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Oxford Learner's Thesaurus - A Dictionary of Synonyms PDF

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Oxfear: Learner's HESA .\URUS synonyms ED-ROM - Thesaurus Traineen| Guide to Thesaurus Entries headword part of speech the most frequent synonym in some words have separate entries for different parts of speech, for example the group work noun and work verb. Entries for different parts of speech always follow each other in this order: noun, verb, adjective. fast adj. See also the entry for QUICK |Tr ee 5 Da , fast - quick - high-speed - brisk + supersonic + express These words all describe things and people moving or doing synonym group general definition things with speed. the synonyms of the headwo! the general meaning of listed in order of frequency all the words in this group fast high-speed supersonic quick express synonym scale ’ brisk ee) PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS shows all the words in the patterns and » to be fast/ quick at doing sth group in order of strength, coliocations > a fast/supersonic speed from the weakest to the shows the prepositions, » a fast/ quick/ brisk movement/ pace/ walk/ run strongest > quick/ brisk footsteps structures and words that » a fast/ quick reader/ worker/learner/ rhythm typically combine with > a fast/ a high-speed/ an express train/ link two or more synonyms > a fast/ high-speed computer/ modem in the group > a fast/ an express bus/ coach/ lane » very/ quite/ fairly fast/ quick/ brisk fast moving or able to move with speed; able to do sth with individual synonyms speed; producing or allowing fast movement: She loves each word in the group, in driving fast cars. © Are you a fast reader with the ability to order of frequency, hasa retain the key points? © These are complex programs needing mini-entry of its own, with very large and fast computers. © It’s a very fast road and people do not realise what speed they are doing. Ga slow all the information you > SLOW need on meaning and use > fast adv.: Don’t drive so fast! © I can’t go any faster. derivative ‘ quick moving or doing sth fast: He’s a very quick worker. © aword from the same family, |b The kids were quick to learn. © She was quick (= too quick) to point out the mistakes I'd made. © Her quick hands sud- with a different part of speech denly stopped moving. © Try to be quick! We're late already. Dag slow > sLow opposite > quickly adv: She walked away quickly. tells you the opposite of thi;s eS FAST OR QUICK? East is the usual word when you are word, and which entry to go note talking about travelling, especially ii n a vehicle: e-qiiek to in order to find out more’ compares and contrasts earread © 4 A person who is able to two or three words from do sth with speed may be fast or quick: a fast/quick about this opposite and its — the group to help you reader/worker/runner/thinker/learner/brain. However, synonyms fast is Nor used in other expressions when sb does sth in understand exactly what a short time: Fre-kidssrerefastietearn: © Fryete-be fast! the differences are Weretate already: See also the entry for QUICK cross-reference grammar and ,high-‘speed [usually before noun] that travels, works or tells you about another usage labels ehranp pheingsh wavyesr,y fhaistg:h -Wspee eadr e trtaailnksi,n g aiarbpoourtt s a annedt waoirrk roouft emso. d- word or entry in the see pages 1006-7 for a full There should be a large market for cheap high-speed modems. thesaurus, that is list of labels and what © A police officer was injured during a high-speed chase connected with this one they mean across two counties. brisk moving fast, especially on foot: We went for a brisk walk before ag © They set off at a brisk pace. down the street. pronunciation supersonic issu :p a'sonik; sju:-; AmE suzper'sa:nik/ faster is given for more difficult than the speed of sound: Until then, no aircraft was capable of supersonic flight. words (see page 1008 for express [only before noun] travelling very fast; sent or done more information) very quickly: An express coach runs once an hour from the airport. © We provide express delivery services seven days a week. @ Express is used to talk about transport and other services. e note gives extra information about one particular word | For a more detailed guide to using entries, see the Thesaurus Trainer on pages vili—xvi. Oxford - Learner’s Thesaurus a dictionary of synonyms Chief Editor Diana Lea Editors Jennifer Bradbery Richard