Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy

422 Pages·2011·14.28 MB·English

by  Silvana Andreescu and Maria Hepel (Eds.)

1 Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics,
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In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
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In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
1083
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics,
Prevention, and Therapy
Silvana Andreescu, Editor
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0 Clarkson University
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acs.or11-10 Maria Hepel, Editor
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AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC
DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.
In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
1
0
0 Oxidativestress:diagnostics,prevention,andtherapy/SilvanaAndreescu,MariaHepel,
w
cs.org 1-1083.f edInitcoplru.[dsce]ms;.bs-pi-bo(lniAosCogrrSeadpshybimycaptlhoreseiAfuemCreSnsecDreiisevsaisn;id1o0nin8od3fe)Ax.nalyticalChemistry.
bs.a201 ISBN978-0-8412-2683-8(acid-freepaper) 1. Oxidativestress--Physiologicaleffect.
2012 | http://puoi: 10.1021/bk- D26R.i1vBA6is1n.i37oti′0n9o.-xOo-idfd9cAa42n3n3tas2.l0y1It.i1cAanldCrheeemscius,trSyi.lvan2a0.1I1I.0H42ep4e9l9,Maria.III.AmericanChemicalSociety.
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35.42 on mber 17, ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational
y 89.163.b): Nove SAtNanSdIaZrd39fo.4r8Inn1f9o8rm4.ation Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
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In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of
the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare
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00 developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of
w
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cs.or1-10 Beforeagreeingtopublishabook,theproposedtableofcontentsisreviewed
a1
bs.20 forappropriateandcomprehensivecoverageandforinteresttotheaudience. Some
2012 | http://puoi: 10.1021/bk- capaodnamdpdeempdrsr.aemnDhuearsnaycsfrtibsivepeotensfxecacshrsleua.pdpterWeedrpshtaoearnrebedeaptpiteneperrcrof-aoprmecrviueairsteaetw-,hreeeodavbdpeoyrrovifkoio;errwomtothaofietr.nrsainlmtaracoycdebupecttaaondrcydeecdohrtaorpetpjeerrcostvioiadrnee,
ne 3, 11 | d As a rule, only original research papers and original review papers are
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In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
Preface
Oxidative stress is a state where a biological system has a diminished
capacity to counteract an overproduction or invasion of reactive oxygen species
andotherradicals. Thisbookpresentsrecentachievementsintheunderstanding
of oxidative stress, the mechanisms of damage to cells, DNA and proteins,
1
0 and involvement in premature aging and major diseases, including cancer,
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acs.or11-10 icnomdpiareghneonsstiicvse soofurocxeidoaftivinefosrmtreastsio,ninpcrlouvdiidnigngnsoovmele mofetthhoedslatefostr ddireetecctitoinngs
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htt10 The book covers topics beginning from general effects of oxidative stress
2 | 10. onhumanhealthandtheroleofantioxidants,throughtheimportantproblemsof
ne 3, 20111 | doi: doicsceuarsreinpgreavnetniotixoindaanntds,trseyastmtemenitc, idnecfleundsiensg manedchraendiosmxshoofmaecotsiotansios,f naarttuifiraclilayl
Ju20 nanoparticle antioxidants and treatment of neurological diseases associated with
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wnloan Dat pchroatpetienrsindteesraccritbioenasn.alytical methodologies for the detection of free radicals and
Doatio This work showcases new investigations and discoveries made in research
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diseasepreventionandtherapy. Forscientistsandpractitionersalreadyinvolved
in this field we aim to provide a wealth of information on the most recent
achievements and new insights to the broad subject matter of oxidative stress,
e.g. detection of biomarkers, mutagenesis and progressive damage to DNA,
proteins and lipids, mechanism of free radical reactions, redox regulation in
biologicalsystems,andnovelantioxidanttherapiesforthetreatmentofoxidative
stress diseases. Since this field is rapidly expanding, with new discoveries of
implications of oxidative stress in many common diseases being reported every
year,wehopethatawideaudiencewillfindthisbookusefulasadatabaseanda
collectionofconceptsandideastobuildoninfurtherstudies.
ix
In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
SilvanaAndreescu
ClarksonUniversity
Potsdam, NY
MariaHepel
StateUniversityofNewYorkatPotsdam
Potsdam, NY
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In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
Chapter 1
The Role of Antioxidants in Human Health
Saikat Sen* and Raja Chakraborty
CreativeEducationalSociety’sCollegeofPharmacy,Kurnool,Andhra
1
00 Pradesh-518218,India
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acs.or11-10
p://pubs.21/bk-20 Recent development in medicinal field reports a number of
htt10 diseaseassociatedwithfreeradicals. Theriskofdiseasesdueto
2 | 10. oxidativestressiscompoundedbyunhealthylifestyle,exposure
201oi: of chemicals, pollution, cigarette smoking, drugs, illness, and
ne 3, 11 | d stressetc. Antioxidantsarethesubstanceswhichcanscavenge
Ju20 free radicals and help to decrease the incidence of oxidative
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Doatio
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Oxygen is an indispensable element for life. Oxidative property of oxygen
playsavitalroleinvariousbiologicalphenomena;beingessentialforlife,oxygen
canalsoaggravatethedamagewithinthecellbyoxidativeevents. Oxygenisused
by the cell to generate energy and free radicals are formed as a consequence of
ATP(adenosinetriphosphate)productionbythemitochondria. Reactiveoxygen
species(ROS)andreactivenitrogenspecies(RNS)aretheby-productsresulting
fromthecellularredoxprocess. Thesereactivespeciesplayadualroleinhuman
asbothtoxicandbeneficialcompounds. Thedelicatebalancebetweentheirtwo
opposite effects is undoubtedly a key aspect of life. At low or moderate levels,
reactivespeciesexertbeneficialeffectsoncellularredoxsignallingandimmune
function, but at high concentrations, they produce oxidative stress, a harmful
processthatcandamagecellfunctionandstructures(1,2).
©2011AmericanChemicalSociety
In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.
ThecausesofthetoxicpropertiesofoxygenwereobscurepriortoGershman’s
freeradicaltheory. WorldWarII(1939-1945)gaverisetothefieldoffreeradical
biochemistry. GershmanandGilbertspeculatedthatthelethalandtoxiceffectsof
ionizing radiation following the aftermath of Hiroshima and Nagasaki might be
duetocellularactionofROS.In1954Gershman’sfreeradicaltheorystatedthat
thetoxicityofoxygenisduetopartiallyreducedformsofoxygen. Inthesameyear,
Commoner,Townsend,andPakereportedaweakelectronparamagneticresonance
(EPR)signalattributabletothepresenceoffreeradicalsinavarietyoflyophilised
biologicalmaterials. SoonthereafterDenhamHarman(1956)exploredtheworld
of free radicals in biological systems and proposed the concept of free radicals
playingaroleintheageingprocess. Theseearlystudiestriggeredintenseresearch
intheareaoffreeradicalsinbiologicalsystemsfordecadestocome(3–5).
1 Free radicals induced oxidative stress is now believed to be a fundamental
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acs.or11-10 damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum health and wellbeing. It has
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Concept of Free Radical Biology
ROS and RNS are the by-products result from the cellular redox process
and are well documented for playing a dual role as both deleterious and
beneficial species. Though in normal physiological condition the generation of
reactive species are tightly regulated by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic
antioxidant, but overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, which is
importantmediatorofdamagetocellstructures,includinglipidsandmembranes,
proteins, andDNA(4, 9).
2
In Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; Andreescu, S., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2011.