Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health PDF
Preview Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health
Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health Edited by Dinesh Bhugra Centre for Affective Disorders Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London London, UK Kamaldeep Bhui Centre for Psychiatry Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London London, UK Samuel Y. S. Wong Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China Stephen E. Gilman Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Department of Epidemiology Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA, USA 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2018 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2018 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947924 ISBN 978– 0– 19– 879299– 4 Printed in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-t o- date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non- pregnant adult who is not breast- feeding Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Preface Whereas public health in its own right as a medical speciality has improved resilience to adversity. Mental health promotion and a long history, in many parts of the world public mental health has prevention of mental illness are effective means and strategies to come into its own as a speciality of psychiatry and thus of medicine improve functioning of individuals and also reduce the burden of only in the last two decades or so. There is no doubt that evidence disease. It is possible to prevent between a quarter and a half of for the prevention of mental illness and promotion of mental health adult lifetime prevalence of mental illness. This includes addictions is getting stronger by the day and yet there appears to be a reluctance and common mental disorders. among clinicians, in general, and mental health care professionals, In addition to looking at vulnerability, we also need to study re- in particular, to take on the role of educators and advocates for silience and protective factors. Apart from genetic vulnerabilities, public mental health. One reason often given by clinicians for this social inequalities as evidenced by unemployment, poor housing, lapse is that there is a lack of training at both undergraduate and overcrowding, and poverty contribute to the genesis of mental postgraduate levels, which focuses on diagnosis and management illness. Social determinants of mental health are significant and of illness. However, even in countries where preventive and so- many of these factors can be avoided by governments taking appro- cial medicine has a major presence in the curriculum, the focus is priate actions. Clinicians have a major role to play by advocating often on infection control and immunization rather than on mental for change both as members of the profession and as members of health, especially on mental health promotion and prevention society. Gender, interpersonal violence, and abuse and age are im- of mental illness. Furthermore, resources in healthcare services portant factors in the causation of mental ill health. Social capital around the globe are on management and treatment and cure ra- and networks, emotional and social literacy, and good physical ther than on prevention. Health budgets on public health, if indeed health can enable individuals to develop resilience. Child abuse— they exist, are only a fraction of the whole health budget, and very physical, emotional, or sexual— can contribute to deteriorating little consideration is given to mental health. Mental health promo- mental health in childhood, as well as in adulthood. One-p arent tion and prevention of mental illness are not only linked, but also families, overuse of alcohol, violence, parental unemployment, and provide a very different focus. other developmental factors have been identified as vulnerabilities There is little doubt that the global burden of disease due to mental that can lead to mental illness. The role of the family and of up- illness is increasing rapidly. However, it is well recognized that bringing cannot be underestimated. In this day and age social three- quarters of psychiatric disorders in adulthood start before the media plays a significant role in the genesis of mental ill health. age of 24 years and nearly half below the age of 15 years. Conduct High- risk- taking behaviours such as smoking, drug use, lack of disorder in childhood is related to later personality disorder and physical exercise, and unhealthy eating and obesity can further subsequent criminal activity. Emotional disorders in childhood