Oxford IB Diploma Programme: IB Prepared: Chemistry

268 Pages·2019·33.819 MB·English

by  Sergey Bylikin, Brian Murphy

O X F O R D I B P R E P A R E D
CHEMISTRY
I B D I P LO M A P R O G R A M M E
Sergey Bylikin
Brian Murphy
Alexandra Juniper

O X F O R D I B P R E P A R E D
CHEMISTRY
I B D I P LO M A P R O G R A M M E
Sergey Bylikin
Brian Murphy
Alexandra Juniper
1
3
problem 1, p138: N13 HP2 TZ0, Q1; Practice problem 2, p139: Inspired by M11 SP2 TZ1,
Q1 and M17 SP3 TZ1, Q2; Practice problem 1, p147: M18 TZ1 SLP3; Sample student
answer, p154: M18 SLP3 TZ2, Q4(b)(ii); Sample student answer, p163: N17 HP3 TZ0,
Q12a; Sample student answer, p168: M17 HP3 TZ1, Q14b; Practice problem 2, p168:
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
N16 SP3 Q10d; Practice problem 3, p168: M16 HP3 Q11d; Sample student answer, p171:
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers M17 HP3 TZ2, Q9; Practice problem 2, p172: Derived from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q9; Sample
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education student answer, p174: M16 HP3 TZ0, Q11b; Practice problem 1, p174: Derived from N16
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University HP3 TZ0, Q12a + b; Practice problem 2, p174: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q12c; Sample
Press in the UK and in certain other countries student answer, p176: M17 SP3 TZ0, Q10; Practice problem 1, p176: Derived from M16
HP3 TZ0, Q13a, and M17 HP3 TZ1, Q14d; Sample student answer, p178: M16 HP3 TZ0,
© Oxford University Press 2018 Q11c; Practice problem 1, p179: M17 HP3 TZ1, Q13c(ii); Practice problem 2, p179: M17
SP3 TZ1, Q13f; Sample student answer, p183: M17 HP3 TZ1, Q15; Practice problem 1,
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.
p183: Inspired by N17 HP3 TZ0, Q11; Practice problem 2(a), p183: Similar to M17 HP3
First published in 2018 TZ2, Q8c; Sample student answer, p186: From M17 HP3 TZ1, Q15d; Practice problem 1,
p186: Derived from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q15; Sample student answer, p188: N17 HP3 TZ0,
ISBN 978 0 19 842367 6 Q14; Practice problem 1, p188: Derived from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q16, and M17 HP3 TZ2,
Q14; Sample student answer p191: N17 HP3 TZ0, Q15(b); Practice problem 1 p191:
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a
Adapted from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q10; Practice problem 3 p191: Adapted and expanded
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by version of M17 HP3 TZ2, Q12; Example C.1.1, p192: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q17;
law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights Sample student answer, p193: M17 HP3 TZ2, Q17(b); Practice problem 1 p194: Derived
organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q20(c), and M16 HP3 TZ0, Q15(b)(ii); Example C.2.1, p195: Derived
should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the from M17 SP3 TZ2, Q14(c); Sample student answer, p196: M16 HP3 TZ0, Q15; Practice
address above. problem 1, p197: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ2, Q18; Example C.3.1, p198: Adapted from
M16 HP3 TZ0, Q17; Example C.3.2, p198: Inspired by N17 HP3 TZ0, Q18; Sample student
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must answer, p199: M17 HP3 TZ1, Q18; Practice problem 1 p199: Derived from M16 HP3 TZ0,
impose this same condition on any acquirer. Q17; Practice problem 2 p199: Adapted from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q16; Example C.4.1, p200:
Inspired by N17 HP3 TZ0, Q18; Sample student answer, p201: M16 HP3 TZ0, Q16;
Printed in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Ltd. Glasgow Practice problem 1, p201: Derived from N17 SP3 TZ0, Q15; Practice problem 2, p201:
Derived from N17 HP3 TZ0, Q19; Example C.5.1, p202: Derived from N17 SP3 TZ0, Q13;
Acknowledgements
Sample student answer, p202: N16 SP3 TZ0, Q13; Practice problem 1, p203: Derived
The authors would like to thank the editing team, Helen Payne and Ben Rout,
from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q23; Example C.6.1, p205: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q21; Sample
for their work on this book, and the IB for their useful suggestions. Sergey Bylikin
student answer, p205: M17 HP3 TZ2, Q17(c); Practice problem 1, p206: Derived from
would also like to thank Dr Natalia Kalashnikova for her support and suggestions.
