Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols

319 Pages·2002·3.53 MB·English

by  Maria Giulia Battelli

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
and Antioxidant Protocols
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
Oxidative Stress
Biomarkers
and Antioxidant
Protocols
Edited by
Donald Armstrong
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
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Preface
The first protocols book, Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols (1) was
published in late 1998. Sections were divided into three parts, covering
selected biochemical techniques for measuring oxidative stress, antioxidant
(AOX) activity, and combined applications. In choosing the 40 methods to be
included in that book, I realized there were considerably more of equal value
than that which we could have presented in a single volume. To produce a
comprehensive resource, this book and a third are being compiled to expand
coverage of the field.
A summary of papers (2) published on this important subject emphasizes
the continuing rapid growth in oxidative stress investigations relating to our
understanding of biochemical reactions, their relevance to pathophysiological
mechanisms, how disease may arise, and how therapeutic intervention may be
achieved(3). Although there is some overlap between the categories, the analy-
sis shown below illustrates where current studies are concentrated and are
almost evenly distributed between free radicals and AOX. Over the last 4 yr,
there has been a 55% increase in the number of papers published in the area.
Table 1
Recent Citations of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1997 1998 1999 2000
Free radical mechanisms 60 72 75 92
Free radicals in disease 78 88 109 111
AOX mechanisms 87 91 150 160
AOX in disease 94 122 155 204
Applications for treatment 0 2 5 8
TOTAL 319 375 494 575
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols has added 33 more
high-tech methods written by 73 authors from prestigious universities/institutes
around the world, which together with our previous volume 108, provide a wide
range of procedures for evaluating perturbations in cell function resulting from
increased oxidative stress. Although primarily a reference for research, these
two books also provide easy-to-follow directions that make them readily adapt-
v
vi Preface
able for academic use as a laboratory manual for graduate students in the basic
sciences.
Of particular interest is the final chapter, which describes how the grouping
of data from more than two biomarkers can be used to derive an appropriate
statistical measure of change in the biological systems under study. The ability
to more accurately interpret oxidative stress results in terms of either free radicals
or AOX by using data from each to characterize laboratory or clinical observa-
tions, greatly enhances the value of this specific biostatistical approach.
I thank the Department of Small Animal Clinical Services, University of
Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Clinical Labo-
ratory Science, University at Buffalo for administrative support and facilities to
produce this book. Professor John Walker, the Methods in Molecular Biology™
Series Editor, was helpful in the review process. Linda Rose and Chris Armstrong
provided essential secretarial assistance and Aqeela Afzal compiled the litera-
ture search data shown in Table 1. I am indebted to authors in this volume and
colleagues who alerted me to other technologies that were ultimately included
to broaden its scope.
Donald Armstrong
References
1. Armstrong, D. (ed.) (1998) Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols, Methods in
Molecular Biology, vol. 108. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ.
2. Internet Grateful Med (2001).
3. Armstrong, D. (1994) Free Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine, Advances in Experi-
mental Medicine and Biology, vol. 366. Plenum Press, NY.
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................v
Contributors..................................................................................................xi
PART I. TECHNIQUES FOR FREE RADICAL DERIVED BIOMARKERS
1 Human Xanthine Oxidoreductase Determination by a Competitive
ELISA
Maria Giulia Battelli and Silvia Musiani.............................................. 3
2 Simultaneous Determination of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
and Corresponding Monohydroperoxy and Monohydroxy
Peroxidation Products by HPLC
Richard W. Browne and Donald Armstrong..................................... 13
3 Determination of Products of Lipid Oxidation
by Infrared Spectroscopy
Douglas Borchman and Santosh Sinha............................................ 21
4 Detection of Docosahexaenoic Acid Hydroperoxides in Retina
by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Guey-Shuang Wu and Narsing A. Rao....................................................29
5 Detection of Lipid Hydroperoxide-Derived Protein Modification
with Polyclonal Antibodies
Yoji Kato and Toshihiko Osawa......................................................... 37
6 Techniques for Determining the Metabolic Pathways of Eicosanoids
and for Evaluating the Rate-Controlling Enzymes
