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Paddlefish aquaculture PDF

318 Pages·2015·28.078 MB·English
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Paddlefish Aquaculture Paddlefish Aquaculture Edited by Steven D. Mims Department of Aquaculture (Emeritus), Kentucky State University Frankfort, Kentucky, USA and William L. Shelton Biology Department (Emeritus), University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma, USA Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per‐copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750‐8400, fax (978) 750‐4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748‐6011, fax (201) 748‐6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762‐2974, outside the United States at (317) 572‐3993 or fax (317) 572‐4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data: ISBN: 9780813810584 Cover image: Mississippi Paddlefish © mujdatuzel Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India Contents Contributors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 William L. Shelton and Steven D. Mims 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Fishery Overview 2 1.3 Overview of Natural Reproduction 5 1.4 International Regulating Factors 5 1.5 Why Culture Paddlefish? 6 References 6 Chapter 2 Biology 11 William L. Shelton 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Taxonomic Relationships 11 Taxonomic Hierarchy 11 2.3 Biogeography 12 2.3.1 Native Range 12 2.3.2 River Systems 12 2.3.3 Reservoir Systems 13 2.3.4 Non‐Native Introductions 14 2.3.5 Gene Pool 14 2.3.6 Habitat 17 2.4 Anatomy 17 2.4.1 General Anatomical Features 17 2.4.2 Rostrum or Paddle 20 2.4.3 Internal Anatomy 22 Skeleton 22 Gill Rakers 22 Digestive System 23 vi Contents Female Reproductive System – General 24 Ontogeny of the Ovary and Seasonal Oogenesis 25 Male Reproductive System – General 26 Ontogeny of the Testes and Seasonal Spermatogenesis 26 2.5 Physiology 28 2.5.1 Swimming Behavior 28 2.5.2 Stress Response 28 2.5.3 Ram Ventilation 29 2.5.4 Respiration 29 2.5.5 Water Temperature 30 2.5.6 Metabolism 30 2.5.7 Osmoregulation 32 2.5.8 Sensory (Eyes, Nares) 32 2.5.9 Electroreceptors 33 2.6 Reproductive Biology 34 2.6.1 Gonadal Development and Sex Determination 34 2.6.2 Reproduction 37 2.6.3 Sexual Maturity and Spawning Frequency 37 2.6.4 Pituitary Gland 38 2.6.5 Fecundity 39 2.6.6 Natural Spawning 40 2.6.7 Egg Maturation and Ovulation 40 2.6.8 Fertilization 42 2.6.9 Developmental Embryogeny 43 2.6.10 Developmental Rate (tau, τ) 44 0 2.6.11 Cleavage and Gastrulation 47 2.6.12 Organogenesis 48 2.6.13 Larvae and Juveniles 49 2.7 Ecology and Management of Natural Stocks 51 2.7.1 Food Habits 51 2.7.2 Growth – Juveniles 51 2.7.3 Age and Growth 53 2.7.4 Potential Fishery Yield 55 2.7.5 Sport Fishing 57 2.7.6 Commercial Fishing 58 2.8 Fish Culture 61 2.8.1 Domestic Culture for Stocking Programs 61 2.8.2 Foodfish Culture 62 2.9 Summary 63 References 63 Chapter 3 Propagation and Early Culture Techniques 77 Steven D. Mims and William L. Shelton 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Hatchery and Nursery Facilities 77 3.2.1 Location 77 3.2.2 Water Supply and Quality 77 3.2.3 Brood and Culture Tanks 79 3.3 Brooders 79 Contents vii 3.4 Induced Spawning 80 3.4.1 Brooder Selection by Egg Evaluation 80 3.4.2 Hormones and Injection Guidelines 81 3.5 Gamete Collection 86 3.5.1 Spermiating and Sperm Collection 86 3.5.2 Morphology and Characteristics of Paddlefish Milt and Spermatozoa 86 3.5.3 Sperm Cryopreservation 87 3.5.4 Ovulation and Egg Collection 90 3.6 Fertilization and Egg Incubation 92 3.7 Fry Hatching and Development 96 3.8 Sex Manipulation 97 3.8.1 Induced Meiotic Gynogenesis and Expected Sex Ratio 98 3.8.2 Sex Reversal 103 3.9 Shipment and Transport 106 3.10 Feeding 107 3.10.1 Critical Feeding Period 107 3.10.2 Daphnias as Live Food 108 3.10.3 Daphnia Morphology and Anatomy 109 3.10.4 Daphnia Reproduction 110 3.10.5 Environmental Factors for Daphnia Growth 111 3.10.6 Daphnia Cultivation and Harvest 111 3.10.7 Prepared Diets 111 3.11 Phase‐0, ‐I, and ‐II Paddlefish Culture 112 3.11.1 Phase‐I Culture 112 3.11.2 Phase‐I Pond Culture 112 3.11.3 Phase‐I Tank Culture 114 3.11.4 P hase‐I Comparison of Live Food Versus Prepared Diets 115 3.12 Phase‐II Culture Systems 117 3.12.1 Phase‐II Pond Culture 117 3.12.2 Phase‐II Pond Water Quality 117 3.12.3 Aquatic Weed Control 118 3.12.4 P hase‐II Tank Culture Using Decommissioned Wastewater Treatment Facilities 119 3.13 Summary 120 References 122 Chapter 4 Paddlefish Production for Meat and Caviar 129 Richard J. Onders and Steven D. Mims 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Polyculture 129 4.2.1 Open Pond System 129 4.2.2 In‐Pond Raceway System 130 4.3 Intensive Monoculture 132 4.4 Extensive Pen Culture 134 4.5 Reservoir Ranching 135 4.5.1 Private Reservoirs 136 viii Contents 4.5.2 Public Waters 138 Public Waters in China and the United States 138 Socio‐Political and Economic Considerations 139 Conflicts With Sport Fishing 141 Biological Considerations 142 4.5.3 Reservoir Ranching Study 142 4.5.4 Bioenergetics Modeling 143 4.5.5 Losses of Stocked Paddlefish 144 Predation 144 Escape of Stocked Paddlefish 148 Poaching 148 4.6 Summary 149 References 150 Chapter 5 Paddlefish: International Status 153 Steven D. Mims 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 International History 155 5.2.1 Introduction as a Foodfish 155 5.2.2 Paddlefish as an Ornamental Fish 156 5.3 Non‐US Countries with Paddlefish Aquaculture 157 5.3.1 Russia 157 5.3.2 Ukraine 157 5.3.3 Bulgaria 159 5.3.4 Czech Republic 160 5.3.5 Poland 160 5.3.6 China 160 5.4 Chinese Paddlefish 167 5.4.1 Life History 167 5.4.2 Descriptive Morphology 168 5.4.3 Feeding 168 5.4.4 Sexual Maturity and Spawning 168 5.4.5 Potential Propagation and Cultivation Techniques 169 5.4.6 Chinese Paddlefish Broodfish Exploration 171 5.5 Regulations and Permits 171 5.5.1 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 171 5.5.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 173 5.5.3 Lacey Act 174 5.5.4 Practical Examples of Lacey Act Violations 175 5.5.5 Conspiracy Act 176 5.6 Summary 176 References 177 Chapter 6 Paddlefish Food Products 179 Joshua L. Herring and Steven D. Mims 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Caviar 179

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