Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 5 (Oxford, 1999)

756 Pages·2016·24.93 MB·English

THEO XFORDH ISTOROYF T HEB RITISEHM PIRE
THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE
VolumIe.T hOer igoifE nmsp ire
EDITEDB Y NichoClaansn y
VolumIeI T. hEegi hteCeennttyuh r
EDITEDB Y P.J M.a rshall
VolumIel lT.h Nein eteCeennttyuh r
ED1 T ED BY AndrePwo rter
VolumIeV .Th eT wentCienettyhu r
EDITEDB Y JudiMt.hB rowann dW m.R ogeLro uis
VolumVe.H isitoraogprhy
EDITEDB Y RobiW.n W inks
THEO XFORDH ISTOROYF T HEB RITISEHM PIRE
Wm.R ogeLro uiCsB,E ,D .LittF.B,A
Kerr PreosfsaofE rn glHiisshta anCrduy l tUunriev,e rTsxeiaAtsuy,s taifn
anHda naFerlalraayfSw At n toConlyl'eOsgxf era,d
EDTIOR-I-NCHIFE
VOLUME V
Historiography
RobiWn. W inkPsh,. D.
TownsePnredossf aorfH iosryt,
YaUlneei rvsity
EDITOR
AlaiLnoew D,. Phil.
ASSCOIATEEDI TOR
OXFORD
UNIVERSITPYR ESS
This bookh abse epnri nteddi gitaanldpl rodyu cedi na s tandsapredc ification
ino rdetroe nsuirtsec ontinauvianigl ability
OXFORD
VNIVIiRSITPYR ESS
GreaCtl arendon StreOeXt2,6 DOPx ford
OxforUdn iverPsrietsyis sa d epartmoeftn htUe n iverosfiO txyf ord.
Itf urthtehrUesn iversoibtjye'cst oifev xec elliennr cees earscc.hho.l arship,
ande ducatbiyop nu bliswhionrgl dwiidne
OxforNde wY ork
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KualLau mpuMra driMde lbournMee xicCoi tyN airobi
NewDe lhiS hanghTaaii peTio ronto
Witohffi cesi n
ArgentiAnuas triaB razCihli lCez echR epublFirca nGcree ece
GuatemaHluan gaIrtya Jlayp aSno utKho rePao lanPdo rtugal
Singapore SwitzerlaTnudr keThUyak irlaainVndie e tnam
Oxforidsa r egistterraeddme a rko fO xfordU niversPirteyss
int heUK andi nc ertaoitnh ecro untries
Publisihnet dh eU niteSdt ates
byO xfordU niverPsreisty sI n.c• N ewY ork
© OxforUdn iversPirteys1 s9 99
TI1meo rarli ghotfts h ea uthhoarv bee eans serted
Databarsieg hOtx forUdn iverPsrietsy(s m aker)
Reprin2t0e0d7
Alrilg htrse serveNdo.p arotf t hipsu blicamtaiyob ner eproduced,
storienda r etriseyvsatle omrt. r ansmititnaed n,yf ormo rb ya nym eans,
withotuhtep riopre rmissiinwo rni tionfOg x forUdn iverPsrietys s,
ora se xprespselmyt itbtyel da wo,r u ndetre nuasg reweidt thh ea ppropriate
reprograprhiigchsot rsg anizaEtniqouni.r cioensc ernirnegp roduction
outsitdhees copoeft hea bovseh oulbdes enttot heR ighDtesp artment,
OxforUdn iverPsrietys astt, h ea ddreasbso ve
Youm ustn otc ircultahtibesoo k ina nyo thebri ndionrgc over
Andy oum usti mposteh issa mec onditoinoa nn ya cquirer
ISB9N7 8-0-19-924680-9
TheE ditor-ina-nCdEh diietfoo frt sh Oe xofrHdi stooft ryhB er iEtmipsihr e
acknowlweidtggher atistuupdpeo frrto m
TheR hodeTrsu st
The National EfnodHrou wmmaennitt ies, WaDsCh ington,
StA ntonCyo'lsl eOxgfeo,r d
TheU niverosfTi etxyaa stA ustin
Thipsa gien tentlieobfnltaa lnlky
FOREWORD
Fromt hfeo undinogf tchoel oniinNe osr tAhm eriacnad t hWee stI ndies in the
seventeceenntthu troty h er eveirosno f HoKnogn gt o Chintah eea ntdo f the
twentiBertiht,ii msphe riawlaiss cmaa talfyorfs art- reacchhiannggB er.i tdiosmh­
inatoifoi nn digepneooupsl ienNs o rtAhm erica,a nAdAs firai,cc aa nn owb es een
morcel eaarspl ayr otft hlea rgaenrdd ynamic intoefrE aucrtoipoeanan ndn on­
Westesronc ieTthioeusg.th h seu bjreecmta iindse ologcihcaarlglteyhd pe,a ssions
arousbeydB ritiimsphe riahlaivssemo l essetnheadwt e a ren owb ettpelra ced
than ebveefrot roes eteh ceo urosfet heE mpirset eadainldty o s eietw holAet.
