Table Of Content

Paediatric Infectious Diseases A practical guide and cases Yhu-Chering Huang Ping-Ing Lee Po-Yen Chen Editors 123 Paediatric Infectious Diseases Yhu-Chering Huang Ping-Ing Lee • Po-Yen Chen Editors Paediatric Infectious Diseases A practical guide and cases Editors Yhu-Chering Huang Ping-Ing Lee Pediatrics Pediatrics Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, National Taiwan University Children’s Chang Gung University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taoyuan, Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan Po-Yen Chen Pediatrics Taichung Veterans General Hospital, National Chung Hsing University Taichung City, Taiwan ISBN 978-981-19-7275-1 ISBN 978-981-19-7276-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7276-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Infectious diseases are among the most common diseases making children seek medical care. Most pathogens of infectious diseases in pediatric patients are viruses and the illness is usually self-limited. However, certain infectious diseases may be severe and even fatal. Pediatric patients are also character- ized by uncertain subjective symptoms and obscure objective signs that may delay making a correct diagnosis. An early recognition of serious infections that need special management is crucial for managing pediatric patients with symptoms and signs of infection. Being pediatric infectious disease special- ists for more than 30 years, we have encountered many such conditions. To share our experiences with all readers, we collected and chose 50 cases from our careers of clinical practice and drafted them in this book, hoping to assist all physicians who are taking care of pediatric patients. We thank all the contributors who were committed to drafting manuscripts in this book. Without these commitments, we cannot complete this work. Lastly, we would like to show our greatest gratitude to all patients who have inspired us in the appropriate management of children with infectious diseases. Here, with these sharing experiences, we deeply hope that more and more clinicians can learn from you, making all children in the world more and more healthy. Taoyuan, Taiwan Yhu-Chering Huang Taipei, Taiwan Ping-Ing Lee Taichung, Taiwan Po-Yen Chen v Contents Part I Neonatal Infection Case 1. A 6-Day-Old Female Newborn with Fever and Decreased Appetite and Activity: Enteroviral Infection in Neonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Yhu-Chering Huang Case 2. 17-Day-Old Female Baby with Fever and Decreased Appetite and Activity: Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Neonates and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Yu-Yu Chuang and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 3. A Premature Newborn with Respiratory Distress and Poor Activity: Bacterial Meningitis in Neonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chen-Yen Kuo Part II Central Nervous System Infection Case 4. A 6-Year-Old Boy with Fever for 10 Days and Lethargy: Tuberculous Meningitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Ming-Han Tsai and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 5. A 2-Year-Old Girl with Fever, Lethargy, and Bilious Vomiting and Petechiae and Purpura: Meningococcal Meningitis and Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chien-Yu Lin and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 6. A 2-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease, and Myoclonic Jerk: Enterovirus A71 Infection . . . . . . . . . . 29 Kuan-Ying A. Huang Case 7. A 15-Year-Old Adolescent with Right Upper Limb Weakness Following Upper Respiratory Infection: Acute Flaccid Myelitis Caused by Enterovirus D68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Jainn-Jim Lin and Wing-Lung Cheng Case 8. A 7-Year-Old Girl with Acute Onset of Hallucinations and Unsteady Gait: Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy of Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Jainn-Jim Lin vii viii Contents Case 9. A 5-Year-Old Girl with Acute Onset of Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures for Ten Minutes: Mycoplasma Pneumoniae- Associated Encephalitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Jainn-Jim Lin Case 10. A 1-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Progressive Consciousness Change, and Seizure: Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Hao-Ting Hsu and Po-Yen Chen Part III Respiratory Tract Infection Case 11. A 14-Year-Old Boy with Nasal Congestion and Cough for Days Followed by a Tender Bulging Mass on the Forehead: Acute Bacterial Sinusitis and Associated Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Yi-Ching Chen and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 12. A 1-Year-3-Month-Old Boy with Cough, Rhinorrhea, Bilateral Eye Discharge, Fever, and Ear Discharge: Mastoiditis and Conjunctivitis-Otitis Media Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Ping-Ing Lee Case 13. A 3-Year-9-Month-Old Girl with Painful Swelling Over Left Face for 1 Week: Acute Parotitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Chih-Ho Chen Case 14. A 5-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Sore Throat, Odynophagia, and Torticollis: Deep Neck Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Ming-Ru Lin and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 15. A 5-Year-Old Boy with Fever and a Painful Enlarging Erythematous Left Neck Mass: Pyriform Sinus Fistula with Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Kuan-Ta Ho and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 16. A One-Month-Old Infant with Episodic Upward Gaze and Cyanotic Lips in 1 Day Following a 2-Day Cough: Pertussis with Encephalopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Chun Yi Lee and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 17. A 6-Year-Old Girl with Fever for 1 Week, Productive Cough, Running Nose, Decreased Appetite, and Activity: Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Due to Adenovirus . . . . . . 81 Ming-Ru Lin and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 18. A 9-Year-Old Girl with Fever, Cough Followed by Hemoptysis and Dyspnea: Severe Influenza Virus Infections . . . . 