Page 2 The Bilingualism Reader 'Li Wei has put together… an absolutely essential minimal ...

512 Pages·2005·3.16 MB·English

by  Li Wei (edt)

The Bilingualism Reader
‘Li Wei has put together…an absolutely essential minimal foundation for any
serious student of bilingualism. It contains major classics that form the basis of
courses at whatever level,…covering a wide range of issues central to the major
concerns of the study of the bilingual individual. No fundamental issue of
current interest in the field has been omitted. The methodology chapter contains
very useful warnings and advice.’
Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel
‘This is a very well judged selection of classic articles on bilingualism. The
Introduction provides a most comprehensive advance organizer to the subject
and is joined by valuable study questions and activities for each section.’
Colin Baker, University of Wales at Bangor
The Bilingualism Reader is a comprehensive collection of key classic articles
in the study of bilingualism. Designed as a structured student reader, it covers:
• definitions and typology of bilingualism
• language choice and bilingual interaction
• grammar of code-switching and bilingual acquisition
• the bilingual brain and bilingual production and perception
• methodological issues in the study of bilingualism.
Invaluable editorial material guides the reader through the different sections.
Critical discussion of research methods, graded study questions and activities, a
comprehensive glossary, and an up-to-date resource list make The Bilingualism
Reader an essential introductory text for students.
Contributors: Peter Auer, Michael Clyne, Kees de Bot, Charles Ferguson,
Joshua Fishman, Fred Genesee, David Green, François Grosjean, John Gumperz,
Li Wei, William Mackey, Jürgen Meisel, Lesley Milroy, Carol Myers-Scotton,
Loraine Obler, Michel Paradis, Shana Poplack.
Li Wei is Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Department of Speech, and
Director of the Centre for Research in Linguistics at the University of Newcastle
upon Tyne. He is author of Three Generations Two Languages One Family
(1994) and co-editor of the International Journal of Bilingualism.
The Bilingualism Reader
Edited by Li Wei
London and New York
First published 2000
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Reprinted 2001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of
thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
This collection and editorial matter © 2000 Li Wei
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The Bilingualism reader/edited by Li Wei.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Bilingualism. I. Wei, Li
P115.B553 2000
306.44′6–dc21 99–056043
ISBN 0-203-46134-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-76958-9 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-21335-5 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-21336-3 (pbk)
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
How to use the reader xii
INTRODUCTION 1
Dimensions of bilingualism 2
Li WEI
1 The description of bilingualism 22
WILLIAM F.MACKEY
Notes for students and instructors 51
PART ONE SOCIOLINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF 53
BILINGUALISM
Introduction to Part One 54
LANGUAGE CHOICE 57
2 Diglossia 58
CHARLES A.FERGUSON
3 Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia 74
with and without bilingualism
JOSHUA A.FISHMAN
4 Who speaks what language to whom and when? 82
JOSHUA A.FISHMAN
Notes for students and instructors 99
BILINGUAL INTERACTION 101
5 Social meaning in linguistic structure: code- 102
switching in Norway
JAN-PETTER BLOMJOHN J.GUMPERZ
v
6 Code-switching as indexical of social negotiations 127
CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON
7 A conversation analytic approach to code-switching 154
and transfer
J.C.PETER AUER
8 A two-step sociolinguistic analysis of code-switching 175
and language choice: the example of a bilingual
Chinese community in Britain
LI WEI, LESLEY MILROY AND PONG SIN
CHING
Notes for students and instructors 198
PART TWO LINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF BILINGUALISM 200
Introduction to Part Two 201
GRAMMAR OF CODE-SWITCHING 204
9 Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termina 205
en español: toward a typology of code-switching
SHANA POPLACK
10 Constraints on code-switching: how universal are 241
they?
MICHAEL CLYNE
11 Matching lemmas in a bilingual language 265
competence and production model: evidence from
intrasentential code-switching
CAROL MYERS-SCOTTONJANICE L.JAKE
Notes for students and instructors 303
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF BILINGUAL 305
CHILDREN
12 Early bilingual language development: one language 306
or two?
FRED GENESEE
13 Early differentiation of languages in bilingual 322
children
JÜRGEN M.MEISEL
Notes for students and instructors 347
vi
PART THREE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF 349
BILINGUALISM
Introduction to Part Three 350
THE BILINGUAL BRAIN 352
14 Cerebral lateralization in bilinguals: methodological 353
issues
LORAINE K.OBLERROBERT
J.ZATORRELINDA GALLOWAYJYOTSNA
VAID
15 Language lateralization in bilinguals: enough already! 365
MICHEL PARADIS
Notes for students and instructors 372
BILINGUAL SPEECH PROCESSING 373
16 Control, activation, and resource: a framework and a 374
model for the control of speech in bilinguals
DAVID W.GREEN
17 A bilingual production model: Levelt’s ‘speaking’ 386
model adapted
KEES DE BOT
18 Processing mixed language: issues, findings, and 408
models
FRANÇOIS GROSJEAN
Notes for students and instructors 435
CONCLUSION 437
Methodological questions in the study of bilingualism 438
Li WEI
Notes for students and instructors 449
Resource list 450
Glossary 455
Bibliography 461
Index 495
PREFACE
ONE INCIDENT DURING my years as a PhD student changed my views on
academic research considerably: I was drafting a joint paper with my supervisor
Lesley Milroy and in it I cited a textbook writer’s comments on William Labov’s
work which included a quote from Labov. Lesley, who knows Labov’s work
well, asked me, ‘Have you read Labov’s original paper?’ and pointed out that the
comments by the textbook writer were in fact misguided and misguiding. Rather
sheepishly I had to admit that I had not read that particular paper of Labov’s.
When I did read the paper, I was astonished to find what Labov meant in the
original paper was very different from what the textbook writer suggested in his