Poole Helen Warren OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIVERSITY PRESS Advisory Board: Dr Keith Brown; Prof. Guy Cook; Dr Alan Cruse; Ruth Gairns; Moira Runcie; Prof. Gabriele Stein; Dr Norman Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP Whitney; Prof. Henry Widdowson Oxford University Press is a department of the Designed by: Peter Burgess University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s Study pages designed by: Pauline Hall objective of excellence in research, scholarship, Cover design by: John Taylor and education by publishing worldwide in We would like to thank the following for their permission to reproduce Oxford New York photographs and illustrations: Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi comstock 892 (reading from scripts) Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Corbis 890 (visitor to hospital), 890 (ill in bed, girl with doctor) New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Corel 446 (light fitting) With offices in David Eaton/OUP 444 (bottle with cork, bottles), 534 (jars, yogurt Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece and cream, ketchup), 538 (baking tins), 425 (honey) Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore Digital Vues 890 (paramedics) South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Digital vision 898 (presentation), 900 (reporter) Eyewire 898 (businessmen meeting) OXFORD and OXFORD ENGLISH are registered trademarks of Comstock/Fotosearch cover (prism) Oxford University Press in the UK Getty Images 247 (envelopes) and in certain other countries Hardlines 78 (pin) © Oxford University Press 2008 Hemera Technologies Inc. 44 (sports trophy, trophy, medals, medal Database right Oxford University Press (maker) with ribbon), 85 (american single-decker bus, articulated lorry, coach with flame design, hatchback car, jeep, lorry, muddy van, First published 2008 old-fashioned double-decker bus, pickup truck), 92 (armchair, 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 bench, child’s car seat, deckchair, highchair, pew, sofa, stool, 87654321 straight backed chair, throne, wheelchair), 423 (carving knife, No unauthorized photocopying dagger, flick knife, knife with black handle, machete, meat All rights reserved. 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Oxford University Press disclaims any tins, tubs, toothpaste), 538 (pots and pans), 666 (dressing gown, responsibility for the content rope, needle and thread, ball of string), 699 (handsaw, rocks, The British National Corpus is a collaborative project involving scissors, steak knife), 755 (plastic bag), 842 (wallet, purse), Oxford University Press, Longman, Chambers, the Universities of 898 (interview), 900 (watching tv) Oxford and Lancaster and the British Library Photodisc/Getty 888 (maths test, school, students in a library, girl winning prize), 892 (children playing, painting a canvas), ISBN: 978 0 19 475200 8 (BOOK AND CD-ROM PACK) 894 (beach at sunset, flags, supreme court, baby), 898 (newspaper, ISBN: 978 019 4752015 (BOOK IN PACK) scales), 896 (Arlington National Cemetery, karate), 892 (football, ISBN: 978 019 475202 2 (CD-ROM IN PACK) hammock), 900 (sale advert, news reader, rack of newspapers), Stockbyte/Getty 888 (bored boy) Tech graphics/OUP 441 (three seater sofa, set of drawers) Text capture, processing and typesetting by Oxford University Press . Printed in China CONTENTS inside front cover Guide to Thesaurus Entries -v_ Preface vi Introduction viii-xvi Thesaurus Trainer 1-870 The Thesaurus 871-887 Study Pages 872 Arts and Entertainment 874 Customs and Traditions 876 Green Issues 878 Descriptions 880 Friends and Relationships 882 Workand Jobs 884 Language and Communication 886 Travel and Tourism 888-901 Topic Maps and Exercises 888 Education 890 Health 892 Sport and Leisure 894 The Individual and Society 896 Conflict 898 Fact and Opinion 900 The Media 903-912 Topic Index 913-920 Key to Thesaurus Trainer, Study Pages and Exercises 921-1003 Alphabetical Index 1004 Irregular verbs 1006 Abbreviations and labels 1008 Pronunciation and phonetic symbols een CEL cca tose by , Heo Sain Orie cs Nad . ; ; bity vent Be Aes ne kse ons _ + het olN e chSehe atyt aa buts PRS tioiAb i k Iagv eStxe e ae ruaaedtT 1 3 shRinei” cwitasI RrE dshat ayt 0et o nui Migs:i a mess . tS Toe8 S.D ekOee S ke tain ghond Fite Teng) Chee 3 ery hey ~ a ate HT n= ew aaraieyn aot ryt M"sehwa hC agaiso Seh aIdeBdS TiMuegetss Ci!te das:e ek Sima 1"e egeo isinhagb