N16 HP3 TZ0, Q21, and M17 HP3 TZ1, Q22; Practice problem 2, p206: Derived from N16
Photo credits: HP3 TZ0, Q21; Example C.7.1, p206: Adapted from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q17; Example C.7.2,
p207: Adapted from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q22; Sample student answer, p208: N17 HP3 TZ0,
Cover: Alamy Stock Photo; p38 (T) Shutterstock Loraks/Shutterstock; p43 (T) DAM
Q18; Practice problem 1 p208: Inspired by M17 HP3 TZ2, Q16; Example C.8.1, p209:
Yasni/Shutterstock; p47 (T) Shutterstock Ropisme/Shutterstock; p62 (T) DAM Pho-
Derived from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q21(a); Sample student answer, p210: N16 HP3 TZ0, Q21;
tomaster/Shutterstock; p102 (T) DAM Jose Antonio Perez/Shutterstock; p104 (T)
Practice problem 1, p210: Adapted from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q18; Practice problem 2, p210:
Science Photo Library; Charles D. Winters/Science Photo Library; p116 (T) Science
Adapted from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q19; Example D.1.1, p212: Derived from M17 HP3 TZ1,
Photo Library Martyn F. Chillmaid/Science Photo Library; p162 (T) DAM Science
Q24(a); Sample student answer p212: N17 HP3 TZ0, Q23; Practice problem 1 p212:
Photo/Shutterstock; p192 (T) DAM Nickolay Vinokurov/Shutterstock; p211 (T)
Inspired by N16 HP3 TZ0, Q24a; Example D.2.1, p213: Derived from N17 HP3 TZ0, Q18;
Science Photo Library CNRI/Science Photo Library; p2 (T) Science Photo Library
Sample student answer, p215: M16 HP3 TZ0, Q22; Practice problem 2, p215: Adapted
Charles D. Winters/Science Photo Library; p10 (T) DAM Juhku/Shutterstock; p12
from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q23; Sample student answer, p216: N17 HP3 TZ0, Q22(c); Practice
(B) Alamy Stock Photo Fotomaton / Alamy Stock Photo; p12 (B) Photo from 6.1
problem 1, p217: Adapted from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q23; Practice problem 2, p217: Adapted
Electromagnetic Energy by Rice University is licensed under a Creative Commons
from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q27; Sample student answer, p218: N17 HP3 TZ0, Q25(b); Practice
Attribution 4.0 International License, except; p17 (T) Shutterstock Humdan/Shut-
problem 1, p219: Derived from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q24; Practice problem 2, p219: Derived
terstock; p22 (T) DAM Ambelrip/Shutterstock; p31 (T) Shutterstock lbert Russ/
from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q22(b); Sample student answer, p220: M17 HP3 TZ2, Q23; Practice
Shutterstock; p55 (T) Shutterstock Oleksii Fedorenko/Shutterstock; p72 (T) Shut-
problem 1, p220: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q24(b); Sample student answer, p222:
terstock Ropisme/Shutterstock; p79 (T) Alamy Stock Photo CNP Collection / Alamy
M17 HP3 TZ1, Q27(b); Practice problem 1, p222: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q28(d), and
Stock Photo; p81 (T) Science Photo Library GIPhotoStock/Science Photo Library;
M16 HP3 TZ0, Q25(e); Practice problem 2, p222: Derived from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q25(e);
p85 (T) Shutterstock Doug Stevens/Shutterstock; p91 (T) Science Photo Library
Example D.7.1, p223: derived from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q28; Sample student answer, p223:
Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library; p96 (T) Science Photo Library Eye of
M17 HP3 TZ2, Q25; Practice problem 1, p224: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q26; Practice
Science/Science Photo Library; p111 (T) Shutterstock Science Photo/Shutterstock;
problem 2, p224: Derived from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q28(b); Example D.8.1, p225: Derived
p125 (T) Shutterstock Smereka/Shutterstock; p128 (T) DAM Mopic/Shutterstock;
from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q2; Sample student answer, p226: N16 HP3 TZ0, Q28; Practice
p140 (T) Alamy Stock Photo 3QuarksMedia/Alamy Stock Photo.
