Oxidants and Antioxidants: Ultrastructural and Molecular Biology Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 196)

374 Pages·2002·7.84 MB·English

by  Donald Armstrong (Editor)

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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
Oxidants
and
Antioxidants
Ultrastructure and Molecular Biology
Protocols
Edited by
Donald Armstrong
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
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illustrates glucose-induced superoxide production in the islet of Langerhans from rat pancreas maintained
in culture. Superoxide was monitored in the dark by MCLA-dependent chemiluminescence as described in
Chapter 24 “Superoxide Production in the Islet of Langerhans Detected by the MCLA Chemiluminescence
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oxidants and Antioxidants: Ultrastructure and Molecular Biology/edited by Donald Armstrong.
p.cm.– (Methods in molecular biology; v. 196)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89603-851-3 (alk. paper)
1. Oxidation, Physiological–Laboratory manuals. 2. Antioxidants–Laboratory
manuals. I. Armstrong, Donald. II. Series.
RB170.O944 2002
616.07–dc21
2002017265
Preface
In our first protocols book, Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols (1), ref-
erence to in vivo, ex vivo, or in situtechniques were few compared to classical
biochemical assays and only 6 of the 40 chapters were concerned with these
applications. In our second book, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant
Protocols (2), which is being published concurrently with this third volume,
Oxidants and Antioxidants: Ultrastructure and Molecular Biology Protocols,
the number of such chapters has increased. Theliterature dealing with histochemi-
cal/cytochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and staining to identify
cellular/subcellular sites of oxidative stress has expanded rapidly, as has the
molecular biology methodology used to analyze free radical and antioxidant
(AOX) reactions, as well as the monitoring of living tissue.
A two-way search was performed for each technique listed in Table 1,
coupled with “oxidative stress” using the PUBMED search engine from the
National Library of Medicine at NIH. Most of the techniques involved in mea-
suring oxidative stress employ molecular biology or ultrastructural approaches.
Of these techniques, histology, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting
are the most widely used. Several forms of therapy are now available for
patients with increased oxidative stress. In addition to standard antioxidant
therapy supplementation in vivo and in vitro, photodynamic therapy (PDT)
employs excitation of a photon-emitting compound delivered systemically for
free radical-mediated necrosis of affected tissues, and stem cells are also being
used to induce signaling events or replace antioxidant enzymes.
From Table 1, one can appreciate how these various techniques have cur-
rently become valuable options for pathophysiological studies, especially in
ultrastructure. Treatment is another important category: in most instances these
are non-invasive. Consequently, this third volume in the series contains addi-
tional chapters written by authors who collectively provide 109 methods of
oxidative stress measurement across the three books.
Some of the procedures listed within this volume require sophisticated
instrumentation not generally found in the routine laboratory. However, some
devices are usually available somewhere in a given institution and collaboration
is often possible. Techniques introduced here alert the reader to the high level
that oxidative stress measurements have reached. Imaging techniques employ-
ing photon biotechnology, confocal microscopy, and photodynamic therapy have
been included in the present book chapters, a development that illustrates the
degree of sophistication available for study at the molecular level.
v
vi Preface
Table 1
Recent Citations of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
1997 1998 1999 2000
y Western blot 17 31 26 47
g
o Northern blot 21 23 29 21
ol
Bi Southern blot 5 4 4 4
r PCR 33 22 55 61
a
ul Differential display 5 9 7 6
c
e Mobility shift assay 8 14 16 14
ol
M In situ hybridization 21 12 18 26
e
ur Histology 87 91 150 160
t
c Intracellular 94 122 155 204
u
tr Cytology 431 523 641 820
s
a Immunohistochemistry 56 91 119 118
r
t
Ul
nt AOX therapy 121 158 209 288
e
m PDT 4 3 7 12
t
a Stem cells 24 44 50 66
e
r
T
I thank the Departments of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Science,
University at Buffalo and Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine for administrative support and facilities to
produce this book. Professor John Walker, the Methods in Molecular BiologyTM
Series Editor was helpful in the review process. Linda Rose and Chris
Armstrong provided essential secretarial assistance and Aqeela Afzal did the
literature search compiled in Table 1.
Donald Armstrong
References
1. Armstrong, D. (ed.) (1998) Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols, Methods in
Molecular Biology, vol. 108, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ.
2. Armstrong, D. (2002) Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols,
Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 186, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................v
Contributors..................................................................................................xi
PART I. TECHNIQUES FOR HISTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
1 Cytochemical Localization of H O in Biological Tissues
2 2
E. Ann Ellis and Maria B. Grant........................................................... 3
2 Localization of Intracellular Lipid Hydroperoxides Using
Tetramethylbenzidine Reaction for Transmission Electron
Microscopy
E. Ann Ellis, Shigehiro Iwabuchi, Don Samuelson,
and Donald Armstrong................................................................... 13
3 The Immunohistochemical Localization of Glutathione Peroxidase
Kiyoshi Akeo, Tadahisa Hiramitsu, and Keiichi Watanabe............ 19
