Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 4 (Oxford, 1999)

800 Pages·2016·6.98 MB·English

by  Judith Brown

THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE
THE OXFORD HISTORY OF THE BRITISHE MPIRE
VolumIe.T he OriofgE imnpsi re
EDITEBDY N ichoClaansn y
VolumIeI T.h Eei tgehnetChe ntury
EDITEBDY P .] M.a rshall
VolumIeI TIh.Ne in eteCeentntuhr y
EDITEBDY A ndrePwo rter
VolumIVe. TheT wentiCeettnuhr y
EDITEBDY J udiMt.Bh r owann d WRmo.g eLro uis
VolumVe.H itsogrriaophy
EDITEBDY R obiWn.W inks
THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE
Wm.R ogeLro uiDs.,L itFtB.A,
KerPrr eosfsoofEr n glHiisshta onrCdyu lrteUu,ni vieytro sfT exaAsu,s tin
anHdo norFaerlyol foS wAt n tonCyo'lsl Oexfgored,
EDITONR-H-CIIEF
VOLUM E IV
TheT wentieth
Century
JudiMt.hB rown,P h.D
BePirtfo essoorfC ommonwHeiasrltytoU,hn ivyeo rfOs xfiortd
anFde lolfBo wa lCloilloelg e
and
Wm. RogeLro uiDs..L ittF.B,A
EDITORS
AlaineL ow,D. Phil.
ASSOCIEADTIET OR
OXFORDU NIVERISTYP RESS
Thbiosoh kab se perni dnitgeidat npadrl oldyiu ancs etda nsdpaercdif ication
ionr dteeorn siutcrsoe n tianvuaiinlga bility
OXFORD
UNIVERSITPYR ESS
GreaCtl arendSotnr eOextf,o rOdX 2 6DP
OxforUdn iversPirteysi ssa departmoefnt th eU niversoifOt xyf ord.
Itf urthtehreUs n iversiotbyj'esc toifve ex celleinnrc ees earscchh,o larship,
ande ducatbiyop nu blishwionrgl dwiidne
OxforNde w York
AucklanCda peT ownD aresS alaamH ongK ong Karachi
KualLau mpurM adriMde lbourMneex icCoi tyN airobi
New DelhSih anghaTia ipeTio ronto
Witho fficesi n
ArgentiAnuas trBiraa ziClh ilCez ecRhe publFirca ncGer eece
GuatemaHluan garIyt alJya paSno utKho reaP olanPdo rtugal
SingapoSrwei tzerlTahnadi laTnudr keUyk rainVei etnam
Oxforidsa r egistterraeddme a rko fO xforUdn iversPirteys s
int heU K andi nc ertaoitnh ecro untries
Publisihnet dh eU niteSdt ates
byI ncN.e,w York
©OxforUdn iversPirteys1 s9 99
Them orarli ghotfst heau thhoarv bee eans serted
Databarsieg Ohxtf orUdn iversPirteys( sm aker)
Reprin2t0e0d4
Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotft hipsu blicamtaiyob ne r eproduced,
storienda r etriseyvsatle omr,t ransmiitnta endyf, o rmo rb ya nym eans,
withotuhtep riopre rmissiinwo rni tionfOg x forUdn iversPirteys s,
or exprespselrym itbtyel da wo,r u ndetre rmasg reewdi tthh ea ppropriate
as
reprograrpihgihcotsrs g anizaEtniqouni.r cioensc ernirnegp roduction
outsitdhees copoeft hea bovseh oulbdes entto t heR ighDtesp artment,
OxforUdn iversPirteysa stt, h ea ddreasbso ve
Youm ustn otc ircultahtibeso oki na nyo thebri ndionrgc over
Andy oum usti mposteh issa mec onditoinoa nn ya cquirer
ISBN0 -19-820564-3
Coveirl lustration:
Kamirsie archlNiegwhG tu,i ne1a9,4 5b,y E riTch ake.
Thakwea sa ppoinatneo dff iciRaAlA F wara rtiisn1t 9 44H.i sw ater-cogloouuarc hdeesp icttehdes trange,
surrepaalt tefronusn idn w reckeadi rcrbaoftm,b ebdu ildianngdsw ,a rm achinery.
NationGaall leorfAy u striaa,lC anber©r aM.r sL.. JM.a nn.
