Oxford Textbook of Critical Care

1961 Pages·2016·62.91 MB·English

by  Andrew Webb

Oxford Textbook of 
Critical Care
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Oxford Textbook of
Critical Care
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Professor Andrew Webb, MD, FRCP, MFMLM
Clinical Professor, Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine,
The University of British Columbia, Canada
Professor Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, FRCP
Distinguished Professor and Mitchell P. Fink Endowed Chair
Department of Critical Care Medicine
University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Health System
Professor Simon Finfer, MBBS, FAHMS, FRCP,
FRCA, FCICM, DrMed
Professor of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney
Senior Staff Specialist in Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney
Professor Luciano Gattinoni, MD FRCP
Chief of the Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine,
Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Full Professor in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department
of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan
Professor Mervyn Singer, MD FRCP, FRCP, FFICM
Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London
1
1
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United Kingdom
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First Edition Published in 1999
Second Edition Published in 2016
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Foreword
One may ask in today’s internet-based world whether there is still highlighted at the start of each chapter, provide a useful summary
a need for textbooks when there is so much opinion and advice of each topic and the book in general is clinically-orientated, mak-
already available online. Although possibly not able to capture ing it of value for the practicing clinician, as well as physicians in
and include the very latest research results, textbooks provide a training. The book benefits from an impressive list of true experts
solid basis and background of the subject in question giving an from around the globe, giving it international appeal and insight—
essential framework of understanding on which to build. This it is a real credit to the editors that so many leading authorities have
Oxford Textbook of Critical Care is a true example of quality. All contributed!
the authors are well-known experts in their field, the chapters I believe textbooks still have an important role in providing a
have all been carefully reviewed and the contents are, therefore, trustworthy source of knowledge. As different textbooks will have
relevant and reliable. What is more, as with many recent publica- a slightly different focus, include different authors, and use various
tions, this textbook is also available as an online version for easy presentation formats they can complement each other. This book
reference. will occupy an important place in this field and is a highly recom-
This completely revised and comprehensive version of the 1999 mended reference for all involved in the care of critically-ill patients.
edition covers all possible aspects of intensive care medicine mak-
Jean-Louis Vincent, MD PhD
ing it an impressive tome. The chapters are short, concise and to
Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, Université Libre de
the point, and thus easy to read and understand. The book is well-
Bruxelles
illustrated and the layout is fresh and attractive. The key points,

Preface
Since the first edition of the Oxford Textbook of Critical Care was clearly acknowledge that every single topic cannot possibly be cov-
published there have been many advances in our understanding and ered in detail, but hope its comprehensive nature will be found use-
management of critical illness. We prefaced the first edition with a ful by all health care providers who look after critically-ill patients.
note on the exacting nature of critical care; the holistic complex- We recognize there are often local, national, and international
ity of the patient with multisystem dysfunction, the out-of-hours differences in philosophy and management strategy. Some of these
commitment, the often stressful and highly charged situations differences are seemingly contradictory and it is often difficult for
requiring considerable agility of brain and hand, and the continu- physicians in one country to assimilate information produced for
ing evolution (and occasional revolution) in perceived ‘best prac- another. We intended from the outset to offer the Oxford Textbook
tice’. However, these challenging demands are precisely what attract of Critical Care as an international text. We have attempted to give
the critical care practitioner to the specialty. The importance of a balanced view where international differences exist and, in many
strong support mechanisms—from colleagues, from national and cases, have sat squarely on the fence. We make no apology for this
international societies, and from robust educational and research since we believe the book should inform rather than dictate.
outputs—is paramount to not only sustain but also enhance the Producing this edition has been a mammoth task, co-ordinating
quality of care given. the efforts of over 600 authors from all corners of the world. We
Recognizing the increasing use of electronic media for reference, thank all those who have contributed to this project and to mem-
we have continued the format used in the first edition. The tradi- bers of the staff of Oxford University Press for persuading us to
tional chapter layout of a textbook gave way to system-orientated take on this second edition, and whose skill and support have been
sections. Each section has been subdivided into short topics grouped essential to the editorial and production process. Finally, the editors
within the section according to clinical problems. We believe the are saddened to hear of the passing of Dr Mitchell Fink, Prof Albert
reader will often come to this book, in paper or electronic format, Jaeger and Dr Jan Kornder since the submission of their contribu-
wishing to update on a specific clinical problem that matches an tions to the book.
issue experienced at the bedside. Furthermore, this layout facili-
Andrew Webb
tates manageable and relevant searches in electronic media.
Derek C. Angus
The Oxford Textbook of Critical Care is a single-volume major ref-
Simon Finfer
erence book aiming to cover the breadth of clinical and organiza-
Luciano Gattinoni
tional aspects of adult critical care medicine in readable chunks. We
Mervyn Singer

Contents
Abbreviations  xxvii PART 1.2
Contributors  xxxix Communication 
10 Effective teamwork in the ICU  43
SECTION 1 Peter G. Brindley
ICU organization and management
11 Communication with patients
and families in the ICU  46
PART 1.1 Leslie P. Scheunemann and Robert M. Arnold
The intensive care unit 
12 Telemedicine in critical care  51
1 Design of the ICU  3 Bela Patel and Eric J. Thomas
Neil A. Halpern
PART 1.3
2 Staffing models in the ICU  7
Training 
Tim Buchman and Michael Sterling
3 Rapid response teams for the 13 Clinical skills in critical care  56
critically ill  11 Graham Nimmo and Ben Shippey
Ken Hillman and Jack Chen 14 Simulation training for critical care  60
4 In-hospital transfer of the Ben Shippey and Graham Nimmo
critically ill  14 15 Leadership skills in the ICU  64
Lorna Eyre and Simon Whiteley Carole Foot and Liz Hickson
5 Pre- and inter-hospital transport of
the critically ill and injured  19 PART 1.4
Kelly R. Klein and Paul E. Pepe Safety and quality 
6 Regional critical care delivery systems  24 16 Patient safety in the ICU  71
Theodore J. Iwashyna and Colin R. Cooke Bradford D. Winters and Peter J. Pronovost
7 Integration of information 17 Policies, bundles, and protocols
technology in the ICU  28 in critical care  75
Daniel Martich and Jody Cervenak Jeffrey Mazer and Mitchell M. Levy
8 Multiple casualties and disaster 18 Managing biohazards and
response in critical care  32 environmental safety  78
Yoram Weiss and Micha Shamir Ferenc Kovari and Gilbert Park
9 Management of pandemic critical illness  37
Robert Fowler and Abhijit Duggal