Oxford Learner's Thesaurus - A Dictionary of Synonyms

1028 Pages·2012·95.663 MB·English

by  Diana Lea

Oxfear:
Learner's
HESA .\URUS
synonyms
ED-ROM - Thesaurus Traineen|
Guide to Thesaurus Entries
headword part of speech
the most frequent synonym in some words have separate entries for different parts of speech, for example
the group work noun and work verb. Entries for different parts of speech always follow
each other in this order: noun, verb, adjective.
fast adj. See also the entry for QUICK
|Tr ee 5 Da ,
fast - quick - high-speed - brisk + supersonic + express
These words all describe things and people moving or doing synonym group
general definition things with speed. the synonyms of the headwo!
the general meaning of listed in order of frequency
all the words in this group
fast high-speed supersonic
quick express synonym scale
’ brisk
ee) PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS shows all the words in the
patterns and » to be fast/ quick at doing sth group in order of strength,
coliocations > a fast/supersonic speed from the weakest to the
shows the prepositions, » a fast/ quick/ brisk movement/ pace/ walk/ run strongest
> quick/ brisk footsteps
structures and words that
» a fast/ quick reader/ worker/learner/ rhythm
typically combine with > a fast/ a high-speed/ an express train/ link
two or more synonyms > a fast/ high-speed computer/ modem
in the group > a fast/ an express bus/ coach/ lane
» very/ quite/ fairly fast/ quick/ brisk
fast moving or able to move with speed; able to do sth with
individual synonyms speed; producing or allowing fast movement: She loves
each word in the group, in driving fast cars. © Are you a fast reader with the ability to
order of frequency, hasa retain the key points? © These are complex programs needing
mini-entry of its own, with very large and fast computers. © It’s a very fast road and
people do not realise what speed they are doing. Ga slow
all the information you
> SLOW
need on meaning and use > fast adv.: Don’t drive so fast! © I can’t go any faster. derivative ‘
quick moving or doing sth fast: He’s a very quick worker. ©
aword from the same family, |b
The kids were quick to learn. © She was quick (= too quick)
to point out the mistakes I'd made. © Her quick hands sud- with a different part of speech
denly stopped moving. © Try to be quick! We're late already.
Dag slow > sLow opposite
> quickly adv: She walked away quickly.
tells you the opposite of thi;s
eS FAST OR QUICK? East is the usual word when you are word, and which entry to go
note talking about travelling, especially ii n a vehicle: e-qiiek
to in order to find out more’
compares and contrasts earread © 4 A person who is able to
two or three words from do sth with speed may be fast or quick: a fast/quick about this opposite and its —
the group to help you reader/worker/runner/thinker/learner/brain. However, synonyms
fast is Nor used in other expressions when sb does sth in
understand exactly what
a short time: Fre-kidssrerefastietearn: © Fryete-be fast!
the differences are Weretate already: See also the entry for QUICK
cross-reference
grammar and ,high-‘speed [usually before noun] that travels, works or tells you about another
usage labels ehranp pheingsh wavyesr,y fhaistg:h -Wspee eadr e trtaailnksi,n g aiarbpoourtt s a annedt waoirrk roouft emso. d- word or entry in the
see pages 1006-7 for a full There should be a large market for cheap high-speed modems. thesaurus, that is
list of labels and what © A police officer was injured during a high-speed chase connected with this one
they mean across two counties.
brisk moving fast, especially on foot: We went for a brisk
walk before ag © They set off at a brisk pace.
down the street.
pronunciation supersonic issu :p a'sonik; sju:-; AmE suzper'sa:nik/ faster
is given for more difficult than the speed of sound: Until then, no aircraft was capable
of supersonic flight.
words (see page 1008 for
express [only before noun] travelling very fast; sent or done
more information) very quickly: An express coach runs once an hour from the
airport. © We provide express delivery services seven days a
week. @ Express is used to talk about transport and other
services. e note
gives extra information
about one particular word |
For a more detailed guide to using entries, see the Thesaurus Trainer on pages vili—xvi.
