Page 2 A History of English Literature MICHAEL ALEXANDER [p. iv] © Michael Alexander 2000 All ... PDF
Preview Page 2 A History of English Literature MICHAEL ALEXANDER [p. iv] © Michael Alexander 2000 All ...
HAi storoyEf n glisLhi terature REDNAXE LLAEAHCIM [p. iv] © Michael Alexander 2000 .noissim rneeptt itruwoh t e iydnewaaobmmitacil b s unifpohoitssims n ya rpr,ootncoitcudo r .podeNervre ssetrh glilrA No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, co h teicwnadro cnrncooiaissim rneeptt ihr twei vwdaesttimsn adrreotip gniy pdoecti mginlittim reecpn e scyfm i norelra ehe ,ttdr8 no8tsu9ct1Ane tdsannPagi s,etDhgir y spefnohooCtisiv oerhpt tru omCahnett o0,T9ycne ggAnisnec itLhgiryp oe C hydtbeussi Road, London W 1 P 0LP. smi alli c vdninocaituces olrapni m eiolrt b c yaneaiobmlitacil b s uniopohtitt a tldnceeiarsirohtu aysn n euoanohodws ryenpA .sega mraodf ehT rohtua s adhetres ssaih thgir ot deebifitn esdai eht rohtua fo siht krow encinadrocca d nsangis e,Dthgiryp oeC hhtt iw Patents Act 1988. First published 2000 by DSTS LENRAPLLIMCAM e1 r2SiGXhR6 s,pemkaoHtsg n,isslalBimdnuoH dnanodnoL d lteruhootwhgu osrehvtitatnese rsdpeneiarnapmoC ISBN 0 - 333 - 91397 - 3 hardcover ISBN 0 - 333 - 67226 - 7 pape rback A eugolat adcrocer rof siht koob si elbaliava morf eht hsitir.ByrarbiL .se ct rsdueeor ns odig f ean dd gt ieynn maseld l a asonulcakldrirasbymoue ohf m acoftrfTsntebneioiripuraspp 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 O1 00 Typeset by Foo tnote Graphics, Warminster, Wilts Printed in Great Britain by stl i,Wmahneppi h,Cd teLw oyRnotnA [p. v] Contents Acknowledgements tesheyTv crfaaorhetil Preface Further reading Abbreviations 2 Middle English Literature: 1066 - 1500 Introduction The new writing Literary history gnitni rd pnganitirwdnaH What’s included? ethcTap mfihocnerF Tradition or canon? Scribal practice Priorities egn aehgcaug ndtanclaelaiD What is literature? ssensuoics nyorcaretiL egna hecgaugnaL adL nhacne r:Fsnoihs awfeN nit hsi l sgnenirEutare trielhtO Epic and romance Is drama literature? erutar eytlitlruoC seit is tedninatauiqlauQ snoituti tlsanvieideM Texts ytirohtuA Further reading sciryL stx eytramirP hseislogrnpE s tyxreatdnoceS yrutne chtneetruo fehT TRAP :1 gniti rlwautiripS laveideM hciw rnfoaoNiluJ 1 Old English Literature: to 1100 Secular prose Orientations Ricardian poetry hs i,ldgnn aE,lnginaEtirB Piers Plowman Oral origins and conversion Sir Gawain and the Green Knight nom , e,dmCædelBehdlA Jo rewo Gnh ai rdbnmauhtroN The Dream of the Rood recua hyCerffoeG Heroic poetry The Parlement of Fowls eruta rneatiitlsirhC T roilus and Criseyde derflA The Canterbury Tales Beowulf The fifteenth century seigelE amarD Battle poetry syal pyretsyM Mora syal pytil cir ysluoigileR ruht rfsAohtaeD The arrival of printing hysrittetoopcS [p. vi] no styrrenbeoHR The drama ra bmnauiDlliW elrati aceerhheTtmmoc salg unoiDvaG Predecessors Further reading reehwpooltrsaiMrhC 2traP The order of the syalp Tudor and Stuart Histories 005 1:erutareti Lrodu T3 - 1603 Richard II Renaissance and Reformation Henry IV eechnTassianeR Henry V Expectations ydemoC snoitagitsevnI A Midsurnrner Night's Dream dl r eoenhwcit asl'pdnalgnE T welfth Night The Ref noitamro The poems Sir Thomas More Tragedy The Courtier Hamlet t tsaay mWroihST King Lear The Earl of Surrey secnamoR Religious prose The Tempest Bible translation noisulcnoC Instructive prose tnemeveih csa'eraepsekahS amarD His supposed point of v wei Elizabethan literature Ben Jonson Verse The Alchemist y ep nirdliiiSShP Volpone res ndenpuSmdE Further reading Sir Walter Ralegh 007 1o t:erutareti Ltraut S5 The ‘Jacobethans’ The Stuart century reehwpooltrsaiMrhC Drama to 1642 gnoS ydemoC Th noipm asCamo Tragedy Prose nhoJennoD yly LnhoJ Prose to 1642 e hssaamNohT Sir Francis Bacon Richard Hooker sewerd ntAolecnaL Further reading Robert Burton amar Deh tdn aeraepsekah S4 en wsoa rmrBoihST eraepsek amhaSilliW Poetry to Milton aepsekahS ef isl'er Ben Jonson The plays preserved lacisyshtpeaotpeM ema fdn akcuL Devotional poets Cavalier poets John Milton Paradise Lost The Restoration The Earl of Rochester nayn unBhoJ syp elPeumaS [p. vii] The theatres Non - noitcif Restorati ydem onco Edward Gibbon ne dnyhroDJ ek rdunBumdE Satire htimsd lroeGvilO Prose yenru BynnaF John Locke na dyier ledshrnSaihrcBiR sreti rnwemoW t rraemhSpotsirhC everg nmoaCilliW repw omCailliW Further reading Robert Burns 3TRAP Further reading Au citnamo Rdn anatsug 