comments. Since then, I have been rather suspicious of authors’ interpretations
and comments, especially the sharply worded ones, on other people’s work. I
have learnt the benefit of reading the originals.
I am often amazed to see many of our otherwise quite brilliant students readily
base their arguments on ‘second-hand’ interpretation and remarks. I understand
that once on that ‘degree assembly line’, students do not have much choice but to
turn out essays and reports very quickly. They do not normally have the time to
delve into a wide array of publications, ranging from history and anthropology to
neurology and artificial intelligence, in which research papers on bilingualism
typically appear. I am nevertheless concerned that a new generation of ‘scholars’
might be emerging out of a ‘hear-say’ tradition.
I have also learnt from my visits to Central America, and East and Southeast
Asia, that many of the books and journals which we use routinely in our teaching
and learning and which we take for granted are not always readily available in
those places, because of inadequate library facilities. I have become concerned
that research on bilingualism which deals with linguistic and cultural diversity is
in fact inaccessible to the very people we wish to represent.
It is with these concerns that I have decided to compile the present Reader.
The main objective of the Reader is to make available in a single, affordable
volume a selection of the most important research papers on bilingualism. I have
focused primarily on the ‘classics’ in bilingualism research—papers that every
newcomer to the field must read and the more established researchers
frequently cite. Constraints of budget and space mean that it has not been
possible to include all the papers I would like. I have deliberately excluded
viii
papers on bilingual education, language planning, language maintenance and
language shift, and language attitude. A good reader on policy and practice in
bilingual education already exists (Garcia and Baker, 1995), and the
sociolinguistics readers edited by Coupland and Jaworski (1997) and Trudgill
and Cheshire (1997) both contain key articles on language planning, language
maintenance and language shift, and language attitude. Consequently, most of
the papers in the present Reader focus on the micro aspects of bilingualism,
especially on the language behaviour of bilingual individuals. All the chosen
papers are journal articles or book chapters. Extracts from single authored
monographs are not included, as a decontextualised digest is deemed inappropriate
for student use. Some of the more recent papers published in easily accessible
journals and books are also excluded. They, and the important single authored
monographs, are listed under Further Reading at the end of each section of the
Reader.
Recently, handbooks have become a popular commodity. They are usually
compilations of specially commissioned survey-type articles. There is no doubt
that they provide a handy resource for students and lecturers. However,
handbooks do not address the concerns I have specified above. In fact, handbook
users may be more at risk of believing that they knew the subject without
actually consulting, let alone understanding, the original formulation of ideas. I
therefore declined the suggestion that was put to me to compile a handbook of
bilingualism and chose instead to edit a reader of classic articles. Some of the
recent state-of-the-art collections are listed in the Resource List section.
In theory, a reader represents a diversity of voices rather than a single
authorial one as is normally the case with a textbook. But I am fully aware of the
fact that I, as the editor, imprint my views via selection of the papers and the
leading comments in the introductory remarks and even in the suggested study
activities and Further Reading. I must confess, however, that I do not agree with
all the views expressed in the papers included in this Reader. Nevertheless I
believe that all these papers are essential reading for anyone interested in
bilingualism and hope the Reader as a whole gives a good representation of the
various dimensions of bilingualism research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to Colin Baker, Margaret Deuchar, Anthea Fraser Gupta, Mark
Sebba, Jeanine Treffers-Daller and several anonymous readers commissioned by
the publisher who read and commented on the Introduction and Conclusion and
on the selection of papers. Hugo Baetens Beardsmore provided an almost word-
by-word commentary on the editorial material I have written and offered many
interesting and useful examples, without which the Reader would be much duller
and poorer in quality. Michael Clyne spent a significant amount of time during
his brief stay in Newcastle in April 1999 going through the details of the papers
and making helpful suggestions. Many of the authors of the original papers went
out of their way to help me negotiate copyright permission and suggested
feasible alternatives; in this respect François Grosjean, Shirley Brice Heath
(executrix of Charles Ferguson’s estate) and Carol Myers-Scotton deserve very
special thanks. My colleagues Nigel Armstrong, Karen Corrigan and Nick Miller
and several of the postgraduate students in Newcastle offered their users’
comments on the selection of papers; they include: Rob Davies, Debbie
Friedland, Emily Lam-Kwok, Sherman Lee and Miyako Takagi. Special thanks
go to Brigid O’Connor who proofread a considerable amount of the material very
quickly and efficiently. Thanks also to Louisa Semlyen and her team at Routledge
for all the work they have done. As always, my wife Zhu Hua has been the most
important source of inspiration and understanding without which this Reader
would not be possible.
The editor and publisher would like to acknowledge the copyright holders for
permission to reprint the following material:
Mackey, W.F. (1962) The description of bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Linguistics.
7:51–85, by permission of the author.
Ferguson, C.A. (1959) Diglossia. Word 15:325–40, by permission of the International
Linguistics Association.
Fishman, J.A. (1967) Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without
bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 23(2): 29–38, by permission of Blackwell
Publishers.
Fishman, J.A. (1965) Who speaks what language to whom and when? La Linguistique 2:
67–88, by permission of the author.