Page i History Alive!

403 Pages·2015·2.86 MB·English

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History Alive!
The United States Through Industrialism
Student Edition

TCI
Teachers’  Curriculum  Institute

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Welcome to History Alive!
The United States Through Industrialism

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Welcome to
History Alive!
The United States
Through Industrialism

History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism was developed by middle school
teachers  at  Teachers’  Curriculum  Institute  (TCI).  We,  Bert  Bower  and  Jim  Lobdell,  are  
two former high school teachers who started TCI. Our goal is to help students like you
succeed in learning about history in a way that is fun and exciting. With the help of
teachers  from  around  the  nation,  we’ve  created  the  TCI  Approach  to  learning.  This  
chapter explains how the TCI Approach will make U.S. history come alive for you.
The  TCI  Approach  has  three  main  parts.  First,  during  class  you’ll  be  involved  in  a  lot  
of  exciting  activities.  For  example,  by  playing  a  game  of  Capture  the  Flag,  you’ll  learn  
how the Continental Army defeated the British  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  You’ll  
participate as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention to understand the important
debates  that  influenced  the  design  of  our  Constitution.  You’ll  explore  the  experience  of  
immigrants at the turn of the 20th century by creating and sharing immigrant
scrapbooks. Every lesson is built around an activity like these.
Second,  during  and  after  these  activities,  you  get  to  read  this  book.  You’ll  discover  
that your reading connects closely to the activities that you experience.  We’ve  worked  
hard to make the book interesting and easy to follow.
Third,  during  each  lesson  you’ll  write  about  your  learning  in  your  Interactive  Student  
Notebook.  You’ll  end  up  with  your  very  own  personal  account  of  U.S.  history.
With the TCI Approach, you’ll  not  only  learn  more  about  history  than  ever  before,  but  
you’ll  have  fun  doing  it.  Let’s  take  a  closer  look  at  how  this  approach  will  help  you  learn  
U.S. history.

(Caption)
Two teachers, Bert Bower (above) and Jim Lobdell (below), started TCI. They work with
teachers and students like you to develop new ways to learn history.

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Theory-Based, Active Instruction
History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism is probably unlike any other
history program you have ever encountered. Perhaps you have been in history classes
where you listen to the teacher and then read a textbook and answer chapter questions.
Does this approach make you excited about learning history? Most students would say
no, and educational researchers would tend to agree. Researchers have discovered
new ways of reaching all students in the diverse classroom. This program relies on
three of their theories.

Students learn best through multiple intelligences. Howard Gardner, an educational
researcher, discovered that people use their brains in very different ways to learn the
same fact or concept. From this discovery, he created a theory called multiple
intelligences. There are at least seven intelligences. You can think of them as different
ways of being smart—with words, with pictures, with numbers, with people, with your
body, with music and rhythms, and with who you are. Everyone has multiple
intelligences. Using one or more of these ways of being smart can make learning
easier.

Cooperative interaction increases learning gains. Through research, Elizabeth Cohen
discovered that students learn more when they interact by working with others in
groups. Interactive learning includes working with your classmates in many kinds of
activities.  You’ll  work  in  groups,  do  role  plays,  and  create  simulations.  This  kind  of  
learning requires you and your classmates to share your ideas and work together well.

All students can learn via the spiral curriculum.
Researcher Jerome Bruner believed  that  learning  isn’t  just  up  to  students.  Teachers  
need to make learning happen for all
students. Bruner believed, as the TCI Approach does, that all students can learn
through a process of step-by-step discovery. This process is known as a spiral
curriculum.
These three theories are the foundation of the TCI Approach. Putting them into
practice in History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism gives you what you
need to succeed.

(Caption)
Researchers have found that students learn best when they are given the opportunity to
use their multiple intelligences, work cooperatively with their peers, and build on what
they know.