097 1:scitnamo Reh T7 - 1837 097 1o t:erutareti Lnatsugu A6 ceihtsTntaemoopR The eighteenth century scitnam oyRlraE tnemnethgil neEhT emkaaillBliW ytilibisn ed SneasneS ytivitcejbuS Alexander Pope and 18th -noitaziliv iycrutnec moR noitulov ed Rnmasicitna Joseph Addison htrow smdariolWliW tfi wnSahtanoJ le eurgmodaliSyraeTloC Alexander Pope Sir Walter Scott Translation as tradition scitnam orRegnuoY The Rape of the Lock Lord Byron Mature verse yelle heShss yyBcreP y anGhoJ Jo sta enKh ugatn oyMeltr oyWr ayMdaL citensaomropR The novel selsleerBttel Daniel Defoe bm asLelrahC ssorC - stnerruc tti lmzaaiHlliW nosdrahc ilReumaS yecni uesQDamohT gnidle iyFrneH noitciF Tobias Smollett Thomas Love Peacock e nercenteSruaL yraM yellehS ehT ecnegreme foytilibisneS hatirroawMegdE ya rsGamohT Sir Walter Scott Pre -’naiss O:‘ytilibisn ecsitnamoR nets ueAnaJ n ociithctiofG Towards Victoria The Age of Johnson Further reading nosn hloeJu mraDS 4TRAP The Dictionary ti LnairotciV 088 1o terutare msiciti rycraretiL 8 The Age and its Sages llews osBemaJ The Victorian age [p. viii] ylraortosMih Middlemarch ecnadnubA Daniel Deronda ?se gyahsW Nonsense prose and verse elylr asCamohT llorr asCiweL John Stuart Mill drawdEraeL Jo niksu Rnh Further reading namwe Nyrne HnhoJ :erutareti Lnairotci Veta L11 niwr asDelrahC 1880 - 1900 dlon rwAehttaM Differentiation Further reading se myarJ n deynHda rsaaHmohT yrteo P9 msicitehtseA Victorian Romantic poetry Walter Pater Minor verse A revival of drama John Clare Oscar Wilde nosynn edTerflA George Bernard Shaw Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning Fiction dlon rwAehttaM y dsraamHohT hguol Chgu HruhtrA Tess of the d'Urbervilles ieltt eitnaite anrtsdDibesntasoasGsRiorRhC roniMif ction enrubni wsSelra hnConreglA rel tlueBumaS Gerard Hopkins nosn e svtieruteoSbLoR Further reading sn ielilkolCiW noitci F01 George Moore ehT hpmuirt fo ehtlevon Poetry Two Brontë novels msicitehtseA Jane Eyre namsu o .H.EA Wuthering Heights duR gnil pdirKay Elizabeth Gaskell Further reading snek csieDlrahC 5TRAP The Pickwick Papers The Twentieth Century David Copperfield 12 Ends and Beginnings: 1901 - 19 Bleak House The new century Our Mutual Friend Fiction Great Expectations Edwardian real stsi ’elbatim ienhIT‘ gnil pdirKayduR mailliW ecaepekaMyarekcahT yhtrowsl anGhoJ Vanity Fair dlotntreAnneB ynoehptonlAlorT H. G. Wells George Eliot Adam Bede The Mill on the Floss Silas Marner [p. ix] Joseph Conrad sel aytriaF Heart of Dar kness siwe L. S.C Nostromo J. R. R. Tolkien E. M. Forster Poetry Ford Madox Ford The Second World War Poetry samo hnTalyD Pre - esr ervaw amarD y dsraamHohT yesaC' OnaeS War poetry and war poets Further reading Further reading 14 New Beginnings: 1955 - 80 tso Pmor F31 - tso Po traW - 029 1:raW - 55 amarD ttek cleeBumaS ‘Modernism’: 1914 - 27 John Osborne ecnerw a..LHD Harold Pinter The Rainbow Established protest ec ysoeJmaJ Novels galore Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man gni dmlaoiGlliW sessylU M uriel Spark Ezra Pound: the London years Iris Murdoch T. S. Eliot sret irrewhtO The love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Poetry The Waste Land n ipkirlaiLhP Four Quartets Ted Hughes msicit isr’ctoilE ll iyHerffoeG W. B. Yeats Tony Harrison mraiDc ahMguH id and David Jones yenae HsumaeS Virginia Woolf Further reading To the Lighthouse tnerru Ceh tn otpircstsoP dle iefnsinraeMhtaK Internationalization Non - seit rsdienhiaTt n:eemhwstTinredom msinredomtsoP s ml hsiociattnnfarocedoM slevoN The poetry of the Thirties yrt eyorparopmetnoC Political camps Further reading W. H. Auden Index The novel hgua WnylevE en emearhGarG llewo PynohtnA ll eewgrrOoeG hnteewboaBzilE [p. x] Acknowledgements gnivaH dediced eht epocs fo siht ,yrotsih dnaaht t ti dluow eb evitarran tub osla ,lacitirc eht ksat fo noitceles desopmi .flesti nI redro ot neprahs ym ,sucof I neht ,detivni ta a yranimilerp ,egats ytnewt ytisrevinu srehcaet fo hsilgnE erutaretil hcae otd nes em a tsil fo eht ytnewt skrow hcihw yehteb deveil dluow evah ot eviecer lacitirc noissucsid ni hcus a .yrotsih emoS foe soht ohw deilper dedave ym ruogir yb gnidulcni detcelloC skroW ni rieht .tsil tuB I knaht meht .lla I evah a hcum regnol tsilf o seugaelloc ot knaht rof gnirewsna erom ylralohcs q ueries. I name only Michael Herbert, George Jack, Christopher ,nalhcaLcaM nonnaihR eidruP dna leahciM ,releehW ohw hcae daer a retpahc rof ,em sa did lieN ,sedohR ot mohw Id enrut rof ecivda erom