Oxford Science 9: Australian Curriculum

252 Pages·2015·64.71 MB·English

by  Helen Silvester

OXFORD
SCI
O
X EACH OF THESE OPTICAL DETECTORS WILL BE POSITIONED IN
ARCTIC ICE AT A DEPTH OF UP TO 2400 M AND WILL DETECT
F
CHARGED PARTICLES GENERATED WHEN NEUTRINOS FROM
O
SPACE COLLIDE WITH THE ICE. ZEUTHEN, GERMANY
R
EN
D
CE
9
AUSTRALIAN
CURRICULUM
HELEN SILVESTER
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OXFORD
SCI
EN
CE
9
AUSTRALIAN
CURRICULUM
HELEN SILVESTER
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 1 17/07/15 1:19 PM
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,
scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered
trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other
countries.
Published in Australia by
Oxford University Press
253 Normanby Road, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia
© Helen Silvester 2015
The moral rights of the author have been asserted.
First published 2015
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University
Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the
Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any
acquirer.
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data
Silvester, Helen, author.
Oxford science 9 / Helen Silvester.
ISBN: 9780190300968 (paperback)
Includes index.
For secondary school age.
Science--Study and teaching (Secondary)
Science--Textbooks.
Dewey Number: 507
Reproduction and communication for educational purposes
The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter
or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced
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00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 2 2/09/2016 3:18 pm
SCI
Science toolkit
Scientists work collaboratively and individually
1 to design experiments. They control variables and
use accurate measurement techniques to collect
data. They consider ethics and safety. They analyse
data, identify trends and relationships, and reveal
inconsistencies in results. They analyse and evaluate
their own and others’ investigations.
EN
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22
ttthhheee eeennnvvviiirrrooonnnmmmeeennnttt aaarrrooouuunnnddd ttthhheeemmm... EEEcccooosssyyysssttteeemmmsss aaarrreee
cccooommmmmmuuunnniiitttiiieeesss ooofff ooorrrgggaaannniiisssmmmsss aaannnddd ttthhheeeiiirrr nnnooonnn---llliiivvviiinnnggg
surroundings. Matter and energy flow through
ecosystems.
Control and regulation
3 Multi-cellular organisms, such as
humans, have systems that respond
to changes in their environments. CE
Receptors detect these changes and
pass the information to other parts
of the organism.
Sound and light
Sound and light are forms of energy that are
4
transferred in waves. Sound is caused by the
vibration of particles moving in a wavelike
motion called a longitudinal wave. There
are many different types of light, with a very
wide range of wavelengths. Light waves are 9
transverse waves.
Heat and electricity
5
Thermal energy is the energy of vibrating particles. Thermal energy
transfers from a hotter substance to a cooler substance in a process
called heating. Heat transfer can occur when one substance passes its
kinetic energy on to another (conduction) or when the hot, highly kinetic
particles themselves move (convection). Radiation of thermal energy
involves the transfer of energy across space. Electricity is a general
term related to the presence and flow of electric charge.
Tectonic plates
6 Plate tectonics is a combination of two theories:
continental drift and sea-floor spreading. Plate
tectonics explains global patterns of geological
activity and the movement of the continents.
Matter
O OO
7 Matter is made of atoms. Atoms are
OO systems of protons, neutrons and
electrons. Radioactivity occurs when the
nucleus of an unstable atom decays.
Chemical reactions
8 Chemical reactions, including combustion and acid reactions,
are the rearrangement of atoms to form a new substance.
Through this process, mass is not created or destroyed.