Oxford
- Learner’s
Thesaurus
a dictionary of synonyms
Chief Editor Diana Lea
Editors Jennifer Bradbery
Richard Poole
Helen Warren
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CONTENTS
inside front cover Guide to Thesaurus Entries
-v_ Preface
vi Introduction
viii-xvi Thesaurus Trainer
1-870 The Thesaurus
871-887 Study Pages
872 Arts and Entertainment
874 Customs and Traditions
876 Green Issues
878 Descriptions
880 Friends and Relationships
882 Workand Jobs
884 Language and Communication
886 Travel and Tourism
888-901 Topic Maps and Exercises
888 Education
890 Health
892 Sport and Leisure
894 The Individual and Society
896 Conflict
898 Fact and Opinion
900 The Media
903-912 Topic Index
913-920 Key to Thesaurus Trainer,
Study Pages and Exercises
921-1003 Alphabetical Index
1004 Irregular verbs
1006 Abbreviations and labels
1008 Pronunciation and phonetic symbols
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PREFACE
‘More help with synonyms’ has been one of the most
frequent requests from students and teachers to us
as lexicographers at Oxford University Press. To give
genuine help with synonyms we need to do more
than just list them; we need to explain exactly when
one word can substitute for another and when it
cannot. We therefore conceived of a dictionary—ora
learner’s thesaurus — that would do exactly that, and
which would be aimed at refining and expanding the
active vocabulary of learners at upper-intermediate
level and above. For an account of the principles and
methodology behind the selection and presentation
of synonyms in this thesaurus, please see the
introduction that follows.
The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus — a dictionary of
synonyms is the result of many years of research,
experiment and concentrated work by a large
number of people. I would first like to thank the
small but dedicated team of editors who worked
with me on the project: Jennifer Bradbery, Richard
Poole and Helen Warren. I am also grateful to Frank
Keenan and his team for managing the technical
side of things. And I should like to acknowledge
Moira Runcie, whose brainchild the Oxford Learner’s
Thesaurus was, and who has been a support and an
inspiration throughout.
Penny Stock created the framework for
assigning words to areas of meaning and
drawing up the synonym groups. The following
lexicographers worked on compiling the entries:
Andrew Delahunty, Penny Hands, Tim McLeish,
Julie Moore, Stella O’Shea and Daryl Tayar.
Daniel Barron, Lisa Isenman, Karen Stern and
Ashley Wagner were American English consultants.
Finally, thanks are due to the many students and
teachers in different countries who have assisted
with piloting and research through all stages of the
project. It is the input from learners and dictionary
users that has enabled us, I believe, to produce the
thesaurus that best meets learners’ needs.
Diana Lea
December 2007
INTRODUCTION S2222 2ee e
What is a learner’s thesaurus?
According to the Oxford Dictionary of English a It is often said that there are no absolute synonyms
thesaurus is ‘a book that lists words in groups of in English: that there is always some difference of
synonyms and related concepts’. It is typically used nuance, register or collocation, that makes one word
by someone who is writing and cannot quite think of choice better, or at least different, from another. These
the right word to use. The person looks up a word differences may be very slight; they may not matter in
with nearly the right meaning and is offered a list of every context. But it is a frustrating experience for
other words to choose from. learners at any level to be prevented from saying
Language learners need synonyms too. They exactly what they mean by lack of the appropriate
need to be able to express themselves in more vocabulary. And as learners progress with their
precise and interesting ways. They need to choose English it becomes increasingly important for them to
language of an appropriate register for the context. be aware of the nuances of words, to be sure that the
But the needs of learners when consulting a meaning conveyed to the reader or listener is the one
thesaurus are actually much more complex than that was intended.
those of native or expert speakers of the language. Therefore we designed a new kind of thesaurus:
Native speakers have a large bank of language a learner’s thesaurus. It does not just offer lists of
stored in their brains; the thesaurus, for them, is synonyms, but is a true dictionary of synonyms.
simply a means of accessing this information. It Words of similar meaning are grouped together,
reminds them of words that they already know but as ina thesaurus, but they are also given definitions
cannot bring to mind. Their chief requirement from and example sentences, and grammar and usage
a thesaurus is that it should offer as wide a choice as information, as in a learner’s dictionary. Words
possible. The New Oxford Thesaurus of English gives within each group are compared and contrasted,
37 different words for fast as an adjective, but in terms of their meanings, use and collocations,
that is all it gives: no definitions, minimal usage in special notes that pinpoint the exact differences
information and no way of distinguishing between between them. There are over 17,000 synonyms
the words on offer. and opposites explained in these pages, whichis a
Language learners, on the other hand, need not large number of words and expressions for anyone’s
only range but depth. They need tolearnnewwords; active vocabulary. (It has been estimated that
and they also need to be able to choose more English native-speaking university graduates know
effectively between words that they have met before, around 20,000 word families, but that includes both
where their knowledge of the exact meaning and active and passive vocabulary.) However, the entry
usage of the words was previously incomplete. They structure of this thesaurus has been carefully designed
need a thesaurus that will not only enable them to to enable learners to find the precise information they
access information, but will also teach them things. want as quickly and easily as possible.
