P XOIIAJI1R SUBNATIONALMN AIM THE XOHAJIR QAuxr XOVENEXT IN S13DH PROVINCE

601 Pages·2009·22.28 MB·English

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SUBNATIONALMN XOIIAJI1R AIM
THE XOHAJIR QAuxr XOVENEXT IN
S13DH PROVINCE, PAKISTAN
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
CAM
Julian Richards
SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE
A dissertation for the degree Doctor Philosophy in the
submitted of of
University
Cambridge.
of
September 1993
ILME:
Mr. Julian James Richards Department Geography
of
PhD DISSERTATION TITLE:
Mohajir Subnationalism the Mohajir Qaumi Movement in Sindh
and
Province, Pakistan
SUNKARY:
This dissertation the the XdbajJr
examines rise of
in Sindh Province, Pakistan. It focusses the
subnationalist movement on
Mohajir Qaumi Movement (Mohajir National Movement; MQM) the that
party
-
has constructed a version of a Xbbajir identity for political purposes.
The analysis begins the Muslim
with a critical examination of
in British India,
movement in the formation
which culminated of
Pakistan. The history
political Pakistan to 1993 is then
of up examined,
with particular reference to the development
of subnationalist
movements. There then follows a detailed appraisal of debates and
theories identity,
on ethnicity and nationalism.
The second section of the dissertation focusses on the Province
of Sindh in southern Pakistan. It introduces the research framework and
methodologies, and details the range of interviews conducted and
archival and other sources consulted. The section proper examines,
firstly, the diverse identities in Sindh
construction of community
Province, and, secondly, the MQM in terms of its political history,
patterns of mobilisation, internal structure and aims and rhetoric.
The third the dissertation is focussed on the city of
section of
how
Karachi; the heartland the MQM- I first examine and why
very much of
the MQM to be the dominant in the 1980s, and how it
came city's agency
"parallel local in Sindh- I then consider the
ran a state" urban
disorder
relationship between Xdbajir subnationalism and violent civil
in Karachi Hyderabad. This in turn highlights
and analysis certain
in the of the MQM. These
contradictions policies and activities
length in
contradictions are explored at a concluding chapter which
considers the rise and fall of the MQM in the wider context of state-
formation in developing
postcolonial countries.
Thanks to the helped in the both in
go all people who research,
Pakistan Britain, too to individually.
and who are numerous mention
Special thanks to the the Quaid-i Azam Academy the
go staff of and
"Dawn" in Karachi, the "Nation" "Viewpoint"
newspaper archives and
in Lahore, Shahani, Sanaullah, Tanvir, Saeed, Mirza,
archives messrs.
Rehman, Majeed know they but to be
and others who who are asked not
named.
Thanks to the YMCA in Karachi, Pakistan
must also go
International Airways, helped directly
and everyone else who or
otherwise in the mechanics of fieldwork. Obviously, thanks go also to
the workers and leaders of the MQM and the PPP, who took me into their
time.
confidence and gave so much
Particular mention must be made of the Department of Geography,
Sidney Sussex College, the Smuts Memorial Fund (all at Cambridge) and
the Developing Areas Research Group, helped financially
all of whom and
otherwise.
Finally, thanks to Cathrin, Dr. Stuart Corbridge, to
special
family friends, to the in Pakistan, this
and and all people who made
but immensely Needless to
research not only possible, rewarding. say,
the for in this
none of above are responsible any shortcomings
dissertation, is the includes
which result of my own work and nothing
is the in
which outcome of work undertaken collaboration.
i.
.
NOTE:
"State" (upper case) will be used in the text to denote the
national
"state" (lower
unit, or country, while case) refers to the
system of
government.
Nobajir will be italicised throughout, it is identity in
as a contentious
Pakistan, is
and not accepted by
as such many people.
Ji.
