Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 3 (Oxford, 1999) PDF
Preview Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 3 (Oxford, 1999)
THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE VolumIeT. h Oer igoifEn msp ire EDTIED BYN ichCoalnansy VolumIeIT .hE ei tgeheCnetnhyt ur EDTIED BYP J.M, a rshall VolumIeIT Ih.Ne in eteCeenntyth u r EDTIED BYA ndrPeowr ter VolumIeVT .h Tewe ntiCeetnhyt ur EDTIED BYJ udMi.tB hr owannW dm .R ogLeoru is VolumVe.H isitoogrraphy EDTIEDB YR obWi.nW inks THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE Wm.R ogeLro uiCsB,E D,. LitFtB.A, KerrPr eosfsooEfrn glHiisshta onrCdyu ltUunriev,eo rfTsex iaAtsyu, s tin anHdon orFaerlyol fSo Atwn toCnoylle'gOsexf ,o rd EDITOR-IINE-F CH VOLUME III TheN ineteenth Century AndrewP ortPehr., D RhodPreeossf sooIfrm p erHiiaslt ory, Univietyro sf LoKnidnoCgno'l,lse ge EDITOR AlaiLnoew D,. Phil. ASSCOIATEED ITOR OxfordN ewY ork OXFORUDN VIERSITPYR ESS 1999 OXFORD UNIVERSITPYR ESS GreaCtl arendSotnr eOextf,o rOdX 2 6DP OxforUdn iversPirteysi ssa d epartmoefnt th eUn iversoifOty x ford. Itf urthtehreUsn iversiotbyj'esc toifve ex celleinnrc ees earscchh,o larship, ande ducatbiyop nu blishwionrgl dwiidne OxforNde wY ork AucklanCda peT ownD are sS alaamH ongK ong Karachi KualLau mpurM adriMde lbournMee xicCoi tyN airobi New DelhSih anghaTia ipeTio ronto Witho fficesi n ArgentiAnuas trBiraa ziClh ile CzReecphub lFirca ncGer eece GuatemaHluan garIyt alJya paSn outKho reaP olanPdo rtugal SingapoSrwei tzerlTahanidl anTdu rkeUyk rainVei etnam Oxforidsa r egistetrreaddme a rko fO xforUdn iversPirteys s int heUK andi nc ertaoitnh er countries Publisihnet dh eU niteSdt ates byO xforUdn iversPirteysI sn cN.e,w Y ork © OxforUdn iversPirteys1 s9 99 Them orarli ghotfst hea uthohra veb eena sserted Databarsieg hOtx forUdn iversPirteys( sm aker) Reprint2e0d0 9 Allr ighrtess ervNeodp .a rotf t hipsu blicamtaiyob ne r eproduced, storienda r etriesvyaslt eomr,t ransmititnae ndy,f ormo rb ya nym eans, withotuhte p riopre rmissiinow nr itionfgO xforUdn iversPirteys s, ora se xprespselrym ittbeyld a wo,r u ndetre rmasg reewdi tht hea ppropriate reprograprhiigchostr sg anizaEtniqouni.r cioensc ernirnegp roduction outsitdhees copoef t hea bovseh oulbdes entto t heR ighDtesp artment, OxforUdn iversPirteysa st,t hea ddreasbso ve Youm ustn otc ircultahtibeso oki na nyo thebri ndionrgc over Andy oum usti mposteh issa mec onditoinoa nn ya cquirer Printiendt heU niteKdi ngdobmy LightnSionugr cUeK LtdM.i,l toKne ynes ThEed itor-inE-dCihtoiofeTr fhsO e xfa orndHd i stooftr hByer iEtmipsihr e acknowwlietgdhrg aet istuupdpfeoor rmt ThReh odTeruss t The NaEtnidoonwamlfe roHn utm aniWtasiheisn,gD tCo n, StAn tony'sO xCoforldl ege, ThUen iverTsexiatasytA uosft in FOREWORD Frotmh feuo ndionftg h ceo loinnNi oersAt mhe rainctdah Wees tI ndiine st he seventceeenntttuohtr hyre e vieoronsfH onKgon g Cthoi anta etnhodef the twentBireitthii,ms phe riwaalsai c samt aflroyf srat- reacchhainnBggre i.t ish dominaotfi oinn digenionNu osr Atpmhee orpiAlcseaias,an ,Ad f ricacnnao w bes emeon rcel eaaspr aloryftt h lea ragneddry naimnitce roafEc utrioopnae nadn non-wessotceireTnth ioeutsgh.hse u bjreecmta iidneso locghiacragtlehldey, passairoonusbs yBe rdi tiimsphe rihaalvsieols ems stehnwaeetda rneo wb etter platcheaednv beerof rteos eteh e cooftu hrEesm ep isrtee aadnitdlos y ei ewt h ole. Att hdiiss tiantn icmee E mtphielr eeg'fasorc mye arcleinetruc rabineae sss essed, ine thaincedsc onoamwsie calspsl o iltiwcistg,hr eadtiesrc rimAittn hacetl ioosne. oft htew entcieenttthuh rieyn ,t erproeft datithsieso onol fut thEiemo pni craen benefrfiotme volpveirnsgp eocnft,roie vxeasm tphleeen ,od f ctohwlead rI .ns till larsgweeret phO,exf ordH istooftr hyBe r iEtmipsihar saec omprehsetnusdiyv e heltpous n dertstheaenn oddft hEem piirnre e lattoii tbosen g intnhimene ga,n inogfB riitmipsehr ifarol tirhsuemla eswd e alstl h reu laenrtdsh ,se i gnifiocfa nce thBer iEtimsphia rset hae imnwe o rhlidsr tyo. It neiashr alalyc f e ntsuirnytc hele a vsotl uimne ltahreg eC-asmcrbaildeg e Histoofr Bytr hieEt mipsihwr aceso mplIent emtdeh.ae n ttihmBeer itEimsphi re habse edni smanatnloden dlfr ya gmesnutcashs G ibraalnttdah Frea lklands, BermuadnPadi tcraeimraoni,fan nE mpitrheoa ntc set retocvheaer d q uarter of theea rstuhar'cfsTe h.ge e neurnadle rstatnhBderi initgmi psoehfer xipaelr hiaesn ce beesnu bstawnitdieainlnrel edyc d eencta desw obroykfh itshteo orfi aAansnsid a Afriacswa e alslB ritainh.i sEtatorhrloiiueegsnrh,o m ebayan lstl e,n dteotd r ace thEem pirel'ust aienotvdnooc oncenotnhr oawitw tea gso verTnome adn.y