iqniyi kele £me 05h h et ct ie . Rcakes! i Fhinaaw MiBmA : ait ee G4e t ; hehe relent newared4 ts S cbyes Bmeesta st aprc‘ei eyss t yp owh sste v atihe Haeer —iow, 524ig ea nt e oo) ES} 1 ne “ety BAT: Pie div oterssp emit, 400 (tegunen) : xe a etre tee 7 Sith ai’ ape Pegs Saa tadt one : ‘2O Nirndaw nr ‘ ; 7 rive ; CURT iphone V ie tank he ¢ EARLE Lgl ne anda: Pea ee Oe Sn ie, s-8: = zoget (hue AEEIND eae ie sy = 10h a ORY CSS Swale ase fD ee >| SWI aR hy vp. te Setisbve eec ig Eta wiley Hes) See at SEh arem ees he tee hay Bare, watt ~ anolibablosT oA ni re WESs ie tnat pkecleet hp eep oadhints. : : PorpiM eeAEen B R veSRPe a ei é -ggurael net, ae a — saokye, HotSs uppittegh orcacaepdec tet3, e il,ii,n P f ’ : > i tapers pxrt aha Pe wach +23 areas. ‘ies eieailahaiienet Dhetec ering ~ ation pee Be Th ie Bleck ipp aw whew. J eninenbtisl ot Sas a ey ¢ wane AER, . aay eet Daneel, bregnewrs vee sidop ay Anat ea *e non Bits 50 stra dya e Nias apie ese eh ptea t. One aeS tine wertf e age : : ie APN ; erate ap BEY s< he a re : eee ee ooeec um pitei nea noec at eh BOR8E 8 ee| 7 <2> _ proioMtet iehlseayatr .td ehgshat t te yneieM raidaSn esae, te hka3e2poi g© e eaen t penrpasyada e H oRonRt)e=hO t p iiceLrNssiecE h p atv RtaeSleo iTd eacia iedi pbraosGt ieplaagsg ee * EWS naeek asYe a riPtgs r ireao cie ; pcal aste ,e»e Sty yerocshee SR at Hie ae eee Sica ac — eae rig yee Yaga stars ayewrans ater CE aii oto eter iy ti vee eeS ooi: e‘bnaenpeptenlg s ubitliuitnryt eL o4Se awioctihhie nw aloi ueniayaed p eia S r eypaaamiheee s oy cHaeageee aee3C )pe ac‘cao taaay,g oH l ig; ;o br5i Ue dSS 3,5= aa 8 RBeiiepPco eiuel ,e is>a : o pJeeeaeitemeyitnnnaiisionaensa sy,t hyRe,lHmeN giy n,ea g lbaitenns e He ' SS =a fnadtegai pe eas Se er siteA HeS eBeO a s eeon aie npe e salbotinat Soy CayR AG<5 ete,a a. taTcokro beenn,aa etion 4 at oD iPcirpas Scneataaarin eacesa till = ae pvt pe ahm e raiaab tal (* ac otmee lred paprisrh tw hen % RR Marg) <n ay2 ab stint we oe iN - fie est de taper SURE LPB Tenant | on CEshat ihd Li patina ts SP Ri eg a be S2 > 2% = : pian e-s C ,4 Ag haho at a o pees a! Bake ee et titan aie eee eee ee ; _ TAR pai a aa S . sagorne *y.U ALS % PREFACE ‘More help with synonyms’ has been one of the most frequent requests from students and teachers to us as lexicographers at Oxford University Press. To give genuine help with synonyms we need to do more than just list them; we need to explain exactly when one word can substitute for another and when it cannot. We therefore conceived of a dictionary—ora learner’s thesaurus — that would do exactly that, and which would be aimed at refining and expanding the active vocabulary of learners at upper-intermediate level and above. For an account of the principles and methodology behind the selection and presentation of synonyms in this thesaurus, please see the introduction that follows. The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus — a dictionary of synonyms is the result of many years of research, experiment and concentrated work by a large number of people. I would first like to thank the small but dedicated team of editors who worked with me on the project: Jennifer Bradbery, Richard Poole and Helen Warren. I am also grateful to Frank Keenan and his team for managing the technical side of things. And I should like to acknowledge Moira Runcie, whose brainchild the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus was, and who has been a support and an inspiration throughout. Penny Stock created the framework for assigning words to areas of meaning and drawing up the synonym groups. The following lexicographers worked on compiling the entries: Andrew Delahunty, Penny Hands, Tim McLeish, Julie Moore, Stella O’Shea and Daryl Tayar. Daniel Barron, Lisa Isenman, Karen Stern and Ashley Wagner were American English consultants. Finally, thanks are due to the many students and teachers in different countries who have assisted with piloting and research through all stages of the project. It is the input from learners and dictionary users that has enabled us, I believe, to produce the thesaurus that best meets learners’ needs. Diana Lea December 2007 INTRODUCTION S2222 2ee e What is a learner’s thesaurus? According to the Oxford Dictionary of English a It is often said that there are no absolute synonyms thesaurus is ‘a book that lists words in groups of in English: that there is always some difference of synonyms and related concepts’. It is typically used nuance, register or collocation, that