85 Tsung Hua Wu, Chun Yi Lee, and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 19. A One-Year-Old Girl with Fever, Cough, and Posttussive Vomiting: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Hsin Chi and Ping-Ing Lee Contents ix Case 20. A 4-Month-Old Male Infant with Dry Cough, Progressive Shortness of Breath: Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Ting-Yu Yen and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 21. A 4-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Aggravated Cough, and Persistent Abdominal Pain: Pneumonia Presenting as Acute Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Ping-Ing Lee Case 22. A 2-Year-Old Girl with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Followed by Thrombocytopenia and Anemia: Streptococcus pneumoniae Associated with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Wan-Chun Lai, Yu-Chia Hsieh, and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 23. A Cluster of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Two Siblings of School Age: Macrolide-Resistance Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Huei-Min Hung, Yu-Chia Hsieh, and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 24. A 13-Year-Old Girl with Fever for 13 Days and Cough and Dyspnea for 7 Days: Miliary Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Ping-Ing Lee Part IV Heart Infection Case 25. A 12-Year-Old Female Adolescent with Fever, Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Right-Hand Purpura, and Headache: Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Wan-Chun Lai and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 26. A 7-Year-Old Girl with General Weakness, Fatigue, and a Feeling of Discomfort Following Influenza: Influenza Associated Myocarditis and Pericarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Yi-Ching Chen and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 27. A 9-Year-Old Boy with Abdominal Pain, Vomiting, Lethargy, Headache, and Fever for 2 Days: Coxsackievirus Myocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Yi-Jung Chang Part V Gastrointestinal Tract Infection Case 28. A 14-Year-Old Male Adolescent with Progressive Lethargy, Nausea, Shortness of Breath, and Weight Loss: Liver Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Pai-Jui Yeh and Hsun-Chin Chao Case 29. A 5-Month-Old Female Infant with Fever, Lethargy, Bulging Anterior Fontanelle Following Acute Gastroenteritis 2 Weeks Ago: Nontyphoidal Salmonella Enterocolitis with Invasive Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Ming-Han Tsai and Yhu-Chering Huang x Contents Case 30. A 6-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Abdominal Pain, and Diarrhea Followed by Progressive Abdominal Distention: Salmonella Enterocolitis Complicated with Toxic Megacolon . . . . . . 157 Wei-Hsuan Lin and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 31. A 14-Year-Old Girl with Prolonged Fever: Typhoid Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Hao-Ting Hsu and Po-Yen Chen Case 32. A 10-Year-Old Girl with Progressive Abdominal Distension and Intermittent Fever for 2 Months: Abdominal Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Wah-Tin Tiew and Yhu-Chering Huang Part VI Urinary Tract Infection Case 33. An 8-Month-Old Female Infant with Fever and Pyuria: Acute Lobar Nephronia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Chi-Hui Cheng Case 34. A 2-Year-Old Girl with Fever for 2 Weeks despite Oral Antibiotic Therapy: Renal Abscess in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chi-Hui Cheng Part VII Bone and Joint Infection Case 35. An 11-Month-Old Infant with Limping Gait for 1 Week: Osteomyelitis Caused by Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Chih-Jung Chen Case 36. A 12-Year-Old Adolescent with Fever, Vomiting, General Skin Rash Following a Preceding Minor Trauma Over Left Hip: Disseminated Community- Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Yhu-Chering Huang Part VIII Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Case 37. A 4-Year-Old Boy with Left Leg Pain and Limping Gait Following Mucoid Diarrhea 2 Weeks Ago: Salmonella Pyomyositis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Ping-Ing Lee Part IX Other Specific Infection/Syndrome Case 38. A 6-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Sore Throat, and a Crusted Wound on the Left Flank: Scrub Typhus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Hsin Chi Contents xi Case 39. A 5-Month-Old Infant with Repeated Community- Acquired Pneumonia and Failure to Thrive: Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection . . . . . . 205 Wah Tin Tiew and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 40. A 6-Year-Old Girl with Fever and Neck Lymph Nodes Enlargement: Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Chih-Hsien Chuang Case 41. A 2-Year-Old with Fever, Progressive Lethargy and Skin Rash: Kawasaki Disease with Shock Syndrome . . . . . . . . . 215 Ching-Chia Kuo Case 42. A 6-Year-Old Girl with Fever, Sore Throat, Odynophagia, Dysphagia, and Cervical Mass: Lymph-Node- First Presentation Kawasaki Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Ming-Ru Lin and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 43. An 8-Year-Old with Fever, Headache, Muscle Ache, and Retro-Orbital Pain, Followed by Frequent Vomiting: Dengue Fever with Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Tzong-Shiann Ho and Ching-Chuan Liu Case 44. A 4-Year-Old Boy with Fever, Cough, Skin Rash, and Difficulty in Breathing: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Yu-Yu Chuang and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 45. A 4-Year-Old Boy with Fever, General Skin Rash, Vomiting, and Diarrhea, Following an Operation for Bone Fracture: Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Yu-Yu Chuang and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 46. A 3-Year-Old Girl with Fever and Pancytopenia: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Chih-Jung Chen and Yhu-Chering Huang Case 47. A 2-Month-Old Infant with Fever, Progressive Skin Rash and Eosinophilia: Drug-Induced Fever and Skin Rash in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Chun-Bing Chen, Hsi Yen, and Wen-Hung Chung Case 48. A 4-Month-Old Infant with Fever, Diarrhea, Followed by Abdominal Distention and an Ulcer-Like Skin Lesion: Community-Acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis (Shanghai Fever) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Chih-Hsien Chuang