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Standards-Based Content
A lot of people care about what you are learning in history. These people include your
parents, your school administrators, your teachers, and even your state and national
elected  officials.  In  fact,  if  you’re  like  students  in  most  states,  you  take  tests  at  the  end  
of the year to measure your progress.
Most end-of-year tests are based on standards. Standards are the key pieces of
information about history that elected officials think are important for you to remember.
When  you  read  most  standards,  you  might  scratch  your  head  and  think,  “These  seem  
really  hard  to  understand,  and  they’re  probably  even  harder  to  learn  and  remember.”  
There’s  no  need  to  worry  about  that  with  History Alive! The United States Through
Industrialism.  Every  lesson  is  based  on  standards.  So  every  day,  while  you’re  having  
fun learning U.S. history, you are also learning key standards.
You’ll  be  recording  everything  you  learn  in  your  Interactive  Student  Notebook.  When  
it’s  time  to  prepare  for  tests,  your  notebook  will  make  it  easy  to  review  all  the  standards  
you’ve  learned.
In fact, students across the nation using the TCI Approach are getting better scores
than ever on standardized tests. A big reason for this success is that the TCI Approach
is  based  on  interactive  learning.  That  means  you  won’t  just  read  about  history.  You’ll  be  
actively involved in experiencing it and recording  what  you  learn.  Now  let’s  look  at  what  
you’ll  do  during  each  part  of  a  lesson  with  the  TCI  Approach.

(Caption)
History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism has been carefully developed to
provide the information and learning you need to succeed on state tests.

Preview Assignments
With the TCI Approach, learning starts even before you begin studying. Most of the
lessons in History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism begin with a Preview
assignment. Previews are short assignments that you complete in your Interactive
Student Notebook. They allow you to make a personal connection to what you will
study.
After you complete a Preview assignment, your teacher will hold a brief class
discussion. Several students will share their answers. Your teacher will then reveal how
the  assignment  “previews”  what  is  to  come  in  the  lesson.
Here are some examples of the kinds of Preview assignments you will complete:
•  Before learning about daily life in colonial America in Chapter 4, you will look at a set
of  statements  about  the  colonies  in  a  fictitious  British  tabloid  newspaper.  You’ll  become  
a British reporter and travel to colonial America to evaluate the accuracy of these
claims.
•  Before learning about the Bill of Rights in Chapter 10, you will reflect on the powers
given  to  parents  in  a  “Parents’  Constitution.”  You  will  determine  if  the  powers  should  be  
restricted to protect the rights of children.
•  Before learning about the lives of African Americans in the mid-1800s in Chapter 20,
you will analyze a story quilt. You will use the quilt to find clues about the varied
experiences of African Americans during this time period.
•  Before learning about the Civil War in Chapter 22, you will listen to two period songs.
You will describe the mood and lyrics of each song as if you were a Confederate or a
Union soldier.
Preview assignments like these will spark your interest and get you ready to tackle
new concepts. Next come the exciting activities that make up the heart of each lesson.
As  you’re  about  to  see,  these  activities  draw  on  many  ways  of  being  smart—our multiple
intelligences.
(Caption)
Preview assignments like the ones shown here help introduce you to new topics.

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Multiple Intelligence Teaching Strategies
The teaching strategies in the TCI Approach are based on hands-on learning. Every
lesson in History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism is built around a fun
and exciting activity. We mentioned some examples earlier. Here are some other things
you and your classmates will do to experience U.S. history:
•  For  Chapter  3,  you’ll  prepare  a  booth  for  a  colonial  fair  to  see  the  similarities  and  
differences between the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
•  For  Chapter  16,  you’ll  become  groups  of  people  traveling  to  the  West  in  the  1800s,  
bringing to life the challenges and successes of your move westward.
•  For  Chapter  25,  you’ll  pretend  to  be  workers  in  a  garment  factory,  experiencing  life  on  
the assembly line.
Activities like these will challenge you to use your multiple intelligences. Think about
times when learning new things has been easier for you. Were you looking at pictures
about the new ideas? Were you writing about them? Does acting out an event help you
to better understand what happened? Studying history is a lot easier and more fun
when  you  learn  new  ideas  in  ways  that  best  suit  your  learning  styles.  Here’s  a  list  of  
seven different intelligences:
•  Linguistic (word smart)
•  Logical-mathematical (number/reasoning smart)
•  Spatial (picture smart)
•  Body-kinesthetic (body smart)
•  Musical (music smart)
•  Interpersonal (people smart)
•  Intrapersonal (self smart)
While  you’re  engaged  in  fun  and  exciting  activities,  you’ll  also  be  reading  this  book  to  
learn more about U.S. history. The next page explains why this book is so easy to read.