naht.ecno Thanks also to Frances Arnold and Margaret Bartle y ta ,nallimcaM ohw detivni em ot etirw siht ;koob I deyojnee ht ,gnidaer dna eht .gnidaerer sknahT ot iruoH ,ivalA ohw sah yltneitap dedrehpehs eht retsnom drawrof otni eht .aneras knahT agmnida err oyfc udL nyar a oMytllaicep s,eylim a yf omlt l fatosom .gninets ir lod fn,aseg aypn ehT koob flesti si osla a dnik fo knaht uoy - ot esoht ohw etorw tahw si won dellac hsilgnE ;erutaretil ot ,sralohcs, srotide ;scitirc ot eht hsilgnE srehcaet I dah ta ;loohcs otwollef - stneduts fo ,erutaretil yllaicepse taitS gni ldrna ; stwSe rodtnA ll amorf .tc afsforor ry ennaoitnet tyosamtwa ro dhrweda ey rneacnav dnkaina hd tn,anra eohltc uemv alhl i .tIdsenra ee lv maIohhw Illustrations AKG Photo, London, pp. 94, 110, 133, 150, 241; E.T.Archive, pp. 21, 28, 45, 207, 202; The British Library, p. 190; The British Museum, pp. 23, 27; J. Burrow and T. Turville - Petre, A Book of Middle English, llewkcalB ,srehsilbuP .p ;73 aremaC Press, London, p. 349; Corbis Collection, p. 340; Corpus Christi College, Oxford, UK/The Bridge nam trA ,yrarbiL .p; 05 dluatruoC etutitsnI fo ,trA ,nodnoL .p ;831 yduJ hsiaD ,setaicossA .p ;463 namroN ,seivaD The Isles, Macmillan, p. 12; The Dickens House Museum, London, p. 277; The Dorset Country Museum, p. 301; Edifice, pp. 170, 248; Mark Gerson, p. 367; The Hulton Getty Picture Collection Ltd, pp. 270, 317, 321, 347, 372; Image Select International, pp. 96, 139, 185, 335, 338; The National Portrait Gallery, pp. 98, 212, 223, 273, 374, 379; Nottingham County Library, The D. H. Lawrence Collection, p. 326; RIBA Library Photographs Collection, p. 255; Ann Ronan at LS.L, pp. 54, 62, 79, 106, 232, 242, 251, 263, 268, 278, 282, 287, 291, 298, 300; John Timbers, Arena Images, p. 363; Utrecht University Library, p. 108; The Victoria and Albert Museum, pp. 64, 168, 213. yrevE troffe sah neeb edam ot ecart lla thgirypoc ,sredloh tub fi yna evah neebdani yltnetrev dekoolrevo eht srehsilbup lliw eb .ytinutro ptp s otretnihaeftmegna ryrraasse c ee edhkonetatsmaelp [p. xi] ecaferP This History si nettirw roft ow :secneidua esoht ohw wonk a wef kramdnal stxet fo hsilgnE erutaretil tub elttil foe ht .y atdnese re phosttnigi rs otmio ryfro tgsn os ltdia eotrtn aywlpm io shewso hd tn;ayrtnu ogcnidnuorrus ehT yrotsih fo hsilgnE gnitirw snigeb yrev ylrae ni ehtdiM eld segA dna seunitnoc hguorht eht ,ecnassianeR ehtn atsuguA dna citnamoR sdoirep ot eht nairotciV ,ega eht hteitnewt ,yrutnec dna nwod ot eht .tneserp sihT tnuocca fo ti si nettirw os sa ot be read as a coherent whole. It can also be read in parts, and co detlusn rofamrofni tion. Its narrative plan and layout are clear, and it aims to be both readable and concise. Attention is paid to the greater poets, dramatists, prose writers and novelists, and ot erom lareneg yraretil .stnempoleved hcaE trap fo ehtots yr sniag morf gnieb tes n iyraret idlna l.asitcx oeestcnaopcS si nevig ot evitar tnsouiltlaitouq dna ot laci tsinrocissucsid fo detceles rojam srohtua dna.skrow roniM sretirw dna stnemevom era debircsed rehtar naht ,dessucsid tub a taerg laed fotamrofni noi tuoba meht si ot eb dnuof ni eht lluf sutarappa hcihw sdnuorrus eht .evitarran sihT sutarappa swolla eht History osla ot eb desu sa a krow fo .ecnerefer A kool ta eht gniwollof segap lliw wohs eht txet detnemelppus yb a tes fo lacirotsih selbat foneve st dna fo ;snoitacilbupy b dexob seihpargoib fo srohtua dna rieht ;skrow dna yb lanigram snoitinifed fo lacitirc dna lacirotsih .smret erehT era emos ytxis ,snoitartsulli gnidulcni .spam erehT era osla snoitseggus rof rehtruf ,gnidaer dna a lluf xedni fon sema fo serho thd tnsuakarow discussed. [p. xii] Abbreviations ? niatrecnu .nonA suomynona b. born c. circa, about d. died ed. edited by edn. edition et al. and others etc. sgn irhe thdtnoa .lf dehsiruolf Fr. hcnerF .kG Greek .taL nitaL ME M hs iellgdndEi .t a.Ldem nit alLaveidem MS., MSS. stpircsun a,mtpircsunam OE hsil gdnlEO [p. 1] Introduction stnetnoC dnalgnE sah a hcir erutaretil htiw a gnol .yrotsih sihT si na tpmetta ot llet eht yrots foh silgnE yrotsi hyraretiL What’s included? erutaretil morf sti sgninnigeb ot ehtp tneser .yad ehT yrots si nettirw ot eb daer sa a, elohw Tradition or canon? though it can be read in parts, and its apparatus and index allow it to be consulted for seitiroirP .ecnerefer oT eb daer sa a elohw htiw ,erusaelp a yrots sah ot evah a elbanoinapmoc, tcepsa ?erutar e ttsaiihlW dna eht rebmun fot