oxidative stress and chronic degenerative diseases - a role for antioxidants

512 Pages·2013·12.32 MB·English

OXIDATIVE STRESS AND
CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE
DISEASES - A ROLE FOR
ANTIOXIDANTS
Edited by José A. Morales-González
Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45722
Edited by José A. Morales-González
Contributors
Maria De Lourdes Reis Giada, Nalini Rajamannan, Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez, Jose Luis Silencio-Barrita, Maria Del
Socorro Santiago Sanchez, María Del Carmen Valadez Vega, Luis Delgado Olivares, Maria Teresa Sumaya-Martínez,
Manuel Sánchez Gutierrez, Clara Zúñiga Pérez, José Roberto Villagomez Ibarra, Ernesto Alanís García, Zuli Calderon
Ramos, Esther Ramírez Moreno, Mirandeli Bautista, Borut Poljsak, Irina Milisav, Antonio Cilla, Eva María Molina-
Trinidad, Alejandro Chehue Romero, Elena Guadalupe Olvera Hernández, Telma Flores Cerón, Angelina Álvarez
Chávez, Tomas Alejandro Fregoso Aguilar, Jorge Alberto Mendoza Perez, Manuel Soriano, Claudia Calzada, Maria-
Luisa Lazo-De-La-Vega-Monroy, E. Osiris Madrigal-Santillan, Sandra Cruz, Karla Guadalupe Pérez-Avila, Mario Nava-
Villalba, Maribel Liñan-Fernández, Germán González-Pérez, Marco Torres-Carmona, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino, Jaime
Esquivel, Luis Hernández Mora, Delina Montes Sánchez, Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa, Jose Luis Ventura-Gallegos, María
De Lourdes Segura-Valdez, Luis F. Jiménez-García, Lourdes Teresa Agredano-Moreno, Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía,
Rogelio Jaime Fragoso-Soriano, Georgina Álvarez-Fernández, Alma Zamora-Cura, Reyna Lara-Martínez, Glenda Gobe,
David M Small
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First published May, 2013
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Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants, Edited by José A.
Morales-González
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Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Cell Biology, Chemical Free Radicals and Antioxidant
Defenses 1
Chapter 1 Cell Nanobiology 3
María de Lourdes Segura-Valdez, Lourdes T. Agredano-Moreno,
Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía, Rogelio Fragoso-Soriano, Georgina
Álvarez-Fernández, Alma Zamora-Cura, Reyna Lara-Martínez and
Luis F. Jiménez-García
Chapter 2 The Exogenous Antioxidants 33
Alejandro Chehue Romero, Elena G. Olvera Hernández, Telma
Flores Cerón and Angelina Álvarez Chávez
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Natural Antioxidants and Studies Performed with
Different Plants Collected in Mexico 59
Jorge Alberto Mendoza Pérez and Tomás Alejandro Fregoso
Aguilar
Chapter 4 Food Phenolic Compounds: Main Classes, Sources and Their
Antioxidant Power 87
Maria de Lourdes Reis Giada
Chapter 5 Geranium Species as Antioxidants 113
Mirandeli Bautista Ávila, Juan Antonio Gayosso de Lúcio, Nancy
Vargas Mendoza, Claudia Velázquez González, Minarda De la O
Arciniega and Georgina Almaguer Vargas
Contents VII
Chapter 6 Foods or Bioactive Constituents of Foods as Chemopreventives
in Cell Lines After Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion:
A Review 131
Antonio Cilla, Amparo Alegría, Reyes Barberá and María Jesús
Lagarda
Section 2 Cell Damage by Free Radicals - Oxidative Stress
in Disease 153
Chapter 7 The Chemoprevention of Chronic Degenerative Disease
Through Dietary Antioxidants: Progress, Promise and
Evidences 155
Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Sandra
Cruz-Jaime, María del Carmen Valadez-Vega, María Teresa Sumaya-
Martínez, Karla Guadalupe Pérez-Ávila and José Antonio Morales-
González
Chapter 8 Inflammatory Environmental, Oxidative Stress in Tumoral
Progression 187
César Esquivel-Chirino, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, José Antonio Morales-
González, Delina Montes Sánchez, Jose Luis Ventura-Gallegos, Luis
Enrique Hernández-Mora and Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa
Chapter 9 Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus and the Role Of Vitamins
with Antioxidant Actions 209
Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy and Cristina Fernández-Mejía
Chapter 10 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Therapy in Chronic Kidney
and Cardiovascular Disease 233
David M. Small and Glenda C. Gobe
Chapter 11 Role of Oxidative Stress in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: From
Bench to Bedside - The Role of a Stem Cell Niche 265
Nalini Rajamannan
Chapter 12 Menopause Induces Oxidative Stress 289
Claudia Camelia Calzada Mendoza and Carlos Alberto Jiménez
Zamarripa
Chapter 13 Oxidative Stress in Periodontal Disease and Oral Cancer 317
Mario Nava-Villalba, German González-Pérez, Maribel Liñan-
Fernández and Torres-Carmona Marco
VIII Contents
Section 3 Aging 329
Chapter 14 Aging, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants 331
B. Poljsak and I. Milisav
Section 4 Disease and Therapy - A Role for Antioxidants 355
Chapter 15 Disease and Therapy: A Role for Oxidants 357
Eva María Molina Trinidad, Sandra Luz de Ita Gutiérrez, Ana María
Téllez López and Marisela López Orozco