problem 1, p226: Derived from M17 HP3 TZ2, Q26(b), and M16 HP3 TZ0, Q25(e); Practice
Artwork by Aptara Corp. and OUP.
problem 2, p226: Inspired by M17 HP3 TZ1, Q29(c); Example D.9.1, p227: Derived from
M17 HP3 TZ2, Q21(c); Example D.9.2, p228: Derived from M16 HP3 TZ0, Q23(c); Sample
The publisher would like to thank the International Baccalaureate for their kind
student answer, p229: M17 HP3 TZ1, Q25(d); Practice problem 1, p229: Derived from
permission to adapt questions from past examinations and content from the
M17 HP3 TZ2, Q20(a) (iii) and (iv); Practice problem 2, p229: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0,
subject guide. The questions adapted for this book, and the corresponding past
Q29; Q1, p235: Derived from N16 SP1 TZ0, Q1; Q2, p235: Derived from M16 SP1 TZ0,
paper references, are summarized here:
Q3; Q3, p235: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ1, Q5; Q4, p235: Derived from N17 SP1 TZ0, Q7;
Sample student answer, p9: M16 SLP2 TZ0, Q1(c); Sample student answer, p15: M18 HP2 Q5, p235: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ1, Q8; Q6, p235: Derived from N17 SP1 TZ0, Q10;
TZ1, Q2; Practice problem 4, p16: M16 SLP2 Q4 (c) (ii); Sample student answer, p21: M17 Q7, p235: Derived from N17 SP1 TZ0, Q12; Q8, p236: Derived from M16 SP1 TZ0, Q13;
SPL1 TZ2, Q1 (c) (i); Practice problem 1 p21: M18 SLP2 TZ1, Q8; Sample student answer, Q9, p236: Derived from M16 SP1 TZ0, Q15; Q10, p236: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ0, Q16;
p27: M16 SLP2 TZ0, Q1 (a) (i)-(iii); Sample student answer, p41: M16 SP2 TZ0, Q3b; Q11, p236: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ2, Q17; Q12, p236: Derived from M18 SP1 TZ1,
Practice problem 1, p42: Adapted from N17 SP1 TZ0, Q17; Practice problem 2, p42: Q18; Q13, p236: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ1, Q20; Q14, p236: Derived from M16 SP1
Partly derived from M17 SP2 TZ2, Q5a(ii); Practice problem 3, p42: Inspired by M17 SP2 TZ0, Q20; Q15, p236: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ1, Q22; Q16, p236: Derived from M16
TZ1, Q1; Sample student answer, p45: HP2 N16 TZ0, Q1a; Sample student answer, p46: SP1 TZ0, Q22; Q17, p236: Derived from M18 SP1 TZ2, Q25; Q18, p236: Derived from
HP2 M17 TZ1, Q5c; Example 8.1.2, p48: Adapted from M16 HP2 TZ0, Q1b(ii); Sample M17 SP1 TZ2, Q26; Q19, p236: Derived from N17 SP1 TZ0, Q30; Q20, p237: Derived
student answer (1), p54: M17 HP2 TZ1, Q5e; Sample student answer (2), p54: N17 HP2 from M16 SP1 TZ0, Q29; Q21, p237: Derived from M16 SP1 TZ0, Q4; Q22, p237: Derived
TZ0, Q1e; Example 9.2.1, p59: N17 SLP2, Q2 (e) (i)-(iii); Practice problem 3, p61: N10 SLP1; from M17 SP1 TZ1, Q3; Q23, p237: Derived from M17 SP1 TZ2, Q6; Q24, p237: Derived
Sample student answer, p67: M16 HP2 TZ0 Q2; Sample student answer, p71: N17 HP2 from M16 SP1 TZ0, Q10; Q25, p237: Derived from N16 SP1 TZ0, Q12; Q26, p237:
TZ0 Q8(a); Sample student answer, p78: M17 SLP2 TZ2, Q8 (b); Sample student answer, Derived from N17 SP1 TZ0, Q14; Q27, p237: Derived from M18 SP1 TZ2, Q21; Q28,
p80: M16 HLP2 TZ0, Q4 (e); Practice problem 2, p80: N16 HLP2 Q4 (d) (i) and (ii); Sample p237: Derived from M18 SP1 TZ2, Q27; Q29, p237: Derived from N16 SP1 TZ0, Q25;
student answer, p84: M17 HLP2 TZ2, Q2 (b) (iii); Sample student answer, p89: M17 HLP2 Q30, p237: Derived from M18 SP1 TZ1, Q29; Q31, p237: Derived from N16 HP1 TZ0, Q2;