sgnih dessucsid tonnac ebt oo large. There are said to be ‘ enin dn aytnewt egna hecgaugnaL rehtO serutaretil nihsilgnE syaw fo gniticer labirtsyal ’ , dna ereht si ylniatrec erom naht eno yaw fo gnitirw a yrotsihf o ?erutaret ialma rsdI hsilgnE .erutaretil sihT noitcudortnI syas tahw dnik fo a yrotsih siht ,si dna tahwi t si ,tond na Qualities and quantities senifed sti :epocsrehw e ti snigeb dna ,sdne dna tahw ‘ hsilgnE ’ and ‘ literature ’ are taken to stxeT .naem gnid areerhtruF mirP stxe tyra ’erutaretiL‘ si a drow htiw a evitatilauq ,noitacilpmi ton tsuj a lartuen mret rof gnitirwn i stx eytradnoceS .lareneg tuohtiW siht ,noitacilpmi dna tuohtiwa feileb no eht trap fo eht rohtua tahte mos seitilauq fo erutaretil era tseb detaicerppa nehw ti si detneserp ni eht redro ni hcihwt i ,deraeppa ereht dluow eb elttil tniop ni a yraretil .yrotsih sihT troffe ot tup eht tsom elbaromem hsilgnE gnitirw nin a intelligible historical per evitceps si dereffo sa na dia ot cilbup .gnidnatsrednu ehT ,redaer ti si ,demussa lliw ekil erutaretil dna eb suoiruc tuoba .ti tI si osla demussa osla taht eh ro ehs lliw tnaw ylfeihc ot wonk tuoba skrow hcus sa s’eraepsekahS K ing Lear dna s’tfiwS Gulliver ’ s Travels, eht smeop fo ,recuahC notliM dna .T .S ,toilE dna eht slevon fo netsuA dna .snekciDo S eht rojam snrae erom ecaps naht eht ronim ni eseht ;segap dna ronimtil erutare snrae erom noitnetta naht gnitirw regnortsn i so l,ealcr anul iatanc tlcarruihoocrtp.o m ttyinssrieiarhreettniil yrotsi hyraretiL yraretiL yrotsih nac eb ,lufesu dna si ylgnisaercni .yrassecen sralohcS ezilaiceps ni elgnis ,sdleif hsilgnE srehcaet hcaete lgnis .skrow regraL sevitarran era gnimocebsol ;t eht evitcepsrep dedroffa yb a lareneg weiv si ton ylediw .elbaliava stnedutSf o hsilgnE evael loohcs gniwonk a wef kramdnal skrow tub elttil fo eht yrtnuoc gnidnuorrus .meht yehT dluow ton ekil ote b deksa ot ngissa na daernu retirw ot a ,txetnoc ,ronp erhaps, to one of the centuries be neewt recuahC dna eht .tneserp ‘ woH ynam sdnasuoht reven draeh eht fO/eman yendiS ro fo ,recnepS ro rieht!skoob ’ , etorw eht nahtebazilE teop leumaS. leinaD sihT yrotsih sreffo a pam ot eht sdnasuoht fo elpoep ohw ydutsnE hsilg .yadot ytisrevinU stneduts fo hsilgnE ohw etirw nia lanif maxe ‘ selrahC snekciD saw nahtneethgie - yrutnectsilevon ’ could be better in .demrof A redaer fo siht koob lliw niaga , fsotsisn oecrutaret ihlsilg ntEa hfewosnes [p. 2] fo sti ;stnetnocht ne fo woh siht rohtua ro txet setaler ot ,taht yllacigolonorhc dna ni rehto .syaw ehT pam si osla a, yenruoj gnidroffa gnignahc sevitcepsrep no ehtaler snoit fo gnitirw ot sti ,semit fo eno yraretil krow ot ,rehtona dna fo eht tneserp ot eht .tsap trapAf mor eht serusaelp fo yrevocsid dna ,nosirapmoc yraretil yrotsih sretsof a esnes fo noitroporp hcihw stupe ht present in perspective. What ’ s included? ehT nairotsih fo a erutaretil seirt ot od ecitsuj ot eht taerg sgniht ni sti ,noitidart elihw gniwonktteb re naht tsom tahtl acissalc sutats si deriuqca dna nac .edaf sA rof yraretil sutats ,flesti ti si raelc morf Beowulf taht yrteop dah a hgih ecalp ni eht tseilrae hsilgnE dlrow taht ew nac wonk .tuoba ehT tsrif lamrof noitressa fo eht lacissalc laitnetopfo gnitirw ni a nredomn aeporuE ralucanrev saw edam tuoba 7031 yb eht nailatI teop .etnaD hcuS a mialc saw edam rof hsilgnE yb pilihP yendiS ni sih Defence of Poetry (1579), answering an attack on the theatre. Puritans closed the public theatres in 1642. Aft re yeht erew denepoern i ,0661 erutaretil emac ot ekat a lartnec elor ni hsilgnE .noitazilivic morF ,0081 citnamoR steop edam yrev taerg smialc rofe ht e ctr eeaofdehoirtsGg neorluatar ehtsiil l yeg sdmnonuaEtatcisro tyeclhiltVaut n.ey vreE tufelooapv .emoR erutaretiL sah osla dah sti .seimene ehT ylrae keerGretirw - philosopher Plato (c.429 - 743 ,)CB ni gninnab steop morfs ih yranigami laedi ,cilbupeR degdelwonkca rieht .rewop ehT hsilgnE snatiruP fo eht ht71 ,yrutnec nehw yeht desolc eht, sertaeht edam a ralimis .tnemegdelwonkca retfA ,8691 emos hcnerF stsiroeht demialc taht scitirc erew erom tnatropmi naht. sretirw emoS nainrofilaC stneduts ,detsetorp ta tuoba eht emas ,emit taht daed etihw naeporuE selam erewrevo - represented in the canon. Tradition or canon? A nonac si a noitceles morf eht regral yraretil .noitidart ehT nredom hsilgnE yraretil noitidart seog kcab ot eht ht51, yrutnec nehw hsittocS steop dekovni a citeopidart noit htiw recuahC ta sti .daeh sA eht ecnassianeR