(Caption)
Using your multiple intelligences helps you learn and remember what you study.

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Considerate Text
The  TCI  Approach  is  all  about  being  successful  and  having  fun  while  you  learn.  You’re  
about to discover that History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism is
interesting  to  read  and  easy  to  understand.  That’s  because  this  book  is  “reader  friendly,”  
which is another of saying that it makes readers want to read it. Some people call this
considerate text. The writers of this book considered your needs as a reader and made
sure you would have fun reading.
Here are some of the ways this book is considerate of all levels of readers:
•  Each chapter is organized around key concepts. The summary section reminds you of
the big ideas in the chapter.
•  Each chapter begins with a graphic organizer—a picture that represents the main
ideas of the chapter. The graphic organizer also appears in the Reading Notes in your
Interactive  Student  Notebook.  It  will  help  you  remember  key  ideas  long  after  you’ve  read  
the chapter.
•  Short chapters make it easier for you to understand and remember what each one is
about.
•  Each section has a clear focus and a subtitle that provides an outline for your reading.
Research shows that presenting new information in easy-to-manage chunks makes it
easier to understand.
•  Important new words are in bold teal-colored type. These words are defined in the
margins and in the Glossary at the back of the book.
•  Photos and illustrations provide additional information about the topic on the page. A
great  way  to  check  your  understanding  is  to  ask  yourself,  “How  does  this  picture  show  
what I just read?”
Most importantly, History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism is as
exciting to read as a good story. The next section explains a special way of taking notes
that will help you remember what you read.

(Caption)
You’ll  use  History Alive! The United States Through Industrialism during classroom
activities.  You’ll  be  turning  to  it  over  and  over  again  to  find  the  information  you  need  to  
know.

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Graphically Organized Reading Notes
Note  taking  is  very  important  in  the  TCI  Approach.  As  you  read  this  book,  you’ll  
complete  Reading  Notes  in  your  Interactive  Student  Notebook.  You’ll  answer  important  
questions, find main ideas, and connect new ideas to what you already know.
Your Reading Notes  will  leave  you  with  a  picture  in  your  mind  of  each  chapter’s  key  
ideas. The graphic organizers at the start of each chapter will be a visual reminder of
what  you  read.  In  your  Reading  Notes,  you’ll  use  those  same  graphic  organizers  to  help  
you record key  ideas.  For  example,  in  Chapter  6,  you’ll  use  a  visual  metaphor  of  a  rope  
tying  the  American  colonies  to  Britain.  You’ll  take  notes  on  the  rope’s  unraveling  strands  
to record the weakening ties that led to the Declaration of Independence. For Chapter
15, you will take notes on map of the United States. You will trace and annotate new
boundaries  to  follow  the  country’s  expansion  across  the  continent.  For  Chapter  18,  
you’ll  take  notes  on  signs  carried  by  people  demonstrating  for  change.  The  signs  
represent the different reform movements of the mid-19th century.
Completing your Reading Notes will help you study in two ways. First, it will
encourage you to think carefully about what you read. Second, recording key ideas will
help you remember them for a long time.
There’s  one  more  part  of  the  TCI  Approach  that  will  help  you  remember  the  
important ideas you are learning. Read the next page to find out.

(Caption)
You’ll  record  key  ideas  on  the  Reading  Notes  pages  in  your  Interactive  Student  
Notebook. This will help you remember what you learned long after the lesson is over.