AntonRyo weL tdE.a,s tbourne
TheE ditor-iann-dEC dhiiteooffTr shO exf ordH istooftr hByer itEmipsihr e
acknowlweidtgghre a tistuupdpefo orrmt
TheR hodTersu st
TheN atioEnnadlo wmefonrHt u maniWtaisehsi,n gDtCo n,
StA ntonCyo'lsl eOgxofer,d
TheU niverosfTi extays A uastt in
Thipsa gien tentlieobfnltaa lnlyk
FOREWORD
Frotmh feou ndionftg h ceo loniinNe osr tAhm eriacnadt hWee sItn diients h e
seventceeenntttuho rt yh ree evrsioofHn o ngKo ntgo C hinaatt he oefnt dh e
twentieBtrhi,ti imsphe riawlaisa s cma talfoyrsf rat- reacchhiannggB er.i tish
dominaotfii onnd igepneooupsil neN so rtAhm erica,a nAdAs friiacc,aa nn ow
bes eemno rcel eaarspl ayro tft hlea ragneddry namiicn teraocfEt uiroonp aenadn
nonW-estesronc ieTthioeusg.h sutbhjere ecmta iindse ologically charged, the
passiaornosu bsyeB dr itiimsphe rihaalvisesol m e ssenewde a rtneho awbt e tter
plactehdae nv ebreo frteos ee ctohuero sfte h e Emsptieraead nidl syte ioewt h ole.
Att hdiiss tainntc iemt eh Eem pire'sf orlmee gaarclcyie enrt ucraibnee as s sessed,
ine thaincedsc onomaiswc esla lsp oliwtiitchs ,g driesactreirm intahtceil oons.e At
oft htew entcieentth,ut rhiyen terproeftt ahdteii sosno louftt hiEeom np icraen
benefrfiotm e volvpienrgs peocntf,ior ve exsa mptlheee,n d tohcfeo lwda rI.ns till
largsewre etph,Oe xfordH istooftr hye BErmiptiairsse ch ao mprehensive study
heltpous n derstthaeenn ddo ft hEem piirnre e lattoii otbnse ginntihmneeg a,n ­
inogfB ritiimsphe rifaorlt ihsremu laeswd e lla st hreu learnsdt, hs ei gnifiocfa nce
thBer itEimsphi arsae t hemienw orlhdi story.
Iti sn earhlayla fc entusirnytc hele a vsotl uimnet hlea rge-Csacmabdlgreei
Histooftr hByer iisEthmp iwraesc ompleItnte hdme.e antithmBeer itEimsphi re
habse edni smanatnldoe ndl frya gmenstusca hsG ibraalntdta hrFe a lklands,
BermuadnadP itcariermnao,if an n E mpitrheao tn cset retocvheaerq d u arotfe r
the easrutrehf.'Ta shc eg eneurnadle rstaonftd hiBenr gi tish eixmeppreireinacle
habse esnu bstanwtiidaelnilenryd e cent bdyet chawedo eroskfh istoorfiA asnisa
andA fricaasw elalsB ritEaairnl.hi iesrt otrhioeusbg,yhn om eanasllt ,e ndteod
tratcheEe m pireev'osl uatnido cnto on cenotnrh aotwie wt a sg overTnoem da.n y
latVei-ctohriisatno rtihsae tnosor fy tEhmep imreea ntth er isoefw orldwide
dominiaonndI mperriuallae b,o vael iln I ndiHai.s toriinta hnefs i rhsatl f
oft het wentieth tecnedntetodue rmyp hascioznes titudteivoenlaolp ments
andt hceu lminaotfti hoEenm piirne fterheae s socioaftt hiCeoo nm monwealth.
TheO xfordH itsoorfty h Ber iEtmipsihtra keae w si daeprp roIadtco he.ns o dte pict
thhei stooftr hyEe m piarseo neo fp urpeofsuplr ogrtehsrso ufgouhrh undred
yearnso,rd oeistc oncentrateo nnm aertrroowploaylu itthaonar nidtr yu lIet.
doeast tetmope tx plhaoiwnv arycionngd itiinBo rnist ianitne rwaictttheh do se
inm anyo thepra rtosft he wotrocl rde abtoet ah constacnhtalnyg ing
terriEtmopriiaraneld e ver-shpiafttitnegr ns aonfde csooncoimraeillci a otns.