tnew ,no siht noitidartsaw celebrated by Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Jonson, Milton and their successors. Tradition im plies participation and :noitacinummoc ti sworg dna ,sedaf gnignahc sti tcepsa yreve wef .snoitareneg nehW sralohcs tsrif dekool otni hsilgnE yraretil yrotsihni eht ht81 ,yrutnec yeht dnuof taht eht laveidem esahp saw regnorts dna regnol naht dah neeb .dezilaer nI ehth t91 .am anr adrhetgno retmsa cleeb v eo,hnytrutnec gnitirW dna erutaretil ,eunitnoc sa seod eht yduts fo .hsilgnE ecniS tuoba ,8691 ytisrevinugnE hsil stnemtrapede vah :deifisrevid yraretil noitidart sah ot dnetnoc htiw ygoloedi dna htiw hcraeser .stseretni rehtO gnitirw ni hsilgnE dahy daerla emoc :ni ,naciremA dewollof ta a ecnatsid yb eht gnitirw fo rehto remrof .seinoloc detcelgeN krow yb nemow sretirws aw .derevocnu gniwovasiD ,erutaretil ‘ larutlucseiduts ’ desserdda gnitirw fo lacigoloicos ro lacigolohcysp ,tseretnig nidulcni enizagam ,seirots gnisitrevda dna eht nettirwnu ‘ stxet ’ fo mlif dna .noisivelet laicepS sesruoc erew dereffo rofnoitces al stseretni - social, sexual or racial. The hierarchy of literary kinds saw osla :degnellahc yrteop dna amard dah gnol ogan eeb denioj yb ,noitcif neht emac levart ,gnitirw nehtnerdlihc ’ s ,skoob dna os .no teY eht yraretil yrogetac tonnac eby letinifni e xtended - tssr eue,bmhd teot o s fmekwioroeraonpb [p. 3] relegated - dna snoitseuq fo htrow tonnac eb derongi .yletinifedni etipseD ,egnellahc noitacifisrevid dna, noitadommocca railimaf seman era llits dnuof ta eht eroc fo tahw si deiduts ta ,loohcsloc egel dna .ytisrevinu stnedutS deen ot eb elba ott up esoht seman otni na elbigilletni ,redro detaler ot yraretil dnanon - yraretil .yrotsih sihT ,koob gnieb a yrotsih fo ehtn eetriht et iglniv is latha hhwt ifwles tsinrecn o,cerutaret ihlsilg nfsEoeirutnec .laveid erymoraropmetn orcehte h,wtir eymrar seitiroirP hguohtlA siht yrotsih sekat ,sgniht os raf sa ti ,nac ni lacigolonorhc ,redro sti ytiroirp si yraretil rehtar naht. lacirotsih eraepsekahS etorw taht ‘ oS gnol sa nem nac daer dna seye nac oS/,eesnol g sevil ,siht dna siht sevig efil oteeht ’ . The belief taht erutaretil seviltuo eht secnatsmucric fo sti ,nigiro gnitanimulli sa eseht nac ,eb sediug eht .noitceles neB nosnoJ demialc fo eraepsekahS taht eh saw ‘ ton fo na ,ega tub rof llaemit ’ . This disti gnihsiugn citsiretcarahc si ta sddo htiwg nizicirotsih sehcaorppa hcihw evah thguos ot nruter erutaretil ot laicos ro lacitilop ,stxetnoc semitemos htiwretni gnitse .stluser sfeileB dna priorities apart, not many of these 190,000 words can be devoted to t eh stxetnoc fo esoht neetriht .seirutnec ehTy rassecen stxetnoc fo yraretil stxet era detacidni ,ylfeirb dna decalp ni na elbigilletni .ecneuqes lacitirC setabed eviecer emos, noitnem tub a noitadnuof yrotsih yam osla evah ot ezirammus eht yrots fo alevon . rehtonA ytiroirp si taht yraretil stxet dluohse b .detouq tuB eht emirp noitaredisnoc sah neeb taht eht skrow ylfeihc dessucsid dna detartsulli lliw eb eht retaerg skrowh cihw evah dethgiled ro degnellahc snoitareneg fo sredaer dna evah edam aecnereffid ot rieht ,gnikniht rieht snoitanigami ror ieht .sevil tuB ohw era eht rojam ?sretirw ehT yrotsih fo etsat swohs taht wef seman eranoivilbo - proof. In Western literature only esoht fo ,remoH etnaD dna eraepsekahS era ,detupsidnu dna rof sega eht tsrif owt erew tsol ot .weiv ,eriatloV gniK egroeG ,III oeL ,yotsloT .G .B wahS dna giwduL nietsnegttiW thguoht eraepsekahS .detarrevo teY reve ecnis eht sertaeht denepoern i 0661 eh sah dah ,secneidua sredaer dna .srednefed oS suounitnoc a emoclew sah ton neebevig n ot rehto hsilgnE ,sretirw neve .notliM sihT si ton esuaceb ti si erom nuf ot og ot eht ertaeht naht ot daer a ,koob tub esuaceb namuh setsat era. tnatsnocni mailliW ekalB dna .G .M snikpoH tnew dezingocernu gnirud rieht .sevil roN si noitingocernenamrep :t ohw wons daer maharbA ,yelwoC eht tsom demeetse teop fo eht ht71 ,yrutnec ro Sir Charles Grandison, eht tsom derimda levon fo eht ?ht81 ehT niatnuom egnar fo yrteop morf recuahC ot notliM ot htrowsdroW sah ton neeb dedore yb emit ro ,ecnatsid hguoht af orest fo noitcif sah nworg pu ni eht gninevret n.idnuorg esorP snoitatuper mees ssel :elbarud eht yrotsih fo lanoitcif dnanon - lanoitcif esorp swohs elohw sdnik gnisir dna .gnillaf ehT nomres saw a lufrewop dna ralupop mrof morf eht elddiM segA litnu eht1 ht9 .yrutnec nI eht ht81 yrutnec eht yasse emaceb ,ralupop tub sah .dedaf nI eht ht81 yrutnec ,osla eht ecnamor tsol dnuorg ote ht ,levon dna eht levon emaceb yhtrow fo lacitirc .noitnetta ylnO retfa 0661 did amard emoceb elbatcepser sa .erutaretil nIe ht ,s0891 elihw stsiroeht devorp taht srohtua erew ,tnavelerri yraretil yhpargoib .dehsiruolf sA rofnon - fiction, the Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded in 1950 to the philosopher Bertrand Russell and in 1953 to Winston Churchill as historian. Thereafter, non - lanoitcif gnitirw detfird tuo fo eht sucof fo ,erutaretil ro ta tsael fo sti lanoisseforp stneduts ni hsilgnE stnemtrapedn i .sdn uyorrag rs eynt aoi,twl soleinash rts etovptemr e eteewmt rrooa.eansnhiTatirB [p. 4] ?erutareti ls itahW tahW si tiht ta seifilauq a eceip fo gnitirw sa ?erutaretil erehT si on deerga rewsna ot siht ;noitseuq a gnikrow noitinifeds i proposed in the next paragraph. Dr Johnson thought that if a work was read a hundred years after it had appeared, it had stood eht tset foit .em sihT sah eht tirem fo .yticilpmis hguohtlA elbaruovaf ,laicos larutluc dna cimedaca srotcaf yalp rieht strapn i eht tcaf taht remoH sah detsalytnewt - neves ,seirutnec a krow tsum evah lausunu stirem ot eviltuo eht txetnoc ni hcihwt i appeared, however lativ sti snoitaler ot taht txetnoc ecno .erew ehT stxetnoc deilppus yb sralohcs — literary, biographical and lacirotsih ton( ot noitnem )laciteroeht — .txetn osc tnia hetr osmyaw l sa,ine h,ttx eytraret i.Alyr adv neagna hc sihT si a yrotsih fo autaretil ,er ton na noitcudortni ot yraretil ,seiduts ron a yrotsih fo yraretil .thguoht tI seirt ot kcitso t gnisu siht nehctik noitinifed sa a elpmis :elur taht eht tirem fo a eceip fo gnitirw seil ni sti noitanibmoc fo yraretil trad na nam u.htseretni A krow fo hgih tra hcihw skcal namuh tseretni .seid roF sti namuh tseretni ot tsal - dna nsatmsu ehergentanhic - eht egaugnal fo a krow sah ot evah ,efil dna sti mrof sah ot .esaelp ,yldettimdA hcus seitilauq fo egaugnal dna mrof era reisae to recognize than to def .eni noitingoceR spoleved htiw gnidaer dna htiw eht gninehtgnerts fo eht lacirotsih noitanigami dnaf o citehtsea dna lacitirc .tnemegduj oN rehtruf noitinifed fo erutaretil si ,detpmetta hguoht tahw sah neeb dias evobat uoba larutluc` ,'seiduts cimedacalp msilaru dna pihsnasitrap swohs taht ehtseuq noit si llits .detatiga nI ,ecitcarp hguoht eht eroc sah been attacked, loosened and added to, it has not been abandoned. nI yraretil dna larutluc ,snoitagitsevni eht noitseuq fo yraretil tirem nac eb tsomladni yletinife .denoptsop tuB ni siht koob ti si demussa taht ereht era sredro fo tirem dna fo ,edutingam drah hguoht ti yam eb ot eerga no .sesac tI dluow eb ,riafnur of ,elpmaxe ot eht ytilauq fo a retirw hcus sa ynnaF yenruB ro srM lleksaG ot dneterp tahtht e krow fo a yraropmetnoct silevon hcus sa taP rekraB si fo lauqe .tirem tI dluow eb drah ot niatniam taht eht citnamoR srM aicileF snameH saw sa doog a teop sa ylimE .ëtnorB dnA hcus laiceps gnidaelp dluow eb neve erom tsujnu ot enaJ netsuA ro ot nailuJfo Norwich, practitioners emerpus ni rieht ,tra sseldrager fo xes ro .doirep tI si yrassecen ot.etanimircsid ehT elacsemit fo siht yrotsih sdnetxe morf eht emit nehw hsilgnE gnitirw ,snigeb erofeb eht raey ,086 ot eht tneserp, yad hguoht eht yraretilrotsih y fo eht tsal ytriht sraey nac ylno eb .lanoisivorp ehT tsrif nwonk teop ni hsilgnE saw tony erffoeG Chaucer, who died in 1400, but Cædmon, who died before 700. A one - emulosvih yrot fo os egral a yrotirret si ton a yevrus tub a series of maps and projecti ons. These projections, however clear, do not tell the whole story. Authors have to be selected, and rieht feihc skrow .nesohc fI eht noissucsid si ot teg dnoyeb lacitirc ,seiranimilerp srohtua sa taerg sa nahtanoJ tfiwS yame b represented by a single book . flaH foeraepsekahS ’ s syalp og dessucsidnu ,ereh hguoht ,ydemoc yrotsih dna ydegarte ra .evitc et tlasriehiestbme mdelru okhoso bystr axoaet tss i i ehohsshtruwed a.edRelpmas Language change sA erutaretil si nettirw ,egaugnal eht etats fo ehtegaugnal syawla .srettam erehT erew ruof seirutnec fo hsilgnEe rutaretil o elerghontfAeb -d nhat 2e 1hnntiia gdaegre mt.eInetti rlwli ts sahwsilg n,Edenorht e.Dsnamr oe Nholttl emfodgn inkoxaS [p. 5] ht31 ,seirutnec gniniag ytirap htiw hcnerF dna nitaL niffoeG yerrecuahC ’ s .yad htiW ehtht61 - yrutnec ,noitamrofeR dnaa hcruhC fo dnalgnE rof eht wen roduTnoitan - ,etats hsilgnE werd daeha fo nitaL rof tsom .sesoprup hsilgnEe cnassianeR