makes one word by someone who is writing and cannot quite think of choice better, or at least different, from another. These the right word to use. The person looks up a word differences may be very slight; they may not matter in with nearly the right meaning and is offered a list of every context. But it is a frustrating experience for other words to choose from. learners at any level to be prevented from saying Language learners need synonyms too. They exactly what they mean by lack of the appropriate need to be able to express themselves in more vocabulary. And as learners progress with their precise and interesting ways. They need to choose English it becomes increasingly important for them to language of an appropriate register for the context. be aware of the nuances of words, to be sure that the But the needs of learners when consulting a meaning conveyed to the reader or listener is the one thesaurus are actually much more complex than that was intended. those of native or expert speakers of the language. Therefore we designed a new kind of thesaurus: Native speakers have a large bank of language a learner’s thesaurus. It does not just offer lists of stored in their brains; the thesaurus, for them, is synonyms, but is a true dictionary of synonyms. simply a means of accessing this information. It Words of similar meaning are grouped together, reminds them of words that they already know but as ina thesaurus, but they are also given definitions cannot bring to mind. Their chief requirement from and example sentences, and grammar and usage a thesaurus is that it should offer as wide a choice as information, as in a learner’s dictionary. Words possible. The New Oxford Thesaurus of English gives within each group are compared and contrasted, 37 different words for fast as an adjective, but in terms of their meanings, use and collocations, that is all it gives: no definitions, minimal usage in special notes that pinpoint the exact differences information and no way of distinguishing between between them. There are over 17,000 synonyms the words on offer. and opposites explained in these pages, whichis a Language learners, on the other hand, need not large number of words and expressions for anyone’s only range but depth. They need tolearnnewwords; active vocabulary. (It has been estimated that and they also need to be able to choose more English native-speaking university graduates know effectively between words that they have met before, around 20,000 word families, but that includes both where their knowledge of the exact meaning and active and passive vocabulary.) However, the entry usage of the words was previously incomplete. They structure of this thesaurus has been carefully designed need a thesaurus that will not only enable them to to enable learners to find the precise information they access information, but will also teach them things. want as quickly and easily as possible. : How are synonyms presented in the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus? In the course of researching and compiling the In the case of words with more than one meaning, Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus we established a number — we of course counted the frequency only of the of principles governing the information that should relevant meaning in each case. We used corpora of be included and how it should be presented. This written and spoken British and American English, thesaurus is intended to help learners at upper- plus a corpus of business English.) Less frequent intermediate level and above with their writing and words were rejected. The aim was to present learners speaking in English. This means that all the words with manageable groups of between three and ten and expressions included are such as might synonyms. In a few cases the upper limit was reasonably form part ofa learner’s active vocabulary. extended to twelve; a few entries present just a pair How did we decide whether or not a word qualified of synonyms, when there simply was nota third for inclusion? Synonym groups were based around synonym to add to the number. key words, mostly drawn from a 3,000-word core The frequency ranking was also used to order the vocabulary for learners. As many synonyms as synonyms within the entries. The idea was that possible were gathered for each key word. The words __ learners still at upper-intermediate level could focus in each group were then ordered according to on the more frequent and general