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OXIDATIVE STRESS This page intentionally left blank OXIDATIVE STRESS ITS MECHANISMS AND IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE ONSET H I. Z AROLD ELIGER ZeligerResearch, LLCCapeElizabeth,ME,United States AcademicPress isanimprintofElsevier 125London Wall,London EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans, electronicor mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording,oranyinformation storageandretrieval system,without permissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission, further informationaboutthe Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontained initareprotected undercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnewresearch andexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatment maybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating and usingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation or methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhave aprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors, oreditors,assume any liabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence or otherwise,orfrom anyuseoroperation ofany methods,products,instructions, orideascontainedinthe materialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-91890-9 Forinformation onallAcademic Presspublications visitour website athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci Acquisitions Editor: KattieWashington EditorialProjectManager:MariaElaine D.Desamero ProductionProjectManager:Niranjan Bhaskaran CoverDesigner: VictoriaPearson TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Dedication To my wife Gail. Thank you for your questions whose answers made this book encouragement and for asking the difficult possible. v This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xiii 3.2 Particleandfibersourcesand content 29 3.3 Oxidativestress (OS) 29 I 3.4 Dust 33 References 34 Oxidative stress and disease 4. Air pollution and oxidative stress 1. Introduction 4.1 Introduction 37 1.1 Oxidativestress 3 4.2 Ambientairpollutants 37 1.2 Oxidativestress measuremnt 5 4.3 Confinedair pollutants 44 1.3 Majorbooktopics 5 4.4 Airpollutionandoxidativestress 44 References 5 References 46 2. Chemicals and chemical mixtures 5. Water and soil pollution 2.1 Historical perspective 7 5.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Chemicalcharacteristicseoctanol: water 5.2 Waterpolluting chemicals 47 partition coefficients 10 5.3 Chemicalreactionsingroundwater 56 2.3 Lipophilicorganicchemicals 11 5.4 Disinfectionbye-products 64 2.4 Hydrophilicorganiccompounds 11 5.5 Soilpollution 65 2.5 Metals 13 5.6 Plantabsorptionofsoiltoxins and 2.6 Nonmetallicinorganicchemicals 14 bioacculation 65 2.7 Chemicalmixtures 15 5.7 Effectsofmixtures 66 2.8 Traditional toxicology 16 5.8 Oxidativestress frompollutedwaterand 2.9 Chemicalmixtures 17 soil 67 2.10 Unanticipatedeffects of References 68 mixtures 19 2.11 Lipophileehydrophilemixtures 21 6. Alcohol 2.12 Lipophileelipophilemixtures 21 2.13 Sequentialabsorption 21 6.1 Introduction 71 2.14 Diseasescausedbychemicals 24 6.2 Effectofalcoholonnutrients and 2.15 Chemicallycauseddisease andoxidative pharmaceuticals 72 stress 26 6.3 Effectofalcoholontoxicities ofother References 26 chemicals 72 6.4 Alcoholmetabolism 73 3. Particles and fibers 6.5 Alcoholandoxidativestress 74 References 75 3.1 Introduction 29 vii viii CONTENTS 7. Tobacco 10.12 Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs) in food 121 7.1 Tobaccotoxicity:introduction 77 10.13 Chemicalsinfoodpackaging 121 7.2 Tobaccoandcancer 78 10.14 Irradiated food 127 7.3 Tobaccosmokeanddisease rate synergism 78 10.15 Chemicalpreservatives infood 128 7.4 Tobaccoandoxidativestress 84 10.16 Foodchemicals andoxidative 7.5 Electroniccigarettes 84 stress 