Chapter 16 The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Cancer Disease 391
Carmen Valadez-Vega, Luis Delgado-Olivares, José A. Morales
González, Ernesto Alanís García, José Roberto Villagomez Ibarra,
Esther Ramírez Moreno , Manuel Sánchez Gutiérrez, María Teresa
Sumaya Martínez, Zuñiga Pérez Clara and Zuli Calderón Ramos
Chapter 17 Emerging Role of Natural Antioxidants in Chronic Disease
Prevention with an Emphasis on Vitamin E and
Selenium 419
Manuel Soriano García
Chapter 18 Antioxidant Role of Ascorbic Acid and His Protective Effects on
Chronic Diseases 449
José Luis Silencio Barrita and María del Socorro Santiago Sánchez
Chapter 19 Protective Effect of Silymarin on Liver Damage by
Xenobiotics 485
José A. Morales-González, Evila Gayosso-Islas, Cecilia Sánchez-
Moreno, Carmen Valadez-Vega, Ángel Morales-González, Jaime
Esquivel-Soto, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino, Manuel García-Luna y
González-Rubio and Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
Preface
Aerobic organisms, such as humans, possess several metabolic pathways in the process of
obtaining energy, utilizing oxygen as final electron acceptor. Thus, this is indispensable for
the condition of life to exist. Paradoxically, under certain conditions in which reduction in‐
termediaries, mainly of oxygen, accumulate, Free radicals (FR) are produced, which are ca‐
pable of producing damage at a molecular level, which manifests in diverse chronic
pathologies.
Oxidative stress constitutes an alteration produced by disequilibrium between generation of
FR and the antioxidant system, which can lead to a damage state, in particular of the biomo‐
lecules. Due to the wide variety of reactions produced by FR, these are related with the de‐
velopment and evolution of diverse illnesses such as the chronic degenerative diseases, for
example, atherosclerotic disease, high blood pressure, renal disorders, and obesity, in which
FR plays a primordial role in the development of long-term complications of these illnesses.
Diet and nutrition are very important in the promotion and maintenance of health through‐
out life. For some time, the function has been recognized of diet and nutrition as determin‐
ing factors of non-transmittable diseases; thus, a healthy diet is one of the pillars of health
that has become consolidated in our lifestyle over the past several years. A search has been
conducted for all of the properties of foods that are beneficial in increasing or maintaining
our state of health. Likewise, there are natural and synthetic molecules that are capable of
inactivating FR; these FR scavengers are found classified in groups or families of com‐
pounds that are in general denominated “antioxidants”. The main objective of mechanisms
of defense is that of transforming FR into less-damaging products or to neutralize their ma‐
lignancy completely, performing this by means of a mechanism called redox potential,
through oxido-reduction reactions in which a reducer agent participates that donates elec‐
trons or through an oxidating agent that removes electrons from FR.
There are elements in the diet, in addition to their nutritional characteristics, in which the
property is recognized for being antioxidant agents. Among the many studied, we find vita‐
min C, vitamin E, vitamin D, vitamin A, some amino acids, the flavonoids, and some oli‐
goelements. All of these antioxidant elements represent an alternative for the treatment and
prevention of chronic degenerative diseases, which represent a very high morbid-mortality
rate, worldwide.
The work presented here responds to the need of finding, in a sole document, the effect of
oxidative stress at different levels, as well as treatment with antioxidants to revert and di‐
minish damage. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that the work will be published for
health professionals and researchers who are expert in the theme, and that it contains cur‐
rent, scientifically based information. Thus, I am convinced that the work carried out will be
X Preface
of utmost usefulness for the active health professional as well as for the health professional
in training, with the purpose of creating a novel panorama on study of the theme as well as
showing an alternative in the treatment of the chronic diseases that are affecting our popula‐
tion to such a great extent.
Therefore, the objective of this book is to understand the mechanism by which free radicals
contribute to the development of complications in chronic degenerative diseases. On knowing
how FR are generated, the interaction of FR with cells, and the reactions in which they are
involved, it will be possible to establish novel treatment alternatives, which could comprise
antioxidants, providing the scientific community with the opportunity to make their research‐
es known and enabling the readers to deepen or broaden their knowledge in this field.
Finally, I dedicate this book to Julia González-González, with all my love for your teachings
and example.
Prof. Dr. José Antonio Morales-González
Área Académica de Farmacia,
Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud,
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México