words near the top frequency across a range of corpora. (Acorpus, inthis of the entry; more advanced learners could skip context, is a database of millions of words ofrunning __ straight to the less well-known expressions near the English text, from which it is possible call up, view bottom. Consultation with teachers and practical and count all occurrences of any given word, in research with students showed how important context. This makes it possible to establish the it was for learners to be able to find what they want overall frequency of any word within the corpus. quickly, without always having to read through the INTRODUCTION Vii whole entry. The list of synonyms at the top of each The difference in wording means something: it entry serves as a menu. Within the body of the entry, signals a slight but distinct difference in meaning each synonym is treated separately. The main or use, which will usually be reflected in the choice definition for each word is kept as short as possible. of example sentences. The definitions and examples Examples are carefully chosen to show the most for gift and present in the entry for gift are a good typical and distinctive usage patterns. Essential example of this. It was not our intention, however, grammar and usage information precedes each to make learners puzzle over the differences definition, in the form of short codes and labels. between two very similar definitions. With very close These will already be familiar to users of the synonyms the individual definitions and examples Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, but they are are backed up by a note in a tinted box, which explained on the pages 1006-7 just inside the back explicitly compares and contrasts two or more cover of this book. Irregular plurals are given, but synonyms in terms of meaning, register, collocation irregular forms of verbs are listed in the table on and whatever else may distinguish them. Again, pages 1004-5. The aim was to keep the entries as there is a typical example on ‘Gift or present?’ in the far as possible uncluttered by information on form, entry for gift. Notes preceded by an @ symbol, on the in order to enable learners to focus more easily on other hand, give extra information about one meaning, register and collocation. particular word or expression. The definitions in the entries have to work hard, For amore detailed survey of all the elements conveying as much meaning as possible, clearly, in an entry, see the Guide to the Entries inside in as few words as possible. When two close the front cover, and the Thesaurus Trainer, synonyms have definitions that are nearly which also includes lots of practical examples the same, but not quite, this is not an accident. and exercises. How to use the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus can be used in Thesaurus Trainer give detailed instructions anumber of different ways. It is expected that on how to use the index. the most frequent uses will be to find a synonym It is also possible to search the thesaurus by for a particular word, and to check on the exact topic, if, for example, you are interested in building differences between two particular words. vocabulary in a particular topic area. The Topic Index Entries are ordered alphabetically by headword, lists entries under 30 different topics. Further help the headword being the most frequent word in with building and using topic vocabulary is provided each synonym group. To find any word or by the Topic Maps, with accompanying exercises. expression in any entry (whether it is the The Study Pages offer practice in a variety of topic headword or not), use the alphabetical index areas through a number of different tasks, aimed at the back of the book. The first two pages of the especially at students preparing for exams. The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus CD-ROM The accompanying CD-ROM contains the full text of enables you to create your own topics, using any of the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus. The information in the entries from the thesaurus. The Topic Maps are the thesaurus is even more accessible on CD-ROM: available in full colour and give you instant access just key in the word, choose from the index menu to the related entries. All the study material from and it will take you straight to the entry you need. the printed book is included as PDFs that you can Navigating around entries is also even easier: you print out, write