1. Introduction 1
SECTION ONE; ISLAX, HATIONALISX AND EDENTITY IN PAKISTAN
2. Muslim Nationalism the Sbaping Fakistan 13
and
of
2.1 Introduction
13
2.2 Muslim Subnationalism
in India 14
2.3 The Emergence
Pakistan
23
of
2.4 The Experience Pakistan 47
of
2.5 Conclusions
76
3. Islam, Etbnic Identity Nationalism 82
and
3.1 Introduction 82
84
3.2 Ethnicity Identity
and
3.3 The State Nationalism in Post-Colonial Societies 104
and
119
3.4 Conclusions
SECTION TVO: XO1lAJIR IDENTITY, THE XQK, AND POLITICAL XOBILISATION jig
SINDH PROVINCE
4. Community Identities in Sindh Province 124
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 Methodology 129
4.3 Sindhi Identity 148
dii.
4.4 Funjabis, Pakhtuns and Other Identities 166
185
4.5 Nobajir Identity
221
4.6 Conclusions
230
5. Nohajir Political Nobilisation
230
5.1 Introduction
234
5.2 Methodology
236
5.3 History Nohajir Nationalism
of
5.4 Policy Ideology the MQM 295
and of
5.5 MQM Internal Structure 317
-
5.6 Conclusions 332
SECTION THREE: XOHAJIRS AIM SPACE: URBAXISX, VIOLENCE AND THE STATE
343
6. The Mobajir Movement Karachi
and
343
6.1 Introduction
347
6.2 Methodology
354
6.3 The City Karachi
of
389
6.4 The Local State in Karachi
413
6.5 Ethnic Polarisation
421
6.6 Conclusions
7. The Nobajir Movement, the MQX and Urban Violence In Sindh 432
7.1 Introduction 432
7.2 Methodology 435
7.3 Urban Violence Issues and Debates 439
-
Chronology Civil Disorder in Karachi 458
7.4 of
1v.
.
Violence 488
7.5 Xodes
of
504
7.6 Conclusions
FOUR: AND OVERVIEW FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
SECTION
513
8. Conclusions
APPEIFDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix 1: British Government travel 524
warnings
Appendix 2: Text the "aide 528
of memoirell
Appendix 3: Newspaper interview 530
reports of
531
Appendix 4: Questionnaire for Domicile Certificate
533
Appendix 5: Karachi Declaration, 1 December 1988
545
Appendix 6: MQM Negotiating 27 November 1988
points,
20 November 1988 550
Appendix 7: The MQK Charter Resolution,
of
555
Bibliography
of secondary sources
v.
.
A.
F6HANISTAN
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Arabian Bay
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CEYLON/
SRI LANKA
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500
miles
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Figure 1.1: Pakistan Independence
at
c
C. I. S.
1-
KASHMIR
'
I.
(
1.
ýIamabad
P6shawar
mRawalpinp----,,
(
:
Lahore
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) .........
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/ Quetta
PUNJAB
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-
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BALUCHISTAN Delhi
/N.
.... m:
: I--
f
Sukkur
SINDH--ý INDIA
/
Hyderabad")
Karachi
Now Line
of control
Arabian
0
300
miles
Sea
km 300
Figure 1.2: Pakistan, 1993
On 15 August 1947, the Partition India into the two
of new
States India Pakistan In Bengal
of and was officially completed.
Punjab the that the
and murders and abductions accompanied
Partition deep-rooted division, the
suggested a and peoples of
Pakistan, especially, have continued to live with a legacy of
uneven economic development fierce In
and subnational rivalries.
many respects, the making of Pakistan has exemplified, and
continues to exemplify, the that face
problems so many post-
in transition.
colonial states
The main tasks that have faced postcolonial countries have
been two-f old: on the one hand economic development, on the other
hand
nation-building. In Pakistan, economic performance since
immediately
Independence has but in the years
shown some progress,
invasion
following 1947 the helped by a continuing
country was not
from India and by the prior
of political and economic refugees
the Pakistan to British colonial interests.
orientation of economy
Pakistan lacked infrastructure at is birth.
effectively an economic
Pakistan from
In terms of nation-building also, started a weak
the
position. rhe very name of country was conceived as an acronym
Pakistan (two
the territories Assam
of supposed major of ot which -
Kashmir later fall India), be
and would within and as such might
-
seen as a lofty intellectual construction that failed to
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