are contribute to the genesis of mental illness. Various vulnerable linked with self-h arm, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders, groups have been identified, and include minority ethnic groups, as well as depression in later life. Hence it is imperative that every children in care, those with intellectual disability, elderly, LGBTQI effort is made to improve school mental health. Parenting skills take individuals, and prisoners. Thus, special attention is needed to de- on a major role in the prevention of many disorders. Experiences velop public mental health models for these groups. in the past are represented in the patient’s memory and operate in Taking into account cultural factors and cultural patterns of child the present to trigger psychiatric illnesses and sometimes precipi- rearing and child development, it becomes obvious that psych- tate these and in others produce relapse. Working with children at iatry has to be at the heart of public mental health and any edu- preschool level and school-b ased health promotion focusing on a cational strategies. Encouraging social and community cohesion number of initiatives can lead to reduced rates of conduct disorder. and green spaces can add to self worth and self-e steem, and a sense Educating individuals, families, and societies is at the core of public of belonging. This is particularly relevant for individuals who are health. An understanding of the role that social factors play in the socio- centric in their outlooks. precipitation and perpetuation of psychiatric illnesses is critical in Another reason why public mental health is needed is to developing any educational activities. link physical illness and mental health care aspects of the care There is little doubt that positive mental health can lead to social in a closer context in order to teach holistic coping strategies. and economic benefits, including better educational attainment, Effective strategies must use social paradigms at individual, fa- better productivity, better physical health and lower mortality and milial, cultural, and social levels. This volume is divided into vi preface four broad sections: general principles of public mental health; Finally, no amount of thanks can convey our gratitude to Andrea evidence; needs of special vulnerable groups; and interventions. Livingstone, who worked hard on the volume, coordinating and We have been blessed with a group of experienced authors chasing authors in a wonderfully understated manner. This pro- who, in spite of their busy schedules, provided their expert ject would not have come to fruition without her strength, her contributions for this volume. Our grateful thanks to them all. commitment, and help. In particular, we would like to thank Sarah Stewart- Brown for her advice and steer. Dinesh Bhugra We are grateful to staff at Oxford University Press, especially Kamaldeep Bhui Peter Stevenson, Lauren Tiley, and Rachel Goldsworthy, for their Samuel Y. S. Wong support. Stephen E. Gilman Contents Abbreviations xi 10 Critical epidemiology 85 Felix J. Rosenberg and Daniel Miranda Contributors xiii Introduction xvii 11 Occupational epidemiology 93 Angelo d’Errico and Giuseppe Costa Dinesh Bhugra 12 Public mental health and SECTION I occupational health 105 Background and general principles Katie Blissard Barnes and Max Henderson 1 1 Principles of public health: Application 13 Health equity 113 Hideki Hashimoto and Norito Kawakami to public mental health 3 Sarah Stewart- Brown SECTION II 2 Social inequalities and mental health 17 Evidence 121 Ruth Bell and Michael Marmot 3 Economic costs of mental illness 25 14 Social capital and mental health 123 Kwame McKenzie Anita Patel 15 Policy challenges: Well-being as a priority 4 The global burden of mental and substance use disorders: A review of methods, in public mental health 131 Felicia A. Huppert and Kai Ruggeri findings, and applications of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 35 16 Unemployment and mental health 141 Alize J. Ferrari, Holly E. Erskine, Fiona J. Charlson, Damian Mel Bartley F. Santomauro, Janni Leung, and Harvey A. Whiteford 17 Housing and mental health 151 5 Models of causation of mental illness 45 Tom K. J. Craig and Jed Boardman Kwame McKenzie 18 Social class and mental health: The impact of 6 Genetic influences across the age span 55 international recession and austerity 159 Edward Shaw and Daniel J. Smith M. Harvey Brenner 7 Public mental health and anthropology: An 19 The social determinants of mental health 173 ecological approach 59 Kamaldeep Bhui Joshua Moses and Rob Whitley 20 Social determinants in low- 8 