on, photocopy and use with classes. can click straight from the list of synonyms at the In addition, the CD-ROM contains over 250 extra top of the entry to the word or expression that short practice exercises testing word choice, interests you. The split screen feature enables you opposites, register and pragmatics, each focusing to look at two different parts of the same entry, or on a different entry. The Games module offers a two different entries, at the same time. You can more light-hearted approach to practising choose to hide or reveal the collocation information synonyms. and notes, depending on whether you want a quick Allin all, the book and CD-ROM together offer overview of the synonyms or an in-depth analysis. a complete guide to using, practising and teaching You can also choose to see extra example sentences English synonyms. It is hoped that this thesaurus for many of the synonyms. You can add your own will be of use not only to language students, but notes and translations to any of the entries. You can also to teachers preparing classes, as well as to print out any of the entries, or cut and paste from translators and people writing in English for entries into your own documents. academic purposes: in fact to anyone wishing to The ‘Topics’ feature offers quick access to all the improve their own, or their students’, fluency and entries from the 30 topics; the ‘My Topics’ feature precision in written and spoken English. SN THESAURUS TRAINER Sennen These pages explain how the Oxford Learner’s There are exercises on each page to practise Thesaurus works. They will show you how looking up words and extracting information to find the right entry, and then how to from entries. The key to these exercises starts find your way around that entry so that you —on page 913. See also the quick Guide to can find exactly the information you need. Thesaurus Entries inside the front cover. Finding the Right Entry The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus contains over Accusation, on the other hand, is one of the 17,000 words and expressions in over 2,000 = synonyms in the entry at charge noun: entries. In order to find a particular word you first need to know which entry it is in. charge noun All the words and expressions are listed in charge « accusation - indictment + impeachment - the alphabetical index on pages 921-1003. recrimination These are all words for a claim that sb has done sth wrong Here, for example, you can [accurate adj. or is guilty of sth. Y see that accuse verb is in the | 3> -EcXiAcCTa tion noun entry at accuse. This means | > “HaRce : : : Y accuse verb | A Look up the following words in the index. that it is the most important | > : ; : ‘ and frequent word aint “ its 5ac aGcautees ttoOm eLda to adj. | In which entries will you find them? synonym group and is the ache noun ; headword of the entry: pith aumpeseod I in I become verb acclise vas 2 calendar noun accuse - charge + prosecute - indict - impeach - cite : 3 da ring noun These words all mean to say that sb has done sth wrong or committed a crime and must appear in court. Q 4 darin ga dj. More than One Meaning Accurate, accusation and accuse each have B Look up the index entry for fix verb. In just one meaning and appear in just one entry. which entry will you find synonyms of Some words, however, such as act noun, have fix in the meaning used in each of the more than one meaning, and each meaning following sentences? has a different set of synonyms. Act appears in 1 Can | fix you a sandwich? four different entries, with a different meaning in each entry. : : 2 We need to fix a time when we can meet. The index entry for act shows the four entries that it appears in (action, performance, pretence and rule). It also gives a short 3 The chairs were all fixed to the floor. example to show which meaning of a> ctA CTnIoOuNn (an act of kindness) 4 This should fix it. Let me know if you act is treated in > PERFORMANCE (a Circus act) > PRETENCE (put on an act) have any more problems. each entry. > RULE (the Higher Education Act) i Very Frequent Words Some very frequent words, such as get, in each of two or more groups. Thus, the give, go and good, not only have more than entry for get begins with a brief menu that one meaning, each with a different set of shows the five different meanings of get that synonyms, but are the most important word are treated in this entry with their synonyms: EES

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