thidsi stainntc iem teh Eem pire's flreogmea acrylc ieenrt urcaineb se asseissne d,
ethiacnsde conomasi cwse lalsp olitwiictgshr, e adtiesrc riminAattt hiceol no.s e
oft he twencteinettuthrh yie,n terpreotfta thdieio sns oluotfti hoEenm pircea n
benefrfiotm e volvipnergs pectoinvf,eor se xamptlhee, eonftd h e cwoalrId.n s till
largsewre etph,eO xfoHrids tooftr hByer iEtmipsiahsra ceo mpreenhsisvteu dy
heltposu ndersttahneedn do ft he Emipnirr eel attioio tnbs e ginntihnmege ,a n­
inogf B ritiimsphe riaflorit shmre uleadsw elalst hreu learnsdt, h sei gnificance
oft hBer itEimsphi raesa t hemienw orlhdi st.o ry
Iti sn earhlayl af centsuinrcyte h lea svto lumient hela rge-Cscaamlibed rge
Histoofr Bytrth iieEs mhp iwarsce o mpletInet dh.me e antitmheBe r itEimsphi re
hasb eedni smantalnedod n lfyar gmenstusc ahs Gibraanldtt ahreF alklands,
Bermudaan dP itcariermna,io nfa nE mpirteh aotn cset retcohveeardq uartoefr
theea rtshu'rsf aceg.e nTehruean ld erstaonfdti hneBgr itish iemxppeerriiaeln ce
has bseuebns tanwtiidaelnlieyndr ecednetc adbeyts h weo rko fh istoroifa nAss ia
andA fricaasw elalsB ritaEianr.lh iiesrt otrhioeusg,b hyn om eanasl tle,n dteod
tratcheEe m pireevo'lsu tiaonnd ctoon centornha otewi wta s governed. To many
latVei-ctorhiiasnt ortihaesn tso royft heE mpirmee antth er isoefw orldwide
dominiaonndI mperriuallae b,o vael ilnI ndiHais.t oriiantn hsfie r shta lofft he
twenticeetnht utreyn dteode mphascioznes titudteivoenlaolp maenndtt hse cul­
minatiooftn h Eem pirient he farseseo ciaotfti hoCeno mmonweaTlhtehO. xf rod
Histofot rhByer iEtmipstihar keaew s i dearp proaIctdh oe.s n otd epitchthe istory
oft hEem piras eo neo fp urpsoefpurlo grtehsrso ufgouhrh undreyde arnso,rd oes
itc oncentnraartreo wolnym etropolaiuttahno raintdry u lIetd. o east temtpot
explainv ahroywi cnogn ditiinoB nrsi tianitne rawcittethdh osienm anyo ther
partosft hew orltdo c reabtoet ahc onstacnhtalnyg itnegr ritEomrpiiaralen d
eve-rshiftpiantgt ersnosc ioaafnl de conomriecl atiTohneOs x.fr odH istooft rhye
BriEtmiipsrtheh u dse alwist thh ei mpaoctfB ritiimsphe riaolnid semp endent
viii FOREWORD
peoplienas b roadseern steh awna su suaaltltye mpitnee adr lhiiesrt orwirciatl­
ingwsh ilieta lstoa kienst aoc coutnhtes ignificoaftn hcEeem pirfeot rh Ier ish,
thSec otasn,dt hWee lsahsw elalst hEen glish.