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Processing Assignments
At  the  end  of  each  lesson,  you’ll  complete  a  Processing  assignment  in  your  Interactive  
Student  Notebook.  Here  you’ll  show  that  you  understand  the  key  concepts of the
lesson.
These  pages  encourage  you  to  relate  ideas  to  one  another.  You’ll  make  connections  
between  the  past  and  present.  You’ll show your understanding of concepts by creating
illustrations,  diagrams,  flowcharts,  poetry,  and  cartoons.  As  one  student  said,  “It’s  really  
cool to have a place in our notebooks where we can record our own ideas. It makes
learning history a lot more fun.”
Here  are  some  examples  of  the  kinds  of  Processing  assignments  you’ll  complete:
•  In Chapter 5, you will learn about the tensions between the colonies and Britain from
1763  to  1775.  In  the  Processing  assignment,  you’ll  write  a  dialogue  between  the  two  
sides.
•  In Chapter 14, you will assess the presidency of Andrew Jackson. In the Processing
assignment,  you’ll  design  a  hero’s  commemorative  plaque  to  highlight  his  positive  
contributions and a Wanted poster to show his negative impact.
•  In Chapter 28, you will analyze early 20th-century political cartoons to learn about U.S.
expansionism.  In  the  Processing  assignment,  you’ll  create  your  own  political  cartoon  to  
show your support or opposition to U.S. involvement in World War I.
Students across the country report that their Processing assignments have helped
them understand and remember what they have learned. As a result, they are earning
higher test scores.

(Caption)
In  Processing  assignments,  you’ll  show  that  you  understand  the  new  ideas  of  the  
lesson.

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Multiple Intelligence Assessments
Do  you  dread  taking  chapter  and  unit  tests?  If  so,  maybe  you  feel  that  most  tests  don’t  
let  you  show  what  you’ve  learned.  The  tests  for  History Alive! The United States
Through Industrialism are different. They let you show how well you understand each
lesson’s  key  ideas.
These tests also allow you to use your multiple intelligences. Each test has some of
the usual multiple-choice questions. These will help prepare you for taking more formal
tests. But other parts of the assessments will challenge you to use more than just your
“word  smart”  intelligence.  They’ll  give  you  a  chance  to  shine  if  you  are  good  in  other  
areas, such as reading maps, using charts and graphs, drawing, understanding music,
or analyzing historical paintings. You may also be asked to show how well you read.
You’ll  be  invited  to  express  your  ideas  and  your  understanding  of  historical  events  in  
writing, too.
The secret to doing well on tests is preparation. You have the perfect tool for this
purpose: your Interactive Student Notebook. Right there on those pages are your notes
about all the key ideas in each chapter. Students who study their Reading Notes and
Processing assignments before a test usually earn good test scores.
Success on tests is important,  but  the  most  important  thing  of  all  is  learning.  We’ve  
designed our tests not just
to  assess  your  understanding  but  to  help  you  remember  key  ideas.  That’s  because  
the lessons you learn from U.S. history can help you make sense of your world and
guide your future decisions. We hope that what you learn in History Alive! The United
States Through Industrialism will remain with you for years to come.

(Caption)
Your teacher may give you test pages to complete at the end of a lesson. These tests
include questions with multiple-choice answers as well as questions that let you draw or
write your answers.

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Contents
Chapter 1
The Native Americans 1
Meet the Native Americans who lived in different regions of North America. Discover
how the different environments affected these original settlers.

Chapter 2
European Exploration and Settlement 17
Read about the European countries that competed for control of the New World and its
riches. Learn what devastating effects their arrival had on the native population.

Chapter 3
The English Colonies in America 35
Travel with the first English settlers who came to start a new life in America. Consider
the advantages and disadvantages of life in the New England, Middle, and Southern
Colonies.

Chapter 4
Life in the Colonies 49
Experience the joys and hardships of daily life for the American colonists, their servants,
and slaves. Learn about their work, their pleasures, their food, their religion, and their
schooling.

Chapter 5
Toward Independence 63
Discover what happened as tensions grew between the colonists and their government
in far-off England. Meet the people who would rather risk their lives than give up their
rights.
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Chapter 6
The Declaration of Independence 79
Examine the events that led the colonists to declare independence. Witness the brave
men who created a document that changed the world.

Chapter 7
The American Revolution 87
Relive the challenges faced by poorly trained and ill-equipped solders, locked in a war
against the most powerful nation in the world. Learn how the colonies won the
revolution and their independence from Great Britain.