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 3 17/07/15 1:19 PM
Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Chapter 5
Science toolkit 1 Control and regulation 41 Heat and electricity 95
1.1 Scientists can test 3.1 Receptors detect stimuli ..............42 5.1 Thermal energy moves down the
manufacturers’ claims ....................2 3.2 Nerve cells are called neurons ....46 temperature gradient ...................96
5.2 Conduction transfers kinetic energy
1.2 Scientists must be aware of 3.3 The nervous system provides
between particles. Convection
experimental errors ........................4 fast control of the body .................48
causes the particles to move .......98
1.3 Scientists prepare material 3.4 The central nervous system receives
5.3 Thermal energy can radiate
safety data sheets ...........................6 information from the peripheral
nervous system .............................50 through a vacuum .......................100
1.4 Scientists present their data
3.5 Things can go wrong with the 5.4 The ability to use energy
accurately ........................................8
nervous system .............................52 efficiently is considered a benefit
to society .....................................102
1.5 Scientists investigate consumer
3.6 The endocrine system is slower
products ........................................10 but more sensitive to change .......54 5.5 Electricity is the presence and
flow of electric charges ..............104
Chapter 1 review .....................................12 3.7 Homeostasis regulates through
negative feedback .........................56 5.6 Electrical current results from the
Chapter 1 key words ...............................14
movement of charges around a
3.8 Hormones are used in sport ........58
closed circuit ................................106
3.9 Pathogens cause disease .............60
Chapter 2 5.7 Current can flow through series
3.10 The immune system protects our and parallel circuits ....................108
Ecosystems 15
body in an organised way .............62
5.8 Voltage is the difference in energy
2.1 All living things are dependent 3.11 Things can go wrong with the between two parts of a circuit.
on each other and the immune system ............................64 Resistance makes it difficult for
current to flow in a circuit ..........110
environment around them ............16 Chapter 3 review .....................................66
Chapter 5 review ...................................112
2.2 Relationships between Chapter 3 key words ...............................68
organisms may be beneficial Chapter 5 key words .............................114
or detrimental ...............................18
Chapter 4
2.3 Population size depends abiotic Chapter 6
Sound and light 69
and biotic factors ..........................22 Tectonic plates 115
2.4 Introducing a new species may 4.1 Vibrating particles pass on
disrupt the balance in an sound .............................................70 6.1 Is the Earth shrinking or
ecosystem .....................................24 moving? .......................................116
4.2 Sound can travel at different
2.5 Energy enters the ecosystem speeds ...........................................72 6.2 The Earth has a solid core ..........118
through photosynthesis ................26 4.3 Our ears hear sound .....................74 6.3 Boundaries between the tectonic
plates can be convergent,
2.6 Energy flows through an 4.4 Things can go wrong with our
divergent or transform ...............120
ecosystem .....................................28 hearing ..........................................76
2.7 Matter is recycled in 4.5 Visible light is a small part of the 6.4 Tectonic plates can be
electromagnetic spectrum ...........78 constructive or destructive .........124
ecosystems ...................................30
4.6 Light reflects off a mirror .............80 6.5 What will the Earth look like
2.8 Natural events can disrupt an
in the future? ...............................128
ecosystem .....................................32 4.7 Light refracts when moving in
and out of substances ..................82 Chapter 6 review ...................................130
2.9 Human activity can disrupt an
ecosystem .....................................34 4.8 Different wavelengths of light Chapter 6 key words .............................132
are different colours .....................84
2.10 Human management
4.9 The electromagnetic spectrum Chapter 7
of ecosystems continues
has many uses ..............................86
to change ......................................36 Matter 133
4.10 Our eyes detect light .....................88
Chapter 2 review .....................................38
4.11 Things can go wrong with 7.1 The history of the atom ..............134
Chapter 2 key words ...............................40 our eyes .........................................90
7.2 Atoms are made of subatomic
Chapter 4 review .....................................92 particles ......................................136
Chapter 4 key words ...............................94 7.3 Atoms have mass .......................138
iv OXFORD SCIENCE 9 AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 4 22/07/15 3:23 PM
CCCOOO
7.4 Electrons are arranged
in shells .......................................140
7.5 Ions have more or less
electrons .....................................142
7.6 Isotopes have more or less
neutrons ......................................144
7.7 Isotopes can release alpha, beta
or gamma radiation ....................146
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7.8 The half-life of isotopes can be
used to tell the time ...................148
7.9 Radiation is used in medicine ....150
Chapter 7 review ...................................152
Chapter 7 key words .............................154
Chapter 8
Chemical reactions 155
EE
8.1 Mass is conserved in a chemical
reaction .......................................156
8.2 The rearrangement of atoms in a
chemical reaction can be shown
using a balanced equation .........158
8.3 Endothermic reactions absorb
heat from the surroundings.