Thev olumoenh istoriodgeraawlpisht tyh h eev olvoircn hga ngiinntge rpretations
ofh istoofrt yh Ber itEimsphi rwei,t thh lee gaocfhy i storwirciatlia nngdw, i th
todapye'rss pecotnpi rveevsi socuhso larIstihs ci opn.c ernetdh wweai yttshh hei s­
toroyfB ritiimsphe riahlaisbs eme wnr itfrtoemno neg eneraotfih oins tortioa ns
then extT.h ev olumiese specidaeldliyc attoet dh ep eriiondw hicBhr itish
Imperhiiaslt odreyv eloapsea dn a cademdiics cipIltit nheua.sd dresistesse lf
maintloyh owh istoriinta hnpesa sotn eh undryeeda orrss oh avdee awlitt thh e
subjetchto,u gihn divicdhuaaplt tearksie n taoc couenatr lwyo rkosn B ritish
expansainodnc olonizaHtiisotno.rf iraonmts h ee ighteceenntthu ry generally
toopkr iidnet hEem pirTeh.e bye lieavsei dsc, l.efr aorm t hewirri tionngB sr itish
settlemsepnrtesa daicnrgot shswe o rltdh,aB tr ithaaidan d esttionb yea ' Greater
Britabienyo'n tdhs ee aasn da d ut,py articuilnIa nrdlityaog , o ve'rlne fsosr tunate
peoplTehse'a .c ademhiics torians-tnhootsiaenbCa lmyb ridgOex,f oradn,d
Londownh oc reattehdEe nglHiitssrohi Rcaelv iine1 8w8 6-rebelled against the
romanvtiiecow f t hEem pirheel db ye arlwireirt ebrustt, h elsaet Vei-ctorhiiasn­
toriaalnssbo e lieivnpe rdo graensdts h meo ravla lidoifBt ryi triuslnheo l estsh an
thepirre deceWshsaotresv.ie tarss sumptpiroonfse,s shiiosntaeolmr eyr gientd h e
decadbeesf othreeF irWsotr lWda ri na f orrme cognitzoadbawlyie t shu cthh emes
asm igratcioomnm,e rcrieaglu latainoddn e,f enacned.w ,i tfho otnoctietsi ng
sourcaetts h eP ublRiecc oOrffidc eB.y 1 91f4o,er x ampal dee,a cro ncehpatd
takesnh apoef thec ommercsiyaslt oefmt he' FirBsrti tEimsphi rien'N orth
AmeritchaWe,e sItn diaensd,I relaHnodw.l ontgh es ystleams taendda, t w hat
poinittg avwea yt ot haotf a 'SecoBnrdi tEimsphi rien'I ndiaan dt heE ast
remainase udb joefco tn goinhgi storreisceaalar ncdch o ntroversy.
Ifh istorioigsri,ana p s heyn steh,ae r otf e xplaiwnhiynh gi storwiraontases
thedyi da tc erttaiimne isti, su sefutlob eairn m indt haatlh li stroerflye tchtes
periionwd h icihtw as wriItntt hedene .c ades tbheFefi orrWseot r lWda rB,r itish
historwiraontaseg aitnhsetb ackgrooufen cdo nomaincdm ilitcaormyp etition
amontgh Eeu ropepaonw erTsh.et ye ndteodp rojbeacctik n teoa rlpieerri otdhse
subjeocfct osn tempodreabrayst uec ahs fr eet ravdeer stuhspe r opofsoaerlc o­
nomipcr otecktnioownan s I mperPiraelf erTehnecS eo.u tAhf ricoarBn o eWra r
att hteu ronft hcee ntucrayu sjeodu rnaalnidse tvse,n tuhailsltyo rtiopa onnsd,e r
theec onomciacu soefws a rA.ta boutth itsi mteh ied eoaf' colonnaitailo nalism'
int hceo lonoifwe hsi tseet tleamnedIn ntd bieag apnr ominetnoet mleyr igneh is­
toriwcrailt iTnhget. w ot hemoefse conomiimcp eriaalnidns amt ionahleilispnm
turnt oe xplatihnee c onomaincdc onstituptrieooncaclu paotfhi iosntso riina ns
FOREWORD ix
thein ter-pwearri oAdc.c ordtiont gh ema inc urreonfht i storiinctaelr pretation,
whicflho weidn t hes amdei rectaisSo inFr r ederLiucgka rTd'hsDe u aMla ndate
publisihne1 d9 2t2h,ei ndigenionuhsaa bnittwso ulbed protecatgeadi nescto ­
nomiecx ploitaantdit ohno,sa ed ministtehrceio nlgo nwioeuslb de h eladc count­
ablteo P arliamHeinstt.o rsiuacnahss S iRre ginaClodu plawnhdo,p erhaapss
mucha sa nyonree presetnhtete rde nidnsB rithiissht owrriiatli inntg h ee ra
beofreth eS econWodr lWda rb,e lietvheadnt a tionaaslpiisrta tcioounlbsdef ul­
fillweidt htihnce o nstitusttirouncatoluf r teE hmep ire.