:
How are synonyms presented in the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus?
In the course of researching and compiling the In the case of words with more than one meaning,
Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus we established a number — we of course counted the frequency only of the
of principles governing the information that should relevant meaning in each case. We used corpora of
be included and how it should be presented. This written and spoken British and American English,
thesaurus is intended to help learners at upper- plus a corpus of business English.) Less frequent
intermediate level and above with their writing and words were rejected. The aim was to present learners
speaking in English. This means that all the words with manageable groups of between three and ten
and expressions included are such as might synonyms. In a few cases the upper limit was
reasonably form part ofa learner’s active vocabulary. extended to twelve; a few entries present just a pair
How did we decide whether or not a word qualified of synonyms, when there simply was nota third
for inclusion? Synonym groups were based around synonym to add to the number.
key words, mostly drawn from a 3,000-word core The frequency ranking was also used to order the
vocabulary for learners. As many synonyms as synonyms within the entries. The idea was that
possible were gathered for each key word. The words __ learners still at upper-intermediate level could focus
in each group were then ordered according to on the more frequent and general words near the top
frequency across a range of corpora. (Acorpus, inthis of the entry; more advanced learners could skip
context, is a database of millions of words ofrunning __ straight to the less well-known expressions near the
English text, from which it is possible call up, view bottom. Consultation with teachers and practical
and count all occurrences of any given word, in research with students showed how important
context. This makes it possible to establish the it was for learners to be able to find what they want
overall frequency of any word within the corpus. quickly, without always having to read through the
INTRODUCTION Vii
whole entry. The list of synonyms at the top of each The difference in wording means something: it
entry serves as a menu. Within the body of the entry, signals a slight but distinct difference in meaning
each synonym is treated separately. The main or use, which will usually be reflected in the choice
definition for each word is kept as short as possible. of example sentences. The definitions and examples
Examples are carefully chosen to show the most for gift and present in the entry for gift are a good
typical and distinctive usage patterns. Essential example of this. It was not our intention, however,
grammar and usage information precedes each to make learners puzzle over the differences
definition, in the form of short codes and labels. between two very similar definitions. With very close
These will already be familiar to users of the synonyms the individual definitions and examples
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, but they are are backed up by a note in a tinted box, which
explained on the pages 1006-7 just inside the back explicitly compares and contrasts two or more
cover of this book. Irregular plurals are given, but synonyms in terms of meaning, register, collocation
irregular forms of verbs are listed in the table on and whatever else may distinguish them. Again,
pages 1004-5. The aim was to keep the entries as there is a typical example on ‘Gift or present?’ in the
far as possible uncluttered by information on form, entry for gift. Notes preceded by an @ symbol, on the
in order to enable learners to focus more easily on other hand, give extra information about one
meaning, register and collocation. particular word or expression.
The definitions in the entries have to work hard, For amore detailed survey of all the elements
conveying as much meaning as possible, clearly, in an entry, see the Guide to the Entries inside
in as few words as possible. When two close the front cover, and the Thesaurus Trainer,
synonyms have definitions that are nearly which also includes lots of practical examples
the same, but not quite, this is not an accident. and exercises.
How to use the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus
The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus can be used in Thesaurus Trainer give detailed instructions
anumber of different ways. It is expected that on how to use the index.
the most frequent uses will be to find a synonym It is also possible to search the thesaurus by
for a particular word, and to check on the exact topic, if, for example, you are interested in building
differences between two particular words. vocabulary in a particular topic area. The Topic Index
Entries are ordered alphabetically by headword, lists entries under 30 different topics. Further help
the headword being the most frequent word in with building and using topic vocabulary is provided
each synonym group. To find any word or by the Topic Maps, with accompanying exercises.
expression in any entry (whether it is the The Study Pages offer practice in a variety of topic
headword or not), use the alphabetical index areas through a number of different tasks, aimed
at the back of the book. The first two pages of the especially at students preparing for exams.