TZ1, Q8 (a) and (b); Sample student answer, p94: M17 HLP2 TZ1, Q4 (c); Sample student Q32, p238: Derived from M16 HP1 TZ0, Q6; Q33, p238: Derived from N17 HP1 TZ0,
answer, p100: M16 HP2 TZ0, Q3a; Sample student answer, p103: M16 HP2 TZ0, Q2a; Q10; Q34, p238: Derived from N17 HP1 TZ0, Q11; Q35, p238: Derived from N17 HP1
Practice problem 2, p103: M17 HP2 TZ2, Q4d(ii); Example 18.3.2, p109: N17 HP2 TZ0, TZ0, Q14; Q36, p238: Derived from M16 HP1 TZ0, Q15; Q37, p238: Derived from N17
Q26; Sample student answer, p110: M17 HP2 TZ1, Q5d; Practice problem 1 p110: HP1 TZ0, Q18; Q38, p238: Derived from N17 HP1 TZ0, Q17; Q39, p238: Derived from
Derived from N16 HP2 TZ0, Q28; Practice problem 2 p110: Derived from N17 HP2 TZ0, N17 HP1 TZ0, Q21; Q40, p238: Derived from M17 HP1 TZ2, Q20; Q41, p238: Derived
Q3d/e; Sample student answer, p115: M17 HLP2 TZ2, Q2(b) (i) and (ii); Example 20.1.1, from M17 HP1 TZ2, Q22; Q42, p238: Derived from M18 HP1 TZ1, Q26; Q43, p238:
p118: Derived from M17 HP2 TZ2, Q7b(ii); Sample student answer, p124: N16 HP2 TZ0, Derived from M18 HP1 TZ1, Q27; Q44, p239: Derived from N16 HP3 TZ0, Q32; Q45,
Q6; Sample student answer, p126: M17 HLP2 TZ2, Q7 (a) (i)-(iii)); Example 22.1.1, p128: p239: Derived from M18 HP1 TZ2, Q31; Q46, p239: Derived from M17 HP1 TZ2, Q33;
Adapted from N16 TZ0, Q1a+Q1b; Example 22.1.2, p130: Inspired by N17 TZ0 Q3; Q47, p239: Derived from M17 HP1 TZ2, Q36; Q48, p239: Derived from N16 HP1 TZ0,
Sample student answer, p131: M16 TZ0, Q1b; Example S.2.1, p134: Adapted from M16 Q36; Q49, p239: Derived from M17 HP1 TZ1, Q37; Q50, p239: Derived from M18 HP1
TZ0, Q2; Example S.2.2, p136: Adapted from M16 TZ0, Q2; Example S.2.3, p137: TZ1, Q40; Q18(a), p252: Adapted from M17 HP3 TZ1, Q22
Adapted from M16 TZ0, Q2; Sample student answer, p138: N17 TZ0, Q2; Practice
Contents
Introduction iv 9 Redox processes 18 Acids and bases (AHL) B.2 Proteins and
enzymes 164
1 Stoichiometric
9.1 Oxidation and 18.1 Lewis acids B.3 Lipids 169
relationships reduction 55 and bases 104
B.4 Carbohydrates 172
9.2 Electrochemical cells 58 18.2 Calculations
1.1 Introduction to the particulate involving acids B.5 Vitamins 174
nature of matter and and bases 105 B.6 Biochemistry and
chemical change 2 10 Organic chemistry the environment 176
18.3 pH curves 106
1.2 The mole concept 3 B.7 Proteins and
1.3 Reacting masses and 10.1 Fundamentals of enzymes (AHL) 179
volumes 5 organic chemistry 62 19 Redox processes (AHL) B.8 Nucleic acids (AHL) 184
10.2 Functional group B.9 Biological pigments
2 Atomic structure chemistry 68 19.1 Electrochemical (AHL) 186
cells 111
B.10 Stereochemistry
2.1 The nuclear atom 10 11 Measurement and in biomolecules
(AHL) 189
2.2 Electron configuration 12 data processing 20 Organic chemistry (AHL)
11.1 Uncertainties and 20.1 Types of organic C Energy
3 Periodicity errors in measurement reactions 116
and results 72 20.2 Synthetic routes 120 C.1 Energy sources 192
3.1 Periodic table 17
11.2 Graphical techniques 74 20.3 Stereoisomerism 122 C.2 Fossil fuels 194
3.2 Periodic trends 19
11.3 Spectroscopic C.3 Nuclear fusion
identification of and fission 197
organic compounds 76 21 Measurement and
4 Chemical bonding C.4 Solar energy 200
analysis (AHL)
and structure C.5 Environmental
12 Atomic structure (AHL) 21.1 Spectroscopic impact—global
4.1 Ionic bonding and identification of warming 201
structure 22 12.1 Electrons in atoms 79 organic compounds 125 C.6 Electrochemistry,
4.2 Covalent bonding 23 rechargeable batteries