Chapter 8
Creating the Constitution 103
Share the frustrations of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention as they
struggled to organize a new government. Recognize the compromises they made for
the sake of presenting a united plan.

Chapter 9
The Constitution: A More Perfect Union 119
Why has the Constitution endured for more than 200 years of extreme social change?
Examine this remarkable document that describes the organization and powers of the
national government and its unique system of checks and balances.

Chapter 10
The Bill of Rights 133
Explore the power of the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Learn how they are
used by the Supreme Court to protect the basic freedoms we enjoy in our daily lives.

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Chapter 11
Political Developments in the Early Republic 145
Compare the two rivals in the election of 1800—Hamilton and Jefferson. Note how their
opposing  views  gave  rise  to  the  country’s  first  political  parties  and  led  to  a  new  way  of  
electing the president.

Chapter 12
Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation 161
Follow the foreign policy debates as the young America faces threats from powerful
European nations. Learn which presidents were willing to risk war and which preferred
to keep their country at peace.

Chapter 13
A Growing Sense of Nationhood 175
Learn how the United States developed a national identity in the first half of the 19th
century. Take a look at the politics, art, music, and literature that helped define what it
meant to be an American.

Chapter 14
Andrew Jackson and the Growth of American Democracy 185
Evaluate  Andrew  Jackson,  one  of  the  nation’s  most  colorful  presidents,  through  the  
eyes of his contemporaries. Understand why some thought he was a villain and others
considered him a hero.

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Chapter 15
Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation 197
Trace the expansion of America across the continent. Discover why many Americans
believed it was both their right and their duty to spread their way of life into the West.

Chapter 16
Life in the West 211
Join the explorers, the trappers, the missionaries, and other pioneers on their difficult
journey to settle the rugged West. Discover the unique contributions each group made
to American culture.

Chapter 17
Mexicano Contributions to the Southwest 229
Recognize the many Mexicano innovations adopted by Anglos. Appreciate their
contributions that enabled settlers to prosper in the hot, dry climate of the Southwest.

Chapter 18
An Era of Reform 241
Find out about the efforts of American reformers in such causes as ending slavery,
promoting  women’s  rights,  and  improving  education.  Judge  the  progress  women  have  
made toward full equality.

Chapter 19
The Worlds of North and South 253
Step back in time to experience life in a northern city and on a southern plantation.
Explore the differences that would ultimately shatter the unity of the country.

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Chapter 20
African Americans at Mid-Century 269
Share the misery and admire the courage of black Americans living as slaves. Learn
about their struggle to escape racism and discrimination.

Chapter 21
A Dividing Nation 285
Discover the deep divisions over slavery that would threaten to tear the country apart.
Join the search for compromises on the issues that divided the nation.

Chapter 22
The Civil War 303
Visit battlegrounds to relive the Civil War. Face the terrors and hardships of those who
suffered  through  America’s  bloodiest  war.

Chapter 23
The Reconstruction Era 323
Track the progress of African Americans toward full citizenship following the Civil War.
Feel the disappointment and bitterness of former slaves who lost their newly gained
rights.

Chapter 24
Tensions in the West 337
Follow the groups that swept across the West after the Civil War. Observe their clashes
with  the  Native  Americans  and  consider  their  impact  on  the  West’s  native  peoples.

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Chapter 25
The Rise of Industry 353
Learn how the rise of big business changed American life. Explore the innovations that
transformed society, and witness the benefits and the abuses of industrialization.

Chapter 26
The Great Wave of Immigration 371
Step off a steamship or cross the border with some of the many immigrants from
Europe, Asia, and Mexico. Learn about their hopes, their struggles, and their
disappointments.

Chapter 27
The Progressive Era 385
Investigate the problems in America and discover how social leaders proposed to deal
with  them.  Understand  that  while  the  “Progressives”  fought  for  many  different  causes,
all sought a better American society.

Chapter 28
America Becomes a World Power 399
Revisit America as the 20th century begins, and learn how expansionists moved to
extend  the  nation’s  power  across  the  Western  Hemisphere  and  around  the  world.

Chapter 29
Linking Past to Present 417