128 References 85 10.17 Dietarychoicesandoxidativestress 128 References 131 8. Electromagnetic radiation 11. Sleep deprivation 8.1 Introduction 87 8.2 Theelectromagneticspectrum 87 11.1 Introduction 137 8.3 Ionizingradiation 88 11.2 Temperatureextremes 137 8.4 Ionizingradiation andchemical 11.3 Sleepapnea 138 mixtures 89 11.4 Circadiancycleinterruption 139 8.5 Ultraviolet radiation 89 11.5 Prevalenthealthconditionsandlifestyle 8.6 Ultraviolet radiation andtoxic chemical choices 139 mixtures 90 11.6 Sleepdeprivationandoxidativestress 139 8.7 Nonionizingradiation 92 References 140 8.8 Visiblelight radiation 95 12. Pharmaceuticals 8.9 Radiationandoxidative stress 95 References 96 12.1 Introduction 143 9. Inflammation 12.2 Pharmaceuticaluse 143 12.3 Pharmaceuticaladversedrugreactions 144 9.1 Introduction 101 12.4 Excipientsinpharmaceuticals 146 9.2 Acuteinflammation 101 12.5 Pharmaceuticalsandoxidativestress 150 9.3 Chronicinflammation 102 References 150 9.4 Inflammation andoxidative stress 106 13. Psychological stress References 107 10. Food 13.1 Introduction 153 13.2 Chronicstress anddisease 154 10.1 Introduction 111 13.3 Psychologicalstress andoxidative stress 157 10.2 Uptakefromsoilandplantsurfaces 111 References 157 10.3 Animalingestion 112 14. Genetics and epigenetics 10.4 Persistentorganicpollutants (POPs) 112 10.5 Mercuryinfood 113 10.6 Foodpreparation. Deliberate incorporationof 14.1 Introduction 159 additivechemicals into food 114 14.2 Genetics 159 10.7 Chemicalimpurities in food-allowable 14.3 Epigenetics 161 xenobiotics 115 14.4 Chemicalenvironmentalandotherfactorsin 10.8 Allowablechemical impurities in food 115 epigeneticeffects 162 10.9 Artificialcolors 116 14.5 Roleofoxidative stressin geneticand 10.10 Flavorenhancers 120 epigeneticeffects 163 10.11 Estheticandstorageadditives 121 References 164 ix CONTENTS 15. Aging 18.8 Diseasesassociatedwithfree radicals 220 18.9 Antioxidants 220 15.1 Introduction 167 18.10 Immunesystem andfreeradicals 220 15.2 Clinical conditionsassociated withaging 167 18.11 Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) 15.3 Loweringageofdisease onset 168 axis 223 15.4 Age-related disease andoxidative stress 168 18.12 Summary 225 15.5 Hallmarksofaging 170 References 225 15.6 Summary 173 References 173 II 16. Diseases and comorbidities Mechanisms of oxidative stress 16.1 Introduction 177 driven disease 16.2 Systems,organs, oxidativestress and disease 184 19. Aging mechanism 16.3 Diseasesassociatedwithoxidativestress 184 16.4 Multimorbidity 188 19.1 Introduction 229 16.5 Conclusion 190 19.2 Hallmarksofaging 229 References 190 19.3 Summary 234 References 235 17. Total oxidative stress and disease 20. Obesity 17.1 Introduction 195 17.2 Diseasesandoxidative stress 195 20.1 Introduction 239 17.3 Malondialdehydeas anindicatorofoxidative 20.2 Statistics 239 stress 195 20.3 Causesofobesity 240 17.4 Oxidativestress additivity- infectious 20.4 Biomarkersofobesity 240 disease 202 20.5 Comorbidities 240 17.5 Multimorbidity 202 20.6 Obesity,adiposetissue andchemical 17.6 Diseaseprevention strategies 203 toxicity 241 17.7 Obesity 205 20.7 Obesityandoxidativestress 244 17.8 Limitstooxidative stress-mediated disease 20.8 Psychologicalimpactofobesity 245 prevention 205 20.9 Summary 245 17.9 Diseaseonsetprediction 206 References 245 17.10 Conclusions 206 References 207 21. Cancer 18. Free radicals 21.1 Introduction 249 18.1 Introduction 211 21.2 HallmarksofcancerdHanahan and 18.2 Freeradical stability 212 Weinberg 252 18.3 TheFentonreaction 215 21.3 Otherhallmarks 254 18.4 Freeradical reactionswithDNA 217 21.4 Cancerinitiation promotionand 18.5 Freeradical reactionswith progression 256 proteins 217 21.5 Exogenouscarcinogens 258 18.6 Freeradical reactionswithlipids 219 21.6 Metals,metalloidsandcancer 260 18.7 Freeradical signaling 220 21.7 Foodandcancer 260