4 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (4-HNE) Staining by Anti-HNE Antibody
Hideyuki J. Majima, Takako Nakanishi-Ueda,
and Toshihiko Ozawa...................................................................... 31
5 Immunohistochemical Detection of Protein Oxidation
Jürgen Frank, Alfonso Pompella, and Hans K. Biesalski.............. 35
6 Indirect Immunofluorescence Detection of Protein-Bound
4-Hydroxynonenal in Tissue Sections and Isolated Cells
Alfonso Pompella, Silvia Dominici, Jürgen Frank,
and Hans K. Biesalski..................................................................... 41
PART II. TECHNIQUES FOR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION
7 Methods for Studying the Binding of Advanced Glycated Proteins
to Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts
(AGE Receptors)
Paul J. Thornalley................................................................................49
8 Measurement of Blue Fluorescence as a Protein Marker for
Oxidized Membranes
Kiyomi Kikugawa................................................................................. 63
9 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Membrane Structure Changes
with Oxidative Stress
R. Preston Mason and Robert F. Jacob............................................69
10 Detection of Estrogen Receptor by In Situ Hybridization
Kaori Kobayashi and Hiroshi Kobayashi......................................... 79
vii
viii Contents
11 Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Quantification and Expression by In Situ
Hybridization
Tracey A. Ignatowski and Robert N. Spengler................................. 85
PART III. TECHNIQUES FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
12 Translocation of p47phox and Activation of NADPH Oxidase
in Mononuclear Cells
Ahmad Aljada, Husam Ghanim, and Paresh Dandona................... 99
13 Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) in Mononuclear Cells
(MNC)
Ahmad Aljada, Husam Ghanim, and Paresh Dandona................. 105
14 Assay of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide Generation in Activated
Individual Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry
Yoshikazu Ito and David A. Lipschitz............................................. 111
15 DNA-Binding Activity of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs)
Gieri Camenisch, Roland H. Wenger, and Max Gassmann.......... 117
16 Analysis of Heat-Shock Transcription Factor and Element-Binding
Activity
Yong J. Lee......................................................................................... 131
17 Slot-Blot Hybridization in Studying Gene Expression During
Oxygen Deprivation
Enbo Ma and Gabriel G. Haddad..................................................... 139
18 An Expression System for a Transporter of Iron and Other Metals
Michael D. Garrick and Kevin G. Dolan..........................................147
19 Analysis of Gene Expression Following Oxidative Stress
Dana R. Crawford, Toshihide Suzuki, Jan Sesay,
and Kelvin J. A. Davies................................................................. 155
20 Measurement of Immunoglobulin G Oxidation
by Western-Blot Analysis
Andrew Chow, Shahid Ahmed, Larrisa Chaplia,
and Joseph Mattana...................................................................... 163
21 Thioredoxin and Redox Regulation of the Nuclear Receptor
Yuichi Makino, Kensaku Okamoto, and Hirotoshi Tanaka........... 171
22 Analysis of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione
Peroxidase mRNA
Xin Gen Lei and Wen-Hsing Cheng................................................. 183
23 Expression of Human Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione
Peroxidase
Kunio Yagi, Sadaaki Komura, and Nobuko Ohishi....................... 195
Contents ix
PART IV. TECHNIQUES FOR IN VIVO/EX VIVO/IN VITRO APPLICATIONS
24 Superoxide Production in the Islet of Langerhans Detected
by the MCLA Chemiluminescence Method
Takashi Sakurai and Susumu Terakawa........................................ 203
25 In Vivo Detection of Transition Metals and Nitrosyl-Heme
Complexes Using Ex Vivo Electron Paramagnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy
David M. Hall and Garry R. Buettner............................................... 211
26 Spectral-Spatial Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
(EPRI) in Skin Biopsies at 9.5 GHz
Jürgen Fuchs, Norbert Groth, and Thomas Herrling.................... 221
27 In Vivo In Situ Detection of Nitric Oxide Using Low-Frequency EPR
Spectroscopy
Pei Tsai, Supatra Porasuphatana, Howard J. Halpern,
Eugene D. Barth, and Gerald M. Rosen...................................... 227
28 Introduction of NOS II Gene into Primary Cultures of Bovine
and Human Endothelial Cells
Guan-Liang Cao, Bin Zhang, Joseph B. Domachowske,
and Gerald M. Rosen.................................................................... 239
29 Detection of Peroxynitrite-Induced Protein and DNA Modifications
Scott Lorch, Richard Lightfoot, Hiroshi Ohshima, László Virág,
Qiping Chen, Caryn Hertkorn, Marie Weiss, Jose Souza,
Harry Ischiropoulos, Vladimir Yermilov, Brigitte Pignatelli,
Mituharu Masuda, and Csaba Szabó.......................................... 247
30 Immunochemical Detection of a Fluorophore Derived from the Lipid
Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal and Lysine
Pamela A. Szweda, Lin Tsai, and Luke I. Szweda......................... 277
31 Liver Slice Technology as an In Vitro Model for Metabolic
and Toxicity Studies
Sanjeev Thohan and Gerald M. Rosen............................................ 291
32 Cytofluorescence Techniques for the Visualization of Distinct Pools
of Protein Thiols at the Single Cell Level
Alfonso Pompella, Silvia Dominici, Caterina Cambiaggi,
Jürgen Frank, and Hans K. Biesalski......................................... 305
33 Preparation of Microspheres and Incorporation of Lipid
Hydroperoxide for Sustained Release Studies
Donald Armstrong, Hideya Kimura, Kazushi Tamai,
Tsutomu Yasukawa, Mohammed Afzal,
and Richard W. Browne................................................................ 313