Ins tialln othseern sheit sorgiroaphiyst hea rotf d epicthiinsgt orciocnatlr o­
versFyr.o mt hlea tnei neteceenntthu hriys,t ordiaasnhseo dnw hethoerrn ott he
systoefms elf-egronvmeinntt h ceo lonoifwe hsi tsee ttlecmoeunlbtde r econciled
wit'hd espotiinIs nmd'ia nad m orege nerwailtlBhyr itriuslhie nA siaan dA frica.
Othebrr oaadr eaosfc ontrovienrcslyu tdheneda tuorfew hati sn owc alltehde
colonsitaalt e, arneds ptohnes iobiftl hiBetr iietsgi osvhne mrenCto.u lnda tional­
isdte mandisnI ndioarf, or thmaatt tienrA ustrableri eac,o ncwilietdth h aes pi­
ratitoonu nitaen df ederattheeE mpirTeo?w haetx tednitdh istorriecsaela rch
demonsttrhaent eee fdo srt aitnet erveinntl ioocena clo nomtioep sr omoetceo ­
nomidce velopmaenndwt e lfaarsea ,r guefodr examipnlW e. M .M acmialnl's
Warnfrionmgt hWee sItn dpiuesb lisihne d1 9M3a6c?m illpaunr suae ldi noef
analynsoiitsn compatwiibtMlhae r xitshto ugahntd, ihnes pidriesds fernottm h e
assumptions ofa nCdoo utphlewarhnsod b elietvheadtt h eB ritish hEamdp ire
thmeo racla pactiost hya paeb ettweorr ladn dt oh eldpe pendpeenotp laedsv ance
towarsdesl f-egronvmenTth.e rwea st huas d ivibdeet weheins toraiffiarnmsi ng
thbee nevopluernpto osfte h Eem piraen d thdoesneo uncbiontgh, imtplalyni dc i
explicBirtiltyii,ms phe riaalsei xspml oitatriuvteh laEenvsdes n. rahdiisctaolr ians,
howevuers,u adlildy nwoantst om ucht oa bolitshhEe m piraest or eofrmi ta nd
makei tm oraec countTahbela ec.r imoanmyo nhgi storsiuapnpso rtiantgt a­ocrk
ingt heE mpirbeeo fret heS econWdo rlWda rw asa sa cutaes t habte tween
Imperhiiaslt orainadAn frsi caniasntdhs i,s torrieapnrse seontthieanrrg e sat udies,
in tgheen eraotfit ohn1e 9 60s.
Historaipohgmyra ya lsboer egaradestd h wea yc erthaiisnt orhiaavnlese fta
marokn t hseu bjeAcsmt a.y b ei nferfrroemdt hneu mberr eoeffer ncetsot he arti­
cleosfJ ohGnal laghaenrdR onald Robainndst oot nh,e bioro ,kA frica and the
Victopruiblainsishn1e, 9d 6 i1ti, sn oe xaggieroatnto s atyh atth etsweo historians
brougahbto uatc onceprteuovallu tiTohne.dy i sdo e ssentiinta hlrelweya ysT.h ey
presenatnae rdg umetnhtad te nitehdse h arbpr eaiknst hceh ronolopgeirciaold s
upheblyd mopsrte vihoiusst or(iwahnhosa de mphasiszuebds tacnhtainagle s of
attitfuorde ex,a mplbee,tw eetnh em id-andl ate-Vicpteorriioadansn )dt, h ey
insisotnea dc ontinoufit thyef o rceosfi mperiatlhirsomu ghtohuent in eteenth
centuarnydi ndetehdte w entieNtehx.tb ,yp uttifnorgw aradn i nterpreotfa tion