erutaretil emaceb ylsuoicsnoc .citoirtap nhoJ ,notliM ohw etorw esrev ni,nitaL keerG dna nailatI sa llew sa ,hsilgnE dleht aht .nemhsil g stnoisEt hreikf odposG hsilgn Eerutaretil si eht erutaretil fo eht hsilgnE sa llew sa erutaretil ni .hsilgnE teY notliM etorw eht lai cniofiftoacifitsuj fo eht noitucexe fo gniK selrahC I ni eht egaugnal fo suoires naepo r,unEoitacinummo c.nitaL rD nosnhoJ etorw esrev ni nitaL sa llew sa .hsilgnE tuB yb s'nosnhoJ htaed ni ,4871 hsitirB noisnapxe dah nekat hsilgnE dnuor eht .dlrow detacudE stcejbusf o Queen Victoria could read classical and other m nredo .segaugnal teY yb eht raey ,0002 sa hsilgnE emaceb eht s'dlrow ssenisub .yl nhosilg ndEa esrnacire md Anhasilg ndEetacu dtes o,megaugnal Other literatures in English ecniS - ta tsetal - eht htaed fo yrneH semaJ ni ,6191 snaciremA evah ton dehsiwieht r literature to be treated as part of the yrotsih fo hsilgnE .erutaretil tlaW namtihW dna ylimE nosnikciD era ton hsilgnE .steop roF snosaer fo lanoitan ,ytitnedi rehto xe - seinoloc leef eht .emas erehT era sniag dna sessol .ereh ehT hsilgnE evahetubirtnoc d rehtar a tol ot erutaretil ni ,hsilgnE tey a lanoitan yrotsih fo hsilgnE ,gnitirw sa siht won sah ot ,eb si ylno trap fo eht .yrots rehtO serutaretil ni ,hsilgnE hguohty eht evah erom naht egaugnal ni nommoc htiw hsilgnE ,gnitirw evah rieht nwoseirotsih . So it is that naturalized British subjects hcus sa eht eloP hpesoJ darnoC era ni seirotsih fo hsilgnE ,erutaretil tubnon - stirB era .ton woN taht hsilgnE si ad lrow ,egaugnal siht yrotsih sdeen ot eb detnemelppus yb stnuocca fo rehto serutaretil niilgnE ,hs dna yb evitarapmoc stnuocca fo eht dnik yltnecifingam fi yliria detpmetta yb droF xodaM ,droF ohw dellac flesmih ‘ na dlo nam dam tuobagnitirw ’ , ni sih The March of Literature: From Confucius to Modern Times (1938). ehT noisulcxe fonon - ,stirB hguohtu ,elbadiovan si a ytip - ro os ti smees ot eno ohw deiduts hsilgnE ta a emit nehwe ht ytilanoitan fo yrneH semaJ ro semaJ ecyoJ saw a ronim .noitaredisnoc nI niatirB ,yadotitlum - larutluc snoitaredisnoc ecneulfni ynatsrif - raey suballys delgna sdrawot ehtc .yraropmetno sihT ,emulov ,revewoh si ton a yevrus fotneserp - yad gnitirwn i ,hsilgnE tub a yrotsih fo hsilgnE .erutaretil ehT ,rohtua na namhsilgnE tnediser ni dnaltocS rof revo ytriht ,sraey si erawa taht a llew - vleairep mmie ens aeccarb mhesilg ntEnaem .niati rgBnivlo v neaidht inwe ehT noitpoda fo a lanoitan ,noiretirc revewoh ,elbadiovanu stneserp .seitluciffid ecniS eht gnimoc fo na hsirI eerF etatSn i ,2291 hsirI sretirw evah ton neeb ,hsitirB sselnu nrob ni nrehtroN .dnalerI tuB hsirI gnitirw nignE lish before 1922 is eligible: ,tfiwS ,yelekreB ,enretS ,htimsdloG ,ekruB ,htrowegdE staeY dna ;ecyoJ ton otnem tion drama. There are hard cases: the olgnA - hsirI leumaS ,ttekceB deksa yb a hcnerF tsilanruoj fi eh saw ,hsilgnE deilper ‘ Au contraire ’ . Born n ear Dublin in 1906, nehw dnalerI saw delur morf ,retsnimtseW ttekceB si ,elbigile dna sa sih ecneulfni degnahc hsilgnE ,amard eh si .ni oSs i rehtona renniw fo eht leboN ezirP rof ,erutaretiL sumaeS ,yenaeH hguoht eh sah gnol neeb a nezitic fo ehtcilbupeR of Ireland, ,dna nehw dedulcni ni na ygolohtna htiw ‘ British ’ in its title, protested: ‘ be advised/My passport ’ s oN/.neerg ssalg fo sruo saw ever raised/To toast The Queen ’ . Born in 1939 in Northern Ireland, he was educated at a Catholic school in that pa tr foe ht nmd eontedaau gQdneitKinU ’ .tsaf l,eyBtisrev isnU [p. 6] gnitirW read ni niatirB yadot semoceb reve erom ,lanoitanretni tub ti dluow evah neeb yllohw tnetsisnocni ot nodnabaa national criterion after an arbitrary date such as 1970. So the Bomba y - nrob hsitirB nezitic namlaS eidhsuR si ;elbigilee ht naidnI markiV hteS si .ton gnitirW ni hsilgnE morf eht detinU setatS dna rehto remrof seinoloc si .dedulcxe A yrev wefnon - hsilgnE sretirw ohw deyalp a trap ni hsilgnE erutaretil - hcus sa riS retlaWS ,ttoc a tocS ohw saw hsitirB tub ton hsilgnE - are ;dedulcni emos lanigram sesac era .degdelwonkca weF srohtua nac eb nevig ynalluf ssen fo ,noitnetta dna rewef, skoob hguohtla eht rojam skrow fo rojam srohtua dluohs dnif noitnem .ereh yraretiL tirem sah neeb ,dewollof ta eht ksir fo gnittespu partisans. ?erutareti lamar dsI amarD si :drawkwa trap ,ertaeht trap .erutaretil traP sgnoleb ot ertaeht ,yrotsih trap ot yraretil .yrotsih I evah derednero tnu raCæs esoht sgniht hcihw era .s’raCæs syalP evil nirep ,ecnamrof a tniop netfo