Social factors and mental health 65 income countries 177 Tom K. J. Craig Syed Masud Ahmed and Mohammad Didar Hossain 9 The epidemiological burden of 21 Mental and physical health 181 major psychiatric disorders 73 Mike McHugh Jennifer Dykxhoorn and James B. Kirkbride viii contents 22 Clinical outcome assessment 37 Implications of the global mental health and the in mental health 191 HIV syndemic on HIV prevention and care 337 Skye P. Barbic and Stefan J. Cano Joseph T. F. LAU, Jinghua Li, Rui She, and Yoo Na Kim 23 Environmental contaminants and mental 38 Suicide and the prevention of health: The chemicalization of life as a suicidal behaviours 345 matter of violation of the right to health Lakshmi Vijayakumar and Morton Silverman and renewal of the ‘disease industry’ 201 39 Suicidal behaviour among adolescents: Risk Paulo Amarante and Eduardo Torre and protective factors and universal evidence- based suicide preventive programmes 359 SECTION III Danuta Wasserman, Miriam Iosue, and Vladimir Carli Special groups 209 SECTION IV 24 Family, marriage, and mental health 211 Interventions: types and places Fasli Sidheek, Veena A. Satyanarayana, and Geetha Desai 369 25 Prisoners and mental health 217 40 Parenting skills and promotion of Kenneth L. Appelbaum mental health over the lifespan 371 Stephen Scott 26 LGBTI and mental health 225 Martin Plöderl, Lieselotte Mahler, 41 Pregnancy: The earliest opportunity Timo O. Nieder, and Götz Mundle for prevention and early intervention 27 Sexual minority adolescents for mental disorders 383 Philip Boyce, Megan Galbally, and Alain Gregoire and mental health 235 Richard Montoro 42 Promoting mental health and well- 28 Children and adolescents 247 being: What can schools do? 389 Katherine Weare Jessica L. Plauché and Bennett L. Leventhal 29 Recognizing mental health problems 43 Early intervention in psychiatry 399 David J. Castle, Ana Lusicic, and Melissa Petrakis in the ageing community 259 Linda Chiu Wa Lam and Wai Chi Chan 44 Anti- stigma interventions: Theory 30 Mental health in intellectual disability 265 and evidence 411 Petra C. Gronholm, Claire Henderson, Sabyasachi Bhaumik, Dasari Mohan Michael, Reza Kiani, Tanya Deb, and Graham Thornicroft Avinash Hiremath, Shweta Gangavati, and Amala Jesu 31 Physical and psychiatric co- morbidity 273 45 Managing stress 421 Susan L. Fletcher, Sandra K. Davidson, and Jane M. Gunn Niels Okkels, Christina Blanner Kristiansen, and Povl Munk- Jørgensen 46 Psychological intervention as a measure for promoting public mental 32 Globalization, migration, and mental health: A conceptual model for health research 281 health: Is it a white elephant? 431 Roger M. K. Ng and Che Kin Lee Vishal Bhavsar, Shuo Zhang, and Dinesh Bhugra 33 Treatment of mental health problems 47 Diet, environment, and mental health 441 Ursula Werneke and Ingvar A. Bergdahl in refugees and asylum seekers 289 Giulia Cossu, Antonio Preti, and Mauro Giovanni Carta 48 Mental health and its social determinants: Some experiences of the Self- Employed Women’s 34 Lifestyle 305 Dexing Zhang and Samuel Y. S. Wong Association (SEWA) in India 459 Mirai Chatterjee 35 Prevention approaches to reduce alcohol- related harm 317 49 Intimate partner violence 465 Carmen Wong, Wai Ching Ng, Hua Zhong, William Gilmore, Katherine Brown, and Ian Gilmore and Anne Scully-Hill 36 Prevention of drug addiction 327 Olive Mukamana and Patricia Conrod contents ix 50 Poverty and interpersonal violence 4 77 58 Managing research and evaluation Supraja T. A., D. Padmavathy , and Prabha S. Chandra for public mental health 549 Sarah Stewart- Brown 51 Non- governmental organizations and mental health 487 59 Working with traditional healers to Marguerite Regan , Jenny Edwards , and Iris Elliott reduce the mental health treatment gap in low- and middle- income countries 559 52 Public health and terrorism 499 David M. Ndetei, Christine W. M usyimi , Erick S. Kamaldeep Bhui Nandoya , Lydia Matoke , and Victoria N. Mutiso 53 Resilience and well- being 5 03 SECTION V Sarah Stewart- Brown Conclusions 54 Resilience and the role of spirituality 513 567 Christopher C. H. C ook and Nathan H. White 60 Conclusion 5 69 55 Innovations in the area of social media 5 21 Dinesh Bhugra , Kamaldeep Bhui , Samuel Annisa Lee and Stephan Hyeonjun Stiller Y. S. Wong , and Stephen E. Gilman 56 Telemental health: A public mental Index 5 71 health perspective 531 Maryann Waugh , Matthew Mishkind , and Jay H. Shore 57 Policy and public mental health in low- and middle- income countries 539 Laura Shields , Soumitra Pathare , Pallavi Karnatak , and Keshav Desiraju
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