Ninder Panesar, Yashwant G. Deshpande,
and Donald L. Kaminski................................................................. 45
7 Mass Spectrometric Quantification of F -Isoprostanes as Indicators
2
of Oxidant Stress
Jason D. Morrow and L. Jackson Roberts, II................................... 57
8 Formation of Apolipoprotein AI-AII Heterodimers by Oxidation
of High-Density Lipoprotein
Audric S. Moses and Gordon A. Francis.......................................... 67
9 Detection of Certain Peroxynitrite-Induced DNA Modifications
Hiroshi Ohshima, László Virág, Jose Souza, Vladimir Yermilov,
Brigitte Pignatelli, Mitsuharu Masuda, and Csaba Szabó.......... 77
10 Hydroxyl and 1-Hydroxyethyl Radical Detection
by Spin Trapping and GC-MS
José A. Castro and Gerardo D. Castro............................................. 89
vii
viii Contents
11 Analysis of Aliphatic Amino Acid Alcohols in Oxidized Proteins
Bénédicte Morin, Shanlin Fu, Hongjie Wang,
Michael J. Davies, and Roger T. Dean........................................ 101
12 Rapid Determination of Glutamate Using HPLC Technology
Aqeela Afzal, Mohammed Afzal, Andrew Jones,
and Donald Armstrong................................................................. 111
13 A Rapid Method for the Quantification of GSH and GSSG
in Biological Samples
Mohammed Afzal, Aqeela Afzal, Andrew Jones,
and Donald Armstrong................................................................. 117
14 Protein Carbonyl Measurement by ELISA
I. Hendrikje Buss and Christine C. Winterbourn........................... 123
15 Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress
in Long-Lived Tissue Proteins
J. Nikki Shaw, John W. Baynes, and Suzanne R. Thorpe............ 129
16 Measurement of S-Glutathionated Hemoglobin
in Human Erythrocytes by Isoelectric Focusing Electrophoresis
Haw-Wen Chen and Chong-Kuei Lii................................................ 139
17 Oxidation of Cellular DNA Measured with the Comet Assay
Andrew R. Collins and Mária Dusˇ inská........................................... 147
18 Measurement of DNA Double-Strand Breaks with Giant DNA
and High Molecular-Weight DNA Fragments
by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
Yoshihiro Higuchi.............................................................................. 161
19 Evaluation of Antibodies Against Oxygen Free Radical-Modified
DNA by ELISA
Rashid Ali and Khurshid Alam......................................................... 171
P II. T A B
ART ECHNIQUES FOR NTIOXIDANT IOMARKERS
20 Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Redox-Active Metabolites
from Biological Matrices
Bruce S. Kristal, Karen Vigneau-Callahan,
and Wayne R. Matson.................................................................... 185
21 Determination of Uric Acid in Urine by Fast-Scan Voltammetry
(FSV) Using a Highly Activated Carbon Fiber Electrode
Roberto Bravo, Dawn M. Stickle, and Anna Brajter-Toth............. 195
22 Measurement of α-Tocopherol Turnover in Plasma
and in Lipoproteins Using Stable Isotopes and Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Elizabeth J. Parks.............................................................................. 209
Contents ix
23 Analysis of Tocotrienols in Different Sample Matrixes by HPLC
Kalyana Sundram and Rosnah Md. Nor.......................................... 221
24 Measurement of β-Carotene15,15'-Dioxygenase Activity
by Reverse-Phase HPLC
Alexandrine During, Akihiko Nagao,
and James Cecil Smith, Jr........................................................... 233
25 Ubiquinol/Ubiquinone Ratio as a Marker of Oxidative Stress
Yorihiro Yamamoto and Satoshi Yamashita.................................. 241
26 Catechol- and Pyrogallol-Type Flavonoids:
Analysis of Tea Catechins in Plasma
Keizo Umegaki, Mituaki Sano, and Isao Tomita............................ 247
27 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex as a Marker of Mitochondrial
Metabolism: Inhibition by 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal
Mulchand S. Patel and Lioubov G. Korotchkina........................... 255
28 Ceruloplasmin Detection by SDS-PAGE, Immunoblotting,
and In Situ Oxidase Activity
Leonard A. Levin................................................................................ 265
29 Metallothionein Determination by Isocratic HPLC
with Fluorescence Derivatization
Shinichi Miyairi and Akira Naganuma............................................. 273
30 Quantification of Oxidized Metallothionein by a Cd-Saturation Method
Dominik Klein, Uma Arora, Shin Sato, and Karl H. Summer........ 285
31 Fractionation of Herbal Medicine for Identifying Antioxidant Activity
Mohammed Afzal and Donald Armstrong...................................... 293
32 Designing Safer (Soft) Drugs by Avoiding the Formation of Toxic
and Oxidative Metabolites
Nicholas Bodor and Peter Buchwald.............................................. 301
33 Statistical Correction of the Area Under the ROC Curve
in the Presence of Random Measurement Error and Applications
to Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
Enrique F. Schisterman.................................................................... 313
Index ............................................................................................................ 319