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Computational Fluid Dynamics John F. Wendt (Ed.) Computational Fluid Dynamics An Introduction WithContributions by JohnD.AndersonJr.,JorisDegroote,Ge´rardDegrez,ErikDick, RogerGrundmann andJanVierendeels ThirdEdition 123 Editor Prof.Dr.JohnF.Wendt DirectorvonKarmanInstituteforFluidDynamics(ret.) 72Chausse´edeWaterloo 1640Rhode-Saint-Gene`se Belgium ISBN:978-3-540-85055-7 e-ISBN:978-3-540-85056-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008934064 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg1992,1996,2009 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:xxxxx Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface ComputationalFluidDynamics:AnIntroductiongrewoutofavonKarmanInstitute (VKI) Lecture Series by the same title first presented in 1985 and repeated with modificationseveryyearsincethattime. The objective, then and now, was to present the subject of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to an audience unfamiliar with all but the most basic numerical techniquesandtodosoinsuchawaythatthepracticalapplicationofCFDwould becomecleartoeveryone. Asecondeditionappearedin1995withupdatestoallthechaptersandwhenthat printingcametoanend,thepublisherrequestedthattheeditorandauthorsconsider the preparation of a third edition. Happily, the authors received the request with enthusiasm. Thethirdeditionhasthegoalofpresentingadditionalupdatesandclarifications whilepreservingtheintroductorynatureofthematerial. Thebookisdividedintothreeparts.JohnAndersonlaysoutthesubjectinPartI byfirstdescribingthegoverningequationsoffluiddynamics,concentratingontheir mathematical properties which contain the keys to the choice of the numerical approach. Methods of discretizing the equations are discussed and transformation techniquesandgridsarepresented.Twoexamplesofnumericalmethodscloseout thispartofthebook:sourceandvortexpanelmethodsandtheexplicitmethod. Part II is devoted to four self-contained chapters on more advanced material. Roger Grundmann treats the boundary layer equations and methods of solution. GerardDegreztreatsimplicittime-marchingmethodsforinviscidandviscouscom- pressible flows; relative to the second edition, figures in the section on stability properties have been added and the section on numerical dissipation has been ex- pandedwithexamples.EricDick,intwoseparatearticles,treatsbothfinitevolume andfiniteelementmethods;thesectionsoncurrentdevelopmentshavebeenupdated andreferencestoanumberofessentialrecentpublicationshavebeenadded. PartIIIbringsanewcontributionbyJanVierendeelsandJorisDegrootewhich provides insight into the steps that are needed to obtain a CFD solution of a flow fieldusingcommercialCFDsoftwarepackages.Thewideavailabilityofsuchcodes v vi Preface providesadvantagesforthenon-specialistinnumericaltechniques,butrequiresan appreciationoftheirlimitationsandknowledgeofanapplicationmethodology. The editor and authors will consider this book to have been successful if the readersconcludetheyhavebeenwellpreparedtoexaminetheliteratureinthefield andtobegintheapplicationofCFDmethodstotheresolutionofproblemsintheir areaofinterest. The editor takes this opportunity to thank the authors for their contributions to thisbookandfortheirenthusiasmtocontinuethetraditionofcontinuallyimproving theVKILectureSeriesonwhichitisbased. EagleRiver,WI,USA JohnF.Wendt Biographical Sketches of the Authors ProfessorJohnD.Anderson,Jr. NationalAirandSpaceMuseum,SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,DC. JohnD.Anderson,Jr.istheCuratorforAerodynamicsattheNationalAirandSpace Museum,SmithsonianInstitution.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofFloridawith a B. Eng. degree, and from The Ohio State University with a PhD in Aeronauti- calandAstronauticalEngineering.HeservedasaLieutenantandTaskScientistat WrightFieldinDayton,asChiefoftheHypersonicsGroupattheNavalOrdnance Laboratory in White Oak, Maryland and became Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Maryland in 1973. He was designated aDistinguishedScholar/Teacherin1982.In1993hewasmadeafullfacultymem- ber of the Committee for the History and Philosophy of Science, and in 1996 an affiliatememberoftheHistoryDepartmentattheUniversityofMaryland.In1996 hebecametheGlennL.MartinDistinguishedProfessorinAerospaceEngineering, retired from the University in 1999, and is now Professor Emeritus. Dr. Anderson haspublishedtenbooksandover120professionalpapersintheareasofhightem- perature gas dynamics, computational fluid dynamics, applied aerodynamics, and the history of aeronautics. He is an Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of AeronauticsandAstronauticsandaFellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety.His [email protected] ProfessorGe´rardDegrez Universite´ LibredeBruxelles,Brussels,Belgium Ge´rardDegrez,FullProfessorattheFacultyofEngineeringatUniversite´ Librede Bruxelles(ULB),receivedhisinitialengineeringdegree(Inge´nieurcivilme´canicien &e´lectricien)fromULB,aMasterofSciencedegreeinengineeringfromPrinceton University and a PhD degree from ULB. He held academic positions successively at the University of Sherbrooke (Canada), at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (Belgium) and at Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium) where he is now Head of the Aero-Thermo-Mechanics Laboratory, while having a part-time appointment as Adjunct Professor at the von Karman Institute. Author of more vii viii BiographicalSketchesoftheAuthors than 25 archival journal publications on shock wave/boundary layer interactions, computational methods for incompressible and compressible flows and numeri- cal simulation of high enthalpy flows, his current research interests concern nu- merical methods and physical models for the simulation of high enthalpy react- ingflowsandofturbulentflows,includingmagnetofluiddynamics.Hise-mailIDis [email protected] Mr.JorisDegroote GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Joris Degroote received the M.Sc. degree in electromechanical engineering from Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, in 2006. Currently, he is a PhD Fellow of the Research Foundation of Flanders (FWO) in the Department of Flow, Heat, and Combustion Mechanics at Ghent University, working in the field of reduced-order modelsincomputationalfluiddynamicsandfluid–structureinteraction.Hise-mail [email protected] ProfessorErikDick GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Erik Dick obtained the M.Sc. Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Ghent Universityin1973andthePh.D.inComputationalFluidDynamicsfromthesame universityin1980.From1974to1991,heworkedattheDepartmentofMechanical Engineering,DivisionofTurbomachinery,ofGhentUniversityasresearcher,senior researcher, and head of research. He was associate professor at the University of Lie`ge, from July 1991 to September 1992. He returned to Ghent University as as- sociateprofessorandbecamefullprofessorin1995.ProfessorDickteachesturbo- machinesandcomputationalfluidmechanics.Hisareaofresearchiscomputational methodsandmodelsforturbulenceandtransitionforflowproblemsinmechanical engineering.Heisauthororco-authorofabout80articlesininternationalscientific journalsandabout160papersininternationalscientificconferencesandwasthere- cipientofthe1990IwanAkermanprizeforfluidmachineryawardedbytheBelgian [email protected] ProfessorRogerGrundmann TechnischeUniversita¨tDresden,Dresden,Germany RogerGrundmannreceivedtheDipl.-Ing.andDr.-Ing.degreesfromtheTechnische Universita¨tofBerlin.Since1972hehasbeenamemberoftheDeutschesZentrum fu¨r Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) at the Institute for Theoretical Fluid Dynamics. From 1985 to 1987 he was Associate Professor at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) in Rhode-Saint-Gene`se, Belgium and later spent another three years at the VKI as a Visiting Professor. In 1993 he received the Chair in Thermofluid Dynamics atthe Institutefor Fluid Dynamics of the Technische Uni- versita¨t Dresden and in 1994 became the Institute’s director. In 1996 he founded theInstituteforAerospaceEngineeringattheT.U.Dresdenandwasitsdirectorfor BiographicalSketchesoftheAuthors ix 10years.From1996until2007,ProfessorGrundmannwastheheadofanInnova- tionCollegeanditssuccessor,theCollaborativeResearchCentre“Electromagnetic FlowControlinMetallurgy,Crystal-GrowthandElectro-Chemistry”oftheGerman Research Foundation (DFG). He is a member of the Board of Directors and Gen- eralAssemblyoftheVKI,theScientificAdvisoryBoardoftheForschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf(FZD),andaReviewBoardoftheDFG.Hisfieldsofresearch are viscous hypersonic flows by means of numerical methods, the modelling and predictionoftransition,andvolume-forcedrivenflowssuchasmagnetofluiddynam- icsandacousticalfl[email protected] AssociateProfessorJanVierendeels GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Jan Vierendeels obtained the degree of MSc in electromechanical engineering in 1991atGhentUniversity,Belgium.In1993,heobtainedthedegreeofMScinaero- nauticalandastronauticalengineeringandin1996,heobtainedthedegreeofMSc inbiomedicalengineering,bothatGhentUniversity.In1998,heobtainedhisPhD inelectromechanicalengineeringatGhentUniversity.Currently,heisanassociate professor at the Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics at Ghent University,workinginthefieldofcomputationalfluiddynamicsandfluid-structure [email protected] Contents PartI 1 BasicPhilosophyofCFD........................................ 3 J.D.Anderson,Jr. 2 GoverningEquationsofFluidDynamics.......................... 15 J.D.Anderson,Jr. 3 IncompressibleInviscidFlows:SourceandVortexPanelMethods ... 53 J.D.Anderson,Jr. 4 MathematicalPropertiesoftheFluidDynamicEquations .......... 77 J.D.Anderson,Jr. 5 DiscretizationofPartialDifferentialEquations .................... 87 J.D.Anderson,Jr. 6 TransformationsandGrids......................................105 J.D.Anderson,Jr. 7 ExplicitFiniteDifferenceMethods:SomeSelectedApplications toInviscidandViscousFlows....................................127 J.D.Anderson,Jr. PartII 8 BoundaryLayerEquationsandMethodsofSolution...............153 R.Grundmann 9 Implicit Time-Dependent Methods for Inviscid and Viscous Compressible Flows, with a Discussion of the Concept ofNumericalDissipation........................................183 G.Degrez xi
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