Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades

473 Pages·2004·49.02 MB·English

THE OXFORD ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF
THE CRUSADES
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH is Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the
University of Cambridge.
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THE OXFORD
ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF
T HE CRUSADES
Edited by
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP
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© Oxford University Press 1995
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First published 1995 by Oxford University Press
First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback 1997
Reissued 2001
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN-13: 978-0-19-285428-5
ISBN-10: 0-19-285428-3
79 108
Printed by Ashford Colour Press
Gosport, Hampshire
preface
THE inclusion of the subject of the crusades in this series of illustrated histories and the fact
that only one of the contributors is from outside Britain provide an opportunity to reflect
upon the phenomenal rise in the number of British crusade scholars since the early 19505,
when there cannot have been more than half a dozen, only two of whom were historians,
teaching in the universities. By 1990 twenty-nine history departments in British universities
and colleges had members of the Society for the Study of the Crusades on their staff. The subjects
strength in British academic circles probably owes most to a general public interest, a fasci-
nation with the Near East which has a long history, the reputation of St John Ambulance,
which associates itself with the medieval Knights Hospitallers, and the continuing success of
Sir Steven Runciman's A History of the Crusades.
This volume reflects the recent developments in crusade historiography which are
described in Chapter i. It covers crusading in many different theatres of war. The concepts
of apologists, propagandists, song-writers, and poets, and the perceptions and motives of the
crusaders themselves are described, as are the emotional and intellectual reactions of the
Muslims to Christian holy war. The institutional developments—legal, financial, and struc-
tural—which were necessary to the movement's survival are analysed. Several chapters are
devoted to the western settlements established in the eastern Mediterranean region in the
wake of the crusades, to the remarkable art and architecture associated with them, and to the
military orders. The subject of the later crusades, including the history of the military orders
from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, is given the attention it deserves. And the first
steps are taken on to a field that is as yet hardly explored, the survival of the ideas and images
of crusading into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
Croxton, Cambridgeshire
April, Z994
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Contents
List of Colour Plates ix
List of Maps xi
1. The Crusading Movement and Historians i
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
2. Origins 13
MARCUS BULL
3. The Crusading Movement, 1096—1274 34
SIMON LLOYD
4. The State of Mind of Crusaders to the East, 1095—1300 66
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
5. Songs 91
MICHAEL ROUTLEDGE
6. The Latin East, 1098—1291 112
JONATHAN PHILLIPS
7. Art in the Latin East, 1098—1291 141
JAROSLAV FOLDA
8. Architecture in the Latin East, 1098—1571 160
DENYS PRINGLE
9. The Military Orders, 1120—1312 184
ALAN FOREY
10. Islam and the Crusades, 1096—1699 217
ROBERT IRWIN
11. The Crusading Movement, 1274—1700 260
NORMAN HOUSLEY
12. The Latin East, 1291—1669 294
PETER EDBURY
13. The Military Orders, 1312—1798 326
ANTHONY LUTTRELL
Vlll • CONTENTS
14. Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries 365
ELIZABETH SIBERRY
15. Revival and Survival 386
JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH
Chronology 392
Further Reading 401
Illustration Sources 418
Index 420
List of dolour plates
facing page
Armoured knights on horseback 2O
Abbazia Montecassino/Scala, Florence
Pope Urban II on his way to Clermont 20
Arch. Snark/Bibliotheque Nationale/Edimedia, Paris
St Benedict of Nursia cures a man with a skin disease 21
Scala, Florence
Christ on the Cross, a reliquary from southern France
52
© Jean Dieuzaide
David delivering provisions to his brethen 52
The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, M638 fo.zyv
The reconquest of Spain 53
Mas
Pope Innocent III 116
Scala, Florence
Windows in the south choir clerestory of Tewkesbury Abbey 117
Woodmansterne, photo by Jeremy Marks
French king leads crusaders, miniature of 1490 "7
© photo Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Ms fr 5594 6x138
St Louis at the siege of Damietta 148
© photo Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Ms fr 2628 fo.328v
Peter the Hermit 148
British Library, Ms Eg. 1500 fo.45v
Expedition of Louis IX 148
British Library, Ms Eg. 1500 £0.57
Schreinmadonna £.1400 149
© photo RMN/Cluny
Byzantine Emperor Manuel Comnenus and his wife 180
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat gr. 1176
Deesis miniature in the Psalter of Queen Melisende 180
British Library, Ms Eg. 1139 fo.i2v
Front ivory cover of the Psalter of Queen Melisende 180
British Library, Ms Eg. 1139
Frontispiece to the Book of Judith from the Arsenal Bible 181
© photo Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Bibliotheque de 1'Arsenal Ms 5211 £0.252