The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus CD-ROM
The accompanying CD-ROM contains the full text of enables you to create your own topics, using any of
the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus. The information in the entries from the thesaurus. The Topic Maps are
the thesaurus is even more accessible on CD-ROM: available in full colour and give you instant access
just key in the word, choose from the index menu to the related entries. All the study material from
and it will take you straight to the entry you need. the printed book is included as PDFs that you can
Navigating around entries is also even easier: you print out, write on, photocopy and use with classes.
can click straight from the list of synonyms at the In addition, the CD-ROM contains over 250 extra
top of the entry to the word or expression that short practice exercises testing word choice,
interests you. The split screen feature enables you opposites, register and pragmatics, each focusing
to look at two different parts of the same entry, or on a different entry. The Games module offers a
two different entries, at the same time. You can more light-hearted approach to practising
choose to hide or reveal the collocation information synonyms.
and notes, depending on whether you want a quick Allin all, the book and CD-ROM together offer
overview of the synonyms or an in-depth analysis. a complete guide to using, practising and teaching
You can also choose to see extra example sentences English synonyms. It is hoped that this thesaurus
for many of the synonyms. You can add your own will be of use not only to language students, but
notes and translations to any of the entries. You can also to teachers preparing classes, as well as to
print out any of the entries, or cut and paste from translators and people writing in English for
entries into your own documents. academic purposes: in fact to anyone wishing to
The ‘Topics’ feature offers quick access to all the improve their own, or their students’, fluency and
entries from the 30 topics; the ‘My Topics’ feature precision in written and spoken English.
SN THESAURUS TRAINER Sennen
These pages explain how the Oxford Learner’s There are exercises on each page to practise
Thesaurus works. They will show you how looking up words and extracting information
to find the right entry, and then how to from entries. The key to these exercises starts
find your way around that entry so that you —on page 913. See also the quick Guide to
can find exactly the information you need. Thesaurus Entries inside the front cover.
Finding the Right Entry
The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus contains over Accusation, on the other hand, is one of the
17,000 words and expressions in over 2,000 = synonyms in the entry at charge noun:
entries. In order to find a particular word
you first need to know which entry it is in. charge noun
All the words and expressions are listed in charge « accusation - indictment + impeachment -
the alphabetical index on pages 921-1003. recrimination
These are all words for a claim that sb has done sth wrong
Here, for example, you can [accurate adj. or is guilty of sth. Y
see that accuse verb is in the | 3> -EcXiAcCTa tion noun
entry at accuse. This means | > “HaRce : : :
Y accuse verb | A Look up the following words in the index.
that it is the most important | > : ; : ‘
and frequent word aint “ its 5ac aGcautees ttoOm eLda to adj. | In which entries will you find them?
synonym group and is the ache noun ;
headword of the entry: pith aumpeseod I in I become verb
acclise vas 2 calendar noun
accuse - charge + prosecute - indict - impeach - cite : 3 da ring noun
These words all mean to say that sb has done sth wrong or
committed a crime and must appear in court. Q 4 darin ga dj.
More than One Meaning
Accurate, accusation and accuse each have B Look up the index entry for fix verb. In
just one meaning and appear in just one entry. which entry will you find synonyms of
Some words, however, such as act noun, have fix in the meaning used in each of the
more than one meaning, and each meaning following sentences?
has a different set of synonyms. Act appears in
1 Can | fix you a sandwich?
four different entries, with a different meaning
in each entry.
: : 2 We need to fix a time when we can meet.
The index entry for act shows the four entries
that it appears in (action, performance,
pretence and rule). It also gives a short 3 The chairs were all fixed to the floor.
example to show
which meaning of a> ctA CTnIoOuNn (an act of kindness) 4 This should fix it. Let me know if you
act is treated in > PERFORMANCE (a Circus act)
> PRETENCE (put on an act) have any more problems.
each entry. > RULE (the Higher Education Act) i
Very Frequent Words
Some very frequent words, such as get, in each of two or more groups. Thus, the
give, go and good, not only have more than entry for get begins with a brief menu that
one meaning, each with a different set of shows the five different meanings of get that
synonyms, but are the most important word are treated in this entry with their synonyms:
EES