and fuel cells (AHL) 203
4.3 Covalent structures 24
13 The periodic table—the 22 Data-based and practical C.7 Nuclear fusion and
4.4 Intermolecular forces 28
transition metals (AHL) questions (Section A) nuclear fission (AHL) 206
4.5 Metallic bonding 29
C.8 Photovoltaic and
13.1 First-row d-block 22.1 Data-based dye-sensitized solar
elements 81 questions 128 cells (AHL) 209
5 Energetics/
13.2 Coloured complexes 83 22.2 Practical questions 133
thermochemistry
D Medicinal chemistry
5.1 Measuring energy 14 Chemical bonding and A Materials
changes 31 D.1 Pharmaceutical
structure (AHL)
5.2 Hess’s Law 33 A.1 Materials science products and drug
introduction 140 action 211
5.3 Bond enthalpies 34 14.1 Further aspects of
covalent bonding A.2 Metals and inductively D.2 Aspirin and
and structure 85 coupled plasma (ICP) penicillin 213
6 Chemical kinetics 14.2 Hybridization 89 spectroscopy 142 D.3 Opiates 215
A.3 Catalysts 145 D.4 pH regulation of
6.1 Collision theory and A.4 Liquid crystals 147 the stomach 217
rates of reaction 38 15 Energetics/ A.5 Polymers 149 D.5 Antiviral
thermochemistry (AHL) medications 219
A.6 Nanotechnology 152
D.6 Environmental
7 Equilibrium 15.1 Energy cycles 91 A.7 Environmental impact of some
impact—plastics 153
15.2 Entropy and medications 221
7.1 Equilibrium 43
spontaneity 93 A.8 Superconducting D.7 Taxol—a chiral
metals and x-ray
auxiliary case
crystallography (AHL) 155
8 Acids and bases study (AHL) 222
16 Chemical kinetics (AHL) A.9 Condensation
D.8 Nuclear medicine
polymers (AHL) 158
8.1 Theories of acids (AHL) 224
and bases 47 16.1 Rate expression A.10 Environmental D.9 Drug detection
and reaction impact—heavy
8.2 Properties of acids mechanism 96 metals (AHL) 159 and analysis (AHL) 227
and bases 48
16.2 Activation energy 98
8.3 The pH scale 50
B Biochemistry Internal assessment 230
8.4 Strong and weak
acids and bases 51 17 Equilibrium (AHL) Practice exam
B.1 Introduction to
8.5 Acid deposition 52 papers 235
biochemistry 162
17.1 The equilibrium law 102
Index 255
iii
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
This book provides full coverage of the IB diploma Overview of the book structure
syllabus in Chemistry and offers support to
The book is divided into several sections that cover
students preparing for their examinations. The
the internal assessment, core SL and additional
book will help you revise the study material, learn
higher level (AHL) topics, data-based and practical
the essential terms and concepts, strengthen your
questions, the four options (A–D) and a complete set
problem-solving skills and improve your approach
of practice examination papers.
to IB examinations. The book is packed with
worked examples and exam tips that demonstrate The largest section of the book, core topics,
best practices and warn against common errors. follows the structure of the IB diploma chemistry
All topics are illustrated by annotated student syllabus (for first assessment 2016) and covers all
answers to questions from past examinations, which understandings and applications and skills assessment
explain why marks may be scored or missed. statements. Topics 1–11 contain common material for
SL and HL students while topics 12–21 are intended
A separate section is dedicated to data-based and
for HL students only. The nature of science concepts
practical questions, which are the most distinctive
are also discussed where applicable.
feature of the syllabus (first assessment in 2016).