Exothermic reactions release
energy ..........................................160
8.4 Acids have a low pH. Bases have
a high pH .....................................162 TTSS
8.5 Acids can neutralise bases ........164
8.6 Acids react with metals to
produce hydrogen and a salt ......116666
8.7 Oxidation reactions use oxygen
to form new products .................116688
8.8 Combustion reactions need fuel
and oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water ........................117700
8.9 Fuels are essential to Australian
society .........................................117722
Chapter 8 review ...................................117744
Chapter 8 key words .............................117766
Chapter 9
EExxppeerriimmeennttss 117777
G Glloossssaarryy 222299
I Innddeexx 223344
v
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 5 17/07/15 1:19 PM
Using Oxford Science
Oxford Science is a series developed to meet the requirements of the Australian Curriculum:
Science across Years 7 to 10. Taking a concept development approach, each double-page spread of
Oxford Science represents one concept and one lesson .
What if?
2.1Adaaelnrlpod lue itvnnhidndee g ten htnthe vomiinrngo esna macrehen ott her ECOSYST2EMS Student-directed inquiry is encouraged throughout this series using
2.2Roorerg ldaaetnitoirsnimmshsei npmtsaa lbye btew ebeenn eficial a simple questioning technique. As the series progresses, students
2.3PPanoodpp uublliaaotttiiioocnn f assciizzteeo rddseeppeennddss oonn aabbiioottiicc discover that their own What if questions are actually testable ‘i f and
then’ hypotheses. For example, ' What if the bubble is touched with a
22..44Itnhter obdaulacnincge ain n aenw escpoescyisetse mmay disrupt What if? fi nger' be comes ' If the bubble is touched with a fi nger, then it will pop'.
Yeast cultures
2.5Ethnreoruggyh e pnhteortso styhnet heecosissystem Wswthpaheatrteaumrtl,a osy,mu odgeruaite ern,dr ,te eyteeismatd ste:ut r,b we,a rrumle r, Concept development
2.722..88MaNNttaaettruu irrsaa2 rll. e6eecvvyeeEcnnlnttessed r ccgiaanynn ef lddcooiiwsssrrsyuus tppthtte rmaaonnus geehcc ooassnyy ssettceeommsystem W1234 5 6h A1AatMwMce ndbmdMstc1uDsaeduae pdu5tltetea rmsaa t1 le o5aatasutemst ruub wsusus r.umdobirpeeuulr nraefeaear orrLe u( te.e taoe o:gthuttom hfnvefhtrel f hesea as yee iwtruen .pe noteyhg daaehfhts ea mrsim tdecaoimrt graitt f ipgctnu i ht teyoewehiub tood =rl ttetaoulan heyso0.tftr e ee) of uTf t m raorffhttrher eshretteiios tsnhsoe mouty au e i tfelstn th tuetta sdethhbss.h eee.te . Se otvnueedr yec nocthnsac aperpteet rg .. iSEvteauncd hae cndctoesu sesbx tlpeol- opthraeeg ecc ohsnpacpreetapedrt s c ooofn ntech-eibps yts-seo ranite est, h reeen pscrtoeasuretr naotgfs i ng
The unit heading 22..992H.1u0mHaconun matciantnuiv emitsya tcnoaa cngh edaminsgerune tp to fa ne ceocsoyssytsetmems W»»»» h WtoaWtWhaWofthe dh yh tha dieahcaftaetaue t?t id silf ifcit ?ftf hu ui tccnorwleeteotu il? wcclsr soe(ueaW l i?gtadneoas crwur r m wlaewdtaua aetscsshreh aewa fds danauddsusgeet maadedrd rb?t ?dowe)e rad s iunncdreemrsetanntadli nlega.r ning and, by the end of the chapter, complete
introduces the 9/07/2015 8:46 am
02_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_TXT_FLCX.indd 15
concept.