tsol no esoht esohw gnidaer fo syalp si denifnoc ot esoht fo ,eraepsekahS hcihw daer yllausunu .llew nI tsom amard sdrow era a laicurc ,tnemele tub os oot era ,tolp, srotca ,tnemevom ,erutseg ,egats gnigats dna os .no nI emos,syalp sdrow yalp ylno a llams .trap ,esiwekiL ni citeop amard ton yreve enil sah tnedive yraretil .ytilauq gniK raeL syas ni sih tsal :enecs ‘ yarP uoy odnu taht.nottub ’ The request prompts an action; eht nottub ,enodnu raeL syas ‘ knahT ,uoy.ris ’ thgiE sdrowc etaer eerht serutseg fo citamard .tnemom ehT sdrow era ,thgir tub .e lys o aaah elwmhp ot dr ,nftfa ro eayrp eashntoi t ecmha otsref mroec wroipeht ylnO eht yraretil trap fo ,amard ,neht sraeppa .ereh tI si a trap hcihw ,sehsinimid rof eht yraretilnopmoc tne nih silgnE amard senilced retfa .eraepsekahS ehT ylnoht81 - yrutnec syalp daer yadot era ni ;esorp yeht evah tolp dna .tiw nI ehth t91 ,yrutnec ertaeht saw ,tnemniatretne dna citeop amard saw rehtegotla oot .citeop ehT hsilgnE ekat edirp ni eraepsekahS and erusaelp ni eht ,egats tey retfa 0661 eht tseb amard ni eht hsilgnE eugnot si yb :nemhsirI ,evergnoC ,htimsdloG, nadirehS ,wahS edliW dna.ttekceB Qualities and quantities ehT‘ tseb si eht ymene fo eht ’,doog dias .eriatloV sA eht ytitnauq forutaretil e sesaercni htiw eht ,seirutnec eht noiretircf o ytilauq semoceb erom .gnisserp ylralohcS yraretil ,yrotsih revewoh tcaxe sti ,dohtem slaed ylegral ni detpecca. snoitaulav eriatloV osla dias taht tneicna yrotsih si on erom naht na detpecca .noitcifraretiL y seirotsih fo eht tseilrae hsilgnEg nitirw eerga taht eht yrteop si retteb naht eht ,esorp dna ssucsid hcum eht emas .smeop retaL ti si erom ,detacilpmoc tubt on yllaitnesse .tnereffid hcuS stnemeerga dluohs eb ,degnellahc detcerroc dna ,detnemelppus tub ton yltnelis .dedragersid nIs iht ,esnes yraretil yrotsih silacitirc - ,lausnesnoc gnivired morf tahw nosnhoJ dellac ‘ eht nommoc tiusrup fo eurttnemegduj ’ .A literary historian who thought that Spenser, Dryden, Scott or Eliot (George or T. S.) were overrat de dluoc ton timo :mehte ht scope for personal opinion is limited. ehT seitiroirp fo a yrotsih nac semitemos eb decuded morf sti noitacolla fo .ecaps teY ecaps sah osla ot eb nevig ote ht yllacirotsih .citamotpmys ,suhT samohTyarG ’ s Elegy written in a Cou ntry Churchyard (1750) is treated at length because it swohs a yrutnec gninrut morf eht lareneg ot eht .lanosrep sihT seod ton naem taht eht Elegy si htrow erom naht eht elohwf o Old English prose or of Jacobean drama, which are [p. 7] ylirammus ,detaerto r naht levart ,gnitirw hcihw si ton detaert ta .lla ecapS si nevig ot recuahC dna ,notliM steope sohw ssentaerg si lacirotsih sa llew sa .lanosrep erehW ereht si on tnemeerga sa( tuoba s'ekalB retal ,)yrteop ro erehw al anosrep d a smsii h,tderef f sowieiv e clear. stxeT ehT tseb elbaliava stxet era .dewollof esehT yam ton eb eht tsal txet devorppa yb eht .rohtua eniL secnerefer era ton ,nevig rof snoitide .egnahc emoS ,seltit hcus sa Shak - espeares Sonnets, dna s’nedyrD Mac Flecknoe, peek rieht lanigiromrof ;s dna emos stxet era .dezinredomnu tuB tsom era dezinredom ni gnilleps dna detautcnuper yb rieht .srotide yteiraV ni detide stxets i ,elbadiovanu rofllew - detide stxet nac eb detide no selpicnirp hcihw reffid .ylediw sihT ycnetsisnocni si a doog ,gnihtna d .evitcu rytl s edndveili c utsaeoiarbhsbsompe Further reading stxe tyramirP .esr efsVoeigoloht nsA'llewkcalB .esr e fVsoeigoloht ndAetaton nsA'namgnoL . e sls coaaihsws anliCug n de,nPsat ehosPil gnniEugneP Oxford Books of Verse. drofxO dna egdirbmaCe ditions of Shakespeare. .scis ssa'ld Clsr'os WsyetriPsre vdirnoUfxO stxe tyradnoceS Drabble, M. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to English Literature, revd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). The dradnats krow fo.ecnerefer Rogers, P. (ed.). The Oxfo rd Illustrated History of English Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987; paperback, 1990). Well designed; each chapter is by an expert scholar. Jeffares, A. N. (general ed.). The Macmillan History of English Literature (1982 - )5 srevoc hsilgnEl erutareti ni 8. semulov ol g,nhAsitt orceS vsoecmu lroevhtO - n .a,sche isrdriu nertramIaeArhettoil The Cambridge Companions to Literature (1986 - ). Well edited. Each Companion sahyllaiceps - nettirw syasse ybg nidael scholars on several later periods and aut .sdr aewrnuotar ehtsiil l mdgsolnrrOEofh
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