Numerous examples show how to tackle unfamiliar The data-based and practical questions section
situations, interpret and analyse experimental (chapter 22) provides a detailed analysis of problems
data, and suggest improvements to experimental and laboratory experiments that often appear in
procedures. Practice problems and a complete set section A of paper 3. Similar to core topics, the
of IB-style examination papers provide further discussion is illustrated by worked examples
opportunities to check your knowledge and skills, and sample scripts, followed by IB-style practice
boost your confidence and monitor the progress problems. This section also contains a complete list
of your studies. Full solutions to all problems of laboratory experiments and techniques that may
and examination papers are given online at be assessed in papers 2 and 3.
www.oxfordsecondary.com/ib-prepared-support.
The options section reviews the material assessed in
As any study guide, this book is not intended the second part of paper 3. Each of the four options
to replace your course materials, such as is presented as a series of SL and AHL subtopics.
textbooks, laboratory manuals, past papers and
The internal assessment section outlines the nature
markschemes, the IB Chemistry syllabus and
of the investigation that you will have to carry out
your own notes. To succeed in the examination,
and explains how to select a suitable topic, collect
you will need to use a broad range of resources,
and process experimental data, draw conclusions and
many of which are available online. The authors
present your report in a suitable format to satisfy the
hope that this book will navigate you through
marking criteria and achieve the highest grade.
this critical part of your studies, making your
preparation for the exam less stressful and more The final section contains IB-style practice
efficient. examination papers 1, 2 and 3, written exclusively
for this book. These papers will give you an
DP Chemistry assessment opportunity to test yourself before the actual exam
and at the same time provide additional practice
All standard level (SL) and higher level (HL)
problems for every topic of core and options
students must complete the internal assessment
material.
and take three papers as part of their external
assessment. Papers 1 and 2 are usually sat on one The answers and solutions to all practice problems
day and Paper 3 a day or two later. The internal and and examination papers are given online at
external assessment marks are combined as shown www.oxfordsecondary.com/ib-prepared-support.
in the table at the top of page V to give your overall Blank answer sheets for examination papers are also
DP Chemistry grade, from 1 (lowest) to 7 (highest). available at the same address.
iivv
Assessment overview
SL HL
Assessment Description Topics
marks weight marks weight
Internal Experimental work with a written report — 24 20% 24 20%
Paper 1 Multiple-choice questions Core: 30 20% 40 20%
1–11 (SL)
Paper 2 Short- and extended-response questions 50 40% 95 36%
1–21 (AHL)
Section A: data-based and practical
— 15 15
questions
Paper 3 20% 24%
Section B: short- and extended-response Option of your
20 30
questions choice
The final IB diploma score is calculated by combining grades for six subjects with up to three additional
points from theory of knowledge and extended essay components.
Command terms
Command terms are pre-defined words and phrases used in all IB Chemistry questions and problems. Each
command term specifies the type and depth of the response expected from you in a particular question.
For example, the command terms state, outline, explain and discuss require answers with increasingly higher
levels of detail, from a single word, short sentence or numerical value (“state”) to comprehensive analysis
(“discuss”), as shown in the next table.
Question Possible answer
State the effect of increasing temperature
Rate increases.
on the reaction rate.
Outline how an increase in temperature For most reactions, the rate approximately doubles when temperature increases by
affects the reaction rate. 10 degrees.
As temperature increases, the average speed and thus kinetic energy of particles also
Explain why an increase in temperature
increase. The particles collide with one another more frequently and with a greater force.
increases the reaction rate.
As a result, the frequency of successful collisions increases, so the rate increases.
Both factors increase the rate by increasing the frequency of successful collisions.