TheO xofrHdi stoofrt yh Ber iistEhm pitrheu dse alwsi tthh ei mpaocft
Vlll FOREWORD
Britiimsphe rioalndi espme ndpeenotp ilnea sb roadseernt shea wna su sually
attempitnee adr lhiiesrt owrriictailwn hgisli eta lstoa kiesn to actchoeu nt
signifoifct ahnec eE mfporit rheIe r itshhe, Sacnodtt hsWe,e lsahs waestl hle
English.
VolumIeV T,h Tewe ntiCeetnhyt ,ru erlatthees hiosfBt roirtyaE imnp'iisrn e etrhae
ofu nprecedveinotleeodnft c hteew woo rld awnadtr hste w ot umultdueocuasd es
aft1e9rt4 h5am ta rktehdre i saisncge ndaAnsciyaa nnodA ff r icnaant ionaIlni sm.
conttroac sotn venthiiosntaoilrn itcearlp rtehtveao tliuodmnoe,e n so ptr estehnet
vietwh atthE em piurned erwaes ntte addeyc lainnfdela oln t hmeo deolfG ibbon's
RomaEnm piOrnet. h ceo ntrtahrBeyr ,i tish exEepmrpiiernaerc eende owfatl h e
colonmiiasls iaofntb eort who rlwda rusl,t imattrealonyrs mfiintgs ienltfao
Commownealotffh er elays socisattaetIdent s h.te w entcieentthtu hrEeym pire
thurse viavnedad d ujstedc htaon ging cirocfnu amtsitoancnahclaeilssl aten ndg e
econocmnisC1 s.
Theraer cee rttahienm tehsa Tthe T wentiCeettnhu rsyha rweistp hr evious
volumOenseo. f t heisste h ree spoonfts heBe r itgiosvhe rnmteocn rti tiocfi sm
thEem piTrheeC. o lonOiffiaclea tm i-dc entfuournydi tsfeorlcfeo dnt hdee efns­
ivaeg aiannstti -coloniailn t sheeU nntiitmeedn taS ntdai tnte hseU nited
NationIsnt.e rnatcioonndaelm naotfti hoEenm pirheo,w evmeerr,e aldyd ead
dimensoifdo ins steoanl to nBgr ittirsahd iItnti hoaent .t aacgka iinmspte rialism,
Britriasdhi caanldo st hcerri tdiicdns o to,nt hweh olwea,n tto l iquidate the
Empibruett or eofrmi ta ndm akiet m oraec countAasib lnte h.ne i neteenth
centutrhdyee, b aotnet sh Eem piirnPe a rliaamnedin ntt h per edsesm onstar ated
senosfee thirceaslp onstihbairtle imtayii nnrs e,t rosopneeoc ftt h,pe r incipal
charearcitsotfti hcBesr itcioslho neiraal.
'Ionrfmealm piret'h eimcseo mam otno ntihnee teaenntdtw het-nieth-century
volumtehsar ta isceosn tar ovqeuressittaiowlo h na:et x tewnats tahnee mrpei orfe
tradec oamnmde rwchei ccha rrwiietidhtd egroefei sn diproelcitt ciocnatilrn o l
sucphl acaesCs h inaan dL atAimne riTchaei? d eoafi nofrmaelm piirnev olves
histojruidcgaelma enndat r gumeIintrst e .v isiiontn hsiees ntts heai tita s n i ssue of
interprwehtiaccthhi aonngi enns u anacnedf o cufsor mo nge eneraotfhi iosnt or­
ians tnoe xtTthh.ee e ssenqtuieaslt hioownesv reerm atihnse a meS.h oual d
countrya sIs ruaconhrf, or t hamta ttoetrh Meird dElaes tsetrantb ees ,i ncluded
ina na nalyosfti hsBe r itiimsphe rsiyasltb eemc auosfte h eexp loitatoiioln of
resources anodfB grriatpdioaslthii toincsa lD oce'osin ontrfrmoaellm? p ihreel'p
inu nderstatnhdei ncgo mpolfte hxEeim tpyia rsaew orlsdye smt?I nt hviosl ume
asi nt hnei neteenthv-ocleunmateuu,tr hyoa crcse oprqt u altihfye coonfc ept
inofrmaelm piirnve a rydienggr beueitsn a, n y eiveten nrti cuhnedse rstaonfd ing
thfeor maelm pire.
