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Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition Edited by J.P.F. D’Mello Biotechnology Department The Scottish Agricultural College Edinburgh UK CABIPublishing CABI Publishingis a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cabi.org © CAB International2000. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Farm animal metabolism and nutrition : critical reviews / edited by J.P.F. D’Mello. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-85199-378-8 (alk. paper) 1. Animal nutrition. 2. Livestock--Metabolism. I. D’Mello, J. P. Felix. SF95 .F32 2000 636.08′5--dc21 99-048241 ISBN 0 85199 378 8 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn. Contents CONTRIBUTORS vii PREFACE ix PARTI: ABSORPTIONANDMETABOLISMOFNUTRIENTS 1 CHAPTER1 Amino Acid and Peptide Transport Systems 3 J.C. Matthews CHAPTER2 Measurement and Significance of Protein Turnover 25 J.A. Rathmacher CHAPTER3 Inter-organ Amino Acid Flux 49 C.J.Seal and D.S. Parker CHAPTER4 Phenethanolamine Repartitioning Agents 65 D.E. Moody, D.L. Hancock and D.B. Anderson CHAPTER5 Lipid Metabolism 97 J.K. Drackley CHAPTER6 Glucose Availability and Associated Metabolism 121 R.W.Russell and S.A.Gahr CHAPTER7 Aspects of Cellular Energetics 149 N.S. Jessop CHAPTER8 Trace Element Dynamics 161 W.T. Buckley PARTII: FEEDEVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIES 183 CHAPTER9 Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy 185 J.B.Reeves III v vi Contents CHAPTER10 Gas Production Methods 209 P.Schofield CHAPTER11 In SaccoMethods 233 P. Nozière and B. Michalet-Doreau CHAPTER12 Use of Markers 255 J.P. Marais CHAPTER13 Methods for Measuring Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs 279 W.C. Sauer, M.Z. Fan, R. Mosenthin and W. Drochner CHAPTER14 Rapid Metabolizable Energy Assays 307 J.M. McNab PARTIII: INTAKEANDUTILIZATION 317 CHAPTER15 Physiological and Metabolic Aspects of Feed Intake Control 319 J.M.Forbes CHAPTER16 Feed Intake in Ruminants: Kinetic Aspects 335 W.C. Ellis, D. Poppi and J.H. Matis CHAPTER17 Feeding Behaviour 365 R.J. Grant and J.L. Albright CHAPTER18 Anti-nutritional Factors and Mycotoxins 383 J.P.F. D’Mello CHAPTER19 Feed Enzymes 405 D.I. Officer INDEX 427 Contributors Albright, J.L. Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Anderson, D.B. Research and Development, Elanco Animal Health, PO Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA Buckley, W.T. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Centre, Brandon, Canada R7A 5Y3 D’Mello, J.P.F. Biotechnology Department, The Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK Drackley, J.K. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Drochner, W. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, D-70573 Stuttgart, Germany Ellis, W.C. Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843–2471, USA Fan, M.Z. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Forbes, J.M. Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Gahr, S.A. Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506–6108, USA Grant, R.J. Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583–0908, USA Hancock, D.L. Research and Development, Elanco Animal Health, PO Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA Jessop, N.S. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK Marais, J.P. Biochemistry Section, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa, 3200 Matis, J.H. Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843–2471, USA Matthews, J.C. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546–0215, USA vii viii Contributors McNab, J.M. Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK Michalet-Doreau, B. Département Elevage et Nutrition des Animaux, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Moody, D.E. Research and Development, Elanco Animal Health, PO Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA Mosenthin, R. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, D-70573 Stuttgart, Germany Nozière, P. Département Elevage et Nutrition des Animaux, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Officer, D.I. NSW Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Advisory Station, Grafton, NSW, Australia Parker, D.S. Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Present address: Novus Europe s.a./n.v., Rue Gulledellestraat 94, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium Poppi, D. Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Rathmacher, J.A. Metabolic Technologies Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA Reeves, J.B., III Nutrient Conservation and Metabolism Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Russell, R.W. Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506–6108, USA Sauer, W.C. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 Schofield, P. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Seal, C.J. Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK Preface There is, once more, a need for an advanced experience in teaching final year students textbook in animal biochemistry and nutri- at Edinburgh who have at times expressed tion that covers the specialist requirements difficulty with or particular interest in of final year undergraduates and new post- specialist topics. The needs of our commer- graduate students. The existing books have cial clients have not been ignored either, as long become out of date, and currently my will be seen from my choice of authors and students are directed to reviews published review topics. In the rapidly changing and within the proceedings of various expansive fields of farm animal metabolism symposia and workshops. However, this and nutrition, the limitations of existing approach is less than satisfactory as the general texts are all too evident. No single reviews are distributed in diverse books author can be expected to keep abreast of and journals that are both physically and innovation in all aspects of these fields. I financially out of reach of these students. have attempted to overcome these problems Increasingly these days, libraries resort to by selecting authors who are actively pub- restricted lending of journals containing lishing refereed papers and who have an up-to-date reviews and, furthermore, the enviable track record in their respective common practice of holding single copies specialisms. Furthermore, my collaborating of conference proceedings is of limited authors have been selected from major value to the large groups of students we teaching and research establishments have to teach. Moreover, students still have around the world. the problem of consulting different issues Farm Animal Metabolism and of journals and conference proceedings to Nutrition is divided into three sections to acquire a comprehensive picture. reflect major developments. The first sec- In Farm Animal Metabolism and tion comprises eight chapters within the Nutrition, I have attempted to overcome theme of ‘Absorption and Metabolism of most if not all of these limitations by pro- Nutrients’. The second section on ‘Feed viding a graduated and structured series of Evaluation Methodologies’ contains six critical reviews by international experts, at chapters, while the third section on ‘Intake an affordable price. Current programmes and Utilization’ is based on five chapters. for final year undergraduate and MSc Every book attracts both favourable com- courses at Edinburgh form the basis of the ments and criticism. Fortunately for me, topics selected for this book. In addition, most reviews of my previous titles have my choice of subjects has been based on been positive, and these have been much ix x Preface appreciated. While I accept the occasional their valuable time in writing, proofreading negative review as an occupational hazard, and preparing the index, sometimes under I am keen to learn from past failings. As difficult conditions. Their enthusiasm for regards Farm Animal Metabolism and the entire project has been salutary and I Nutrition, I accept that important areas hope that the book will provide inspiration have not been reviewed. Clearly, for exam- to students the world over. ple, the whole issue of quantitative nutri- Finally, this book contains references tion comprising analytical and predictive to various commercial products including models also needs attention, but this may computer software, which are given in well form the basis of a further volume. In good faith. No endorsement of these the meantime, current books in the CAB products is implied or should be attributed International stable should serve to bridge to the editor or CAB International, and we this gap. Selected titles will be found on cannot assume responsibility for the conse- the rear cover of this book. quences of their use. As always, I am indebted to my team of authors who have made this book J.P.F. D’Mello possible and who have invested so much of

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