However, an increase in temperature increases the frequency and intensity of all
Discuss the effects of increasing collisions (successful and unsuccessful) but has no effect on the activation energy.
temperature and the presence of a catalyst In contrast, a catalyst has no effect on the frequency or intensity of collisions but
on the reaction rate. lowers the activation energy by providing an alternative reaction pathway and thus
allowing slow-moving particles to collide successfully. Thus, the same macroscopic
effect is achieved by different microscopic changes.
A list of commonly used command terms in Chemistry examination questions is given in the table below.
Understanding the exact meaning of frequently used command terms is essential for your success in the
examination. Therefore, you should explore this table and use it regularly as a reference when answering
questions in this book.
Command term Definition
Annotate Add brief notes to a diagram or graph
Calculate Obtain a numerical answer showing your working
Comment Give a judgment based on a given statement or result of a calculation
Compare Give an account of the similarities between two or more items
Compare and contrast Give an account of similarities and differences between two or more items
Construct Present information in a diagrammatic or logical form
Deduce Reach a conclusion from the information given
Describe Give a detailed account
Determine Obtain the only possible answer
Discuss Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses
Distinguish Make clear the differences between two or more items
Represent by a labelled, accurate diagram or graph, drawn to scale, with plotted points (if
Draw
appropriate) joined in a straight line or smooth curve
Continued on page VI
v
INTRODUCTION
Command term Definition
Estimate Obtain an approximate value
Explain Give a detailed account including reasons or causes
Formulate Express precisely and systematically a concept or argument
Identify Provide an answer from a number of possibilities
Justify Give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion
Label Add labels to a diagram
List Give a sequence of brief answers with no explanation
Outline Give a brief account or summary
Predict Give an expected result
Represent by means of a diagram or graph (labelled as appropriate), giving a general idea of the
Sketch
required shape or relationship
State Give a specific name, value or other brief answer without explanation
Suggest Propose a solution, hypothesis or other possible answer
A complete list of command terms is available in the subject guide.
Preparation and exam strategies
In addition to the above suggestions, there are some simple rules you should follow during your preparation
study and the exam itself.
1. Get ready for study. Have enough sleep, eat well, 5. Read actively. Focus on understanding rather than
drink plenty of water and reduce your stress by memorizing. Recite key points and definitions
positive thinking and physical exercise. A good using your own words. Try to solve every worked
night’s sleep is particularly important before the example and practice problem before looking at
exam day, as it can improve your score. the answer. Make notes for future reference.
2. Organize your study environment. Find a 6. Get ready for the exams. Practice answering
comfortable place with adequate lighting, exam-style questions under a time constraint.
temperature and ventilation. Avoid distractions. Learn how to use the Chemistry data booklet
Keep your papers and computer files organized. quickly and efficiently. Solve as many problems
Bookmark useful online and offline material. from past papers as you can. Take a trial exam
using the papers at the end of this book.
3. Plan your studies. Make a list of your tasks and
arrange them by importance. Break up large 7. Optimize your exam approach. Read all questions
tasks into smaller, easily manageable parts. carefully, paying extra attention to command
Create an agenda for your studying time and terms. Keep your answers as short and clear
make sure that you can complete each task as possible. Double-check all numerical values
before the deadline. and units. Label axes in graphs and annotate
diagrams. Use exam tips from this book.
4. Use this book as your first point of
reference. Work your way through the topics 8. Do not panic. Take a positive attitude and
systematically and identify the gaps in your concentrate on things you can improve. Set
understanding and skills. Spend extra time realistic goals and work systematically to achieve
on the topics where improvement is required. these goals. Be prepared to reflect on your
Check your textbook and online resources for performance and learn from your errors in order
more information. to improve your future results.
vi
Key features of the book
Each chapter typically covers one core or option topic, and starts with
“You should know” and “You should be able to” checklists. These
outline the understandings and applications and skills sections of the IB
Theoretical concepts and key
diploma Chemistry syllabus. Some assessment statements have been
definitions are discussed at a
reworded or combined together to make them more accessible and
level sufficient for answering
simplify the navigation. These changes do not affect the coverage of
typical examination questions.
key syllabus material, which is always explained within the chapter.
Many concepts are illustrated
Chapters contain the features outlined on this page.
by diagrams, tables or worked
examples. Most definitions are
Example
given in a grey side box like this
one, and explained in the text.