FOREWORD lX
A geneercaoln otmhiecm ceo nnewcittsh tohfto hspeer ecevdoilnugm Tehse.
aimo ft howsheo s haptehdEe m pirdee'sst iinnti hetesw n etiectehn twuarsty h e
samaes tVhiecitro prrieadne ceDsessoprist.e thet harttah tei oBnrhaialtdaei sh
responsipbrioltitethcyiet n tdoi geinnohuasb iatnadtn otd se vetlhocepo lonies
fort hbee neoffti htwe o rledc'osmn yo,c olonweireeesx pecttobe ed -sseffilucfient.
Theg oawla sn otth atth Ber itsihsohus luds ttahiEenm pibruett h atth Eem pire
shouclodn titnous eu stBariint TahineF. i rWsotr lWda rr evitvehdne otion
popualtat rht eu ronft he cetnhtatuthrE eym pimrieg hfuetlt hBer itish economy
byt heexp loitoaftt iroonpd iecpaeln deTnhciihseo spw.ea nebdu,at ft e1r9 2a9n d
agaaiftne 1r9 45, in ciorfdc eupmrsetsaasnnicdoe nswt ahrfe,ut uroefB ritaasi n
welalst hEem pisreee mteodl iienc olondievalelo pmewnhti,c h wouludp buoy
the Breictoinsowhmi yt hicnl tohseeec do nosmyisct kenmo wanst hset eralrienag.
Faitthh Eeim np iarsaes ourocfBe r iteicsohn osmtirce nbgetghat now eakoennl y
int hlea 1t9e5 T0hsed. i smanotflt ihneg staerremlaai rncgh headn idnh anwdi th
decolonization.
Thev olupmoes seas ssepse Bcriifitci sh acnudsl otcutirhaaellm i enc ommon
witoht heirnts h see riTehseE .m piprreo vitdheoedp protuntiopt uyr saub ee tter
lei fanda dtvoa nocnee 's catrheaeer rm:ay n dic ni vsielr viincb eu,s inaensds
indusitnra yg,r iculture iannmd i smsiinowinonargrka,yn de ducatiino n,
bankianngds hippainndig n, sucehs spiraoosmnf esd iclianwe,, e anngdi neering.
TheI riasnhdS coatsws e lalst hEen gltiosohak d vantoaftg heEe m pibruet,i, n
proporttoi ontp hoep ulaotfit ohneU nitKeidn gdotmh,eS costesi ztehde
inititaot irave em arkdaebglreMe ieg.r atmioovnei dn m anyd irectfirmoo ns:
Brittaoai lncl o rneorfst hweo rlbdu,ta lswoi thtihnde e pendEemnpti arned
thDeo miniaonndst,,o wartdhlsea tptaerort ft he century,f orimnt chree asingly
coloniBersi ttMaoii gnr.a ttoiB orni taanidtn h oep portutnhietfrioreee msp loy­
menbtu,s inaensdes d,u cabtrioounga hbtoa unth istcohraincAg sea r. e souftl hte
EmpirBer,i tbaeicna maene vermore cmoumlptliecxu,ml tuulrtail-,r eligious,
posto-nciosalolct iye.
A specfiaeatluo rfte h see ritehsSe e ilsBe icbtl iogorfka epwyho yr kastt heen do f
eacchh aptTehre.sa ern eo itn tentdobe ed cao mprehebnisbilvieo groarp hical
historioggruaip(dhweih ciwacilhlb lef oundi nV olumVe) bruatt htehrel yi st
usefualn di nofrmatwiovreko snt hteh emoefs ecahcahp ter.
TheE ditoCrh-iiaennf-dE ditaocrksn owlweidtgihem ,m ense grsautpiptourdte ,
formt hReh odTeruss tth,Ne a tioEnnadlo wmefonrtt h Heu maniitnWi aessh ing­
tonD,C , ASntt onCyo'lsl eOgxoefr,d a,n dt hUen irvseiotfTy e xaastA ustWien .
havree ceifuvretdhs epre csiufpipcfo orrmtL orDda hrernfdf,oor meWra rdeonf
StA ntonCyo'lsl eOgxoefr,d S;h eldEoknl a-nOdlsfoornm,e rDleya n Loifb eral