2.7 Matter is recycled in Atmosphere CO2
ecosystems Diagrams and photos
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or skills task as a 02_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_TXT_FLCX.indd 30-31 ECOSYSTEMS 31 styles.
practical application
9/07/2015 8:54 am
of the concept.
EGXOP TEOR PIMAEGNE TX 4X.X3.: WHY DO WE NEED TWO EARS?
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04_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_TXT_FLCX.indd 74-75
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 6 17/07/15 1:19 PM
//SCIENCE AS
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activites remain aligned to the content. Ngraatsivse Fthigeu grreo 9w.3t hW ohf aste aefdfesc?ts
Dirt Dirt
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Figure 9.2 Experimental set-up.
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180 OXFORD SCIENCE 9 AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM 9/07/2015 12:21 pm
09_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_TXT_FLCX.indd 180-181
Integrated teaching
and learning support
o book assess provides an interactive
electronic version of the student book in an
easy-to-read format. It features multimedia
links, interactive learning objects, videos,
note-taking, highlighting and bookmarking
tools, and live question blocks. o book is
compatible with laptops, iPads, tablets
and IWBs, and also off ers page view (in
fl ipbook format) that can be used offl ine.
assess provides 24/7 online assessment
designed to support student progression
and understanding.
Oxford Science is supported by t eaching
strategies, lesson ideas, planning tips, control centre, which allows you to instantly
assessment advice and answers to all preview or assign related teacher resources to
activities. o book assess allows teachers to deliver incredibly engaging digital learning
manage their classes by assigning work, experiences. Students can also toggle from
tracking progress and planning assessment. their o book to the Dashboard to interact with
Teacher Dashboard is your online lesson student resources for each topic.
vii
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 7 17/07/15 1:20 PM
Australian Curriculum:
Science 9 scope and sequence
SCIENCE 9 LEVEL DESCRIPTION (ABBREVIATED)
In Year 9, students consider the operation of systems at a range of scales. They explore ways in which the human body as a
system responds to its external environment and the interdependencies between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
They are introduced to the notion of the atom as a system of protons, electrons and neutrons, and how this system can change
through nuclear decay. They learn that matter can be rearranged through chemical change and that these changes play an
important role in many systems. They are introduced to the concept of the conservation of matter and begin to develop a more
sophisticated view of energy transfer. They begin to apply their understanding of energy and forces to global systems such as
continental movement.
SCIENCE CONTENT DESCRIPTIONS
Chapter 3 Multi-cellular organisms rely on coordinated and interdependent internal systems to respond to
changes to their environment (ACSSU175)
Chapter 2 Ecosystems consist of communities of interdependent organisms and abiotic components of the
environment; matter and energy flow through these systems (ACSSU176)
Chapter 7 All matter is made of atoms which are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons; natural
radioactivity arises from the decay of nuclei in atoms (ACSSU177)
Chapter 7, Chapter 8 Chemical reactions involve rearranging atoms to form new substances; during a chemical
reaction mass is not created or destroyed (ACSSU178)
Chapter 8 Chemical reactions, including combustion and the reactions of acids, are important in both non-
living and living systems and involve energy transfer (ACSSU179)
Chapter 6 The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental
movement (ACSSU180)
Chapter 4, Chapter 5 Energy transfer through different mediums can be explained using wave and particle models
(ACSSU182)
SCIENCE AS A HUMAN ENDEAVOUR (YEARS 9 –10)
Nature and development of science
All chapters Scientific understanding, including models and theories, are contestable and are refined over
time through a process of review by the scientific community (ACSHE157)
All chapters Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology and technological
advances are often linked to scientific discoveries (ACSHE158)
Use and influence of science
All chapters People can use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they should accept claims,
explanations or predictions (ACSHE160)
All chapters Advances in science and emerging sciences and technologies can significantly affect people’s
lives, including generating new career opportunities (ACSHE161)
All chapters The values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research
(ACSHE228)
SCIENCE INQUIRY SKILLS (YEARS 9 –10)
Questioning and predicting
All chapters Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically (ACSIS164)
viii OXFORD SCIENCE 9 AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM
00_SIL_OS9_SB_00968_PRE_SI.indd 8 17/07/15 1:20 PM