 93 10. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve—Cranial Nerve IX 25 43. The Supraspinatus Muscle 94 11. The Vagus Nerve—Cranial Nerve X 27 44. The Infraspinatus Muscle 94 12. The Accessory Nerve—Cranial Nerve XI 30 45. The Subscapularis Muscle 96 13. The Hypoglossal Nerve—Cranial Nerve XII 32 46. The Teres Minor Muscle 96 14. The Sphenopalatine Ganglion 34 47. The Subcoracoid Bursa 98 15. The Greater and Lesser Occipital Nerves 34 48. Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint 98 16. The Temporomandibular Joint 36 49. The Olecranon Bursa 100 17. The Superficial Cervical Plexus 37 50. The Radial Nerve at the Elbow 101 18. The Deep Cervical Plexus 38 51. The Cubital Tunnel 102 19. The Stellate Ganglion 39 52. The Anterior Interosseous Nerve 104 20. The Cervical Vertebrae 40 53. The Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve 105 21. Functional Anatomy of the Cervical 54. Functional Anatomy of the Wrist 105 Intervertebral Disk 51 55. The Carpal Tunnel 107 22. The Cervical Dermatomes 53 56. The Ulnar Tunnel 108 23. The Meninges 55 57. The Carpometacarpal Joints 109 24. The Cervical Epidural Space 56 58. The Carpometacarpal Joints of the Fingers 110 25. The Cervical Facet Joints 59 59. The Metacarpophalangeal Joints 111 26. The Third Occipital Nerve 60 60. The Interphalangeal Joints 112 27. The Ligaments of the Cervical Spine 62 61. The Intercostal Nerves 113 28. Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Vertebrae 64 62. The Thoracic Sympathetic Chain and Ganglia 114 29. The Thoracic Dermatomes 70 63. The Splanchnic Nerves 116 30. Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 71 64. The Celiac Plexus 117 31. Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar 65. The Lumbar Sympathetic Nerves and Ganglia 118 Intervertebral Disk 73 66. The Lumbar Plexus 119 32. Functional Anatomy of the Sacrum 75 vii viii Contents 67. The Sciatic Nerve 121 109. The Relationship Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 180 68. The Femoral Nerve 122 110. Functional Anatomy of the Nociceptors 181 69. The Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve 123 111. Functional Anatomy of the Thermoreceptors 182 70. The Ilioinguinal Nerve 124 112. Functional Anatomy of the Mechanoreceptors 183 71. The Iliohypogastric Nerve 126 113. Functional Anatomy of the Chemoreceptors 186 72. The Genitofemoral Nerve 127 114. Functional Anatomy of the Dorsal Root Ganglia 73. The Obturator Nerve 128 and Dorsal Horn 187 74. The Hypogastric Plexus and Nerves 129 115. The Gate Control Theory 188 75. The Ganglion of Impar 130 116. The Cerebrum 188 76. The Tibial Nerve 131 117. The Thalamus 191 77. The Common Peroneal Nerve 133 118. The Hypothalamus 193 78. Functional Anatomy of the Hip 134 119. The Mesencephalon 194 79. The Ischial Bursa 138 120. The Pons 195 80. The Gluteal Bursa 138 121. The Cerebellum 196 81. The Trochanteric Bursa 139 122. The Medulla Oblongata 197 82. Functional Anatomy of the Sacroiliac Joint 140 83. Functional Anatomy of the Knee 142 SECTION 3 PAINFUL CONDITIONS 84. The Suprapatellar Bursa 145 123. Tension-Type Headache 199 85. The Prepatellar Bursa 145 124. Migraine Headache 200 86. The Superficial Infrapatellar Bursa 146 125. Cluster Headache 203 87. The Deep Infrapatellar Bursa 147 126. Pseudotumor Cerebri 204 88. The Pes Anserine Bursa 147 127. Analgesic Rebound Headache 205 89. The Iliotibial Band Bursa 148 128. Trigeminal Neuralgia 207 90. Functional Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot 149 129. Temporal Arteritis 209 91. The Deltoid Ligament 150 130. Ocular Pain 211 92. The Anterior Talofibular Ligament 151 131. Otalgia 213 93. The Anterior Tarsal Tunnel 152 132. Pain Involving the Nose, Sinuses, and Throat 215 94. The Posterior Tarsal Tunnel 152 133. Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction 217 95. The Achilles Tendon 153 134. Atypical Facial Pain 218 96. The Achilles Bursa 155 135. Occipital Neuralgia 219 136. Cervical Radiculopathy 220 SECTION 2 NEUROANATOMY 137. Cervical Strain 222 97. The Spinal Cord—Gross Anatomy 157 138. Cervicothoracic Interspinous Bursitis 223 98. The Spinal Cord—Cross-Sectional Anatomy 159 139. Fibromyalgia of the Cervical Musculature 224 99. Organization of the Spinal Cord 159 140. Cervical Facet Syndrome 226 100. The Spinal Nerves—Organizational and 141. Intercostal Neuralgia 227 Anatomic Considerations 161 142. Thoracic Radiculopathy 228 101. The Spinal Reflex Arc 165 143. Costosternal Syndrome 230 102. The Posterior Column Pathway 166 144. Manubriosternal Joint Syndrome 231 103. The Spinothalamic Pathway 168 145. Thoracic Vertebral Compression Fracture 232 104. The Spinocerebellar Pathway 168 146. Lumbar Radiculopathy 233 105. The Pyramidal System 170 147. Sacroiliac Joint Pain 235 106. The Extrapyramidal System 171 148. Coccydynia 236 107. The Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System 173 149. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of the Face 238 108. The Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic 150. Post-Dural Puncture Headache 239 Nervous System 178 151. Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia 241

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