Examples offer solutions to typical problems and demonstrate
common problem-solving techniques. Many examples provide
alternative answers and explain how the marks are awarded. Assessment tip
This feature highlights the
Nature of science relates a chemistry concept to the overarching essential terms and statements
principles of the scientific approach. that have appeared in past
markschemes, warns against
common errors and shows how
Approaches to learning gives advice on the development of to optimize your approach to
ATL
communication, social, self-management, research or thinking skills. particular questions.
Sample student answers show typical student responses to IB-style
Links provide a reference to
questions (most of which are taken from past examination papers). In
relevant material, within another
each response, the correct points are often highlighted in green while
part of this book or the IB Chemistry
incorrect or incomplete answers are highlighted in red. Positive or
data booklet, that relates to the text
negative feedback on student’s response is given in the green and red
in question.
pull-out boxes. An example is given below.
You will see an exam paper
icon on the right when the
Number of question has been adapted
The marks the student marks available from a past IB paper
may have earned based
on their response Examination question Negative feedback
SAMPLE STUDENT ANSWER
▼ “a monomer” is not
Describe what is meant by a condensation reaction. [2]
clear enough, as it implies a
This answer could have achieved 1/2 marks: single reacting species while a
condensation must involve at least
two reacting species, which can be
A condensation reaction is an anabolic reaction
identical or different molecules or
that builds a polymer from a monomer. ions
Water is formed as a reaction by-product.
▲ “water” is accepted as
the most common by-product,
although the answer “a small
The student’s response Positive feedback molecule” would be more accurate
Questions not taken from past IB examinations will not have the exam paper icon.
Practice problems
Practice problems are given at the end of each chapter. problem-solving skills. Some questions introduce
These are IB-style questions that provide you with factual or theoretical material from the syllabus that can
an opportunity to test themselves and improve your be studied independently.
vii
1
STOICHIOMETRIC
RELATIONSHIPS
TOPIC 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE
PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER
AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
You should know: You should be able to:
✔ atoms of different elements combine in fixed ✔ deduce chemical equations from given reactants
ratios to form compounds, which differ in and products;
properties from their constituent elements;
✔ apply state symbols in equations;
✔ a mixture is a combination of two or more
✔ explain observed changes in physical properties
substances that retain their individual properties;
and temperature during a change of state.
✔ mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
When substances are mixed together physically, they can be combined
• Chemical stoichiometry is the
in any proportion. Mixtures can be homogeneous (with uniform
relationship between the amounts
properties throughout, for example, air) or heterogeneous (in which
of the reactants and products in a
chemical reaction. the composition varies and components may be in different phases,
like a mixture of gravel and water). Mixtures can usually be separated
• Stoichiometric coefficients
by physical processes such as filtration or distillation. However, when
describe the ratios in which
substances react to give a chemical compound, their proportions are
amounts of species react with
one another. fixed in a stoichiometric ratio and they can only be separated again by a
chemical reaction.
Stoichiometric calculations are central to chemistry. For a general
stoichiometric equation of the form:
aA + bB → xX + yY
in which a moles of A reacts with b moles of B, a, b, x and y are the
stoichiometric coefficients. These stoichiometric coefficients show the
Assessment tip ratios in which chemical species react with one another. An equation
with correct stoichiometric coefficients is said to be balanced, with the
In some questions, state same number of each type of atom on each side.
symbols are required and you
To formulate and balance stoichiometric equations quickly, it is useful
will be penalized if these are not
to memorize the formulas and charges of common ions (table 1.1.1).
included. Remember that the
state symbol for water in the liquid
Name Formula and charge Name Formula and charge
phase is (l), not (aq): H O(l).
2 ammonium NH+ nitrite NO–
4 2
carbonate CO2– nitrate NO–
3 3
hydrogencarbonate HCO– sulfite SO2–
Symbols and names of chemical 3 3
ethanedioate (oxalate) CO2– sulfate SO2–
elements can be found in section 5 2 4 4
phosphate PO3– thiosulfate SO2–
of the data booklet. 4 2 3
▲ Table 1.1.1 The names, formulas and charges of common polyatomic ions
Chemical equations often include state symbols: solid (s), liquid (l),
gas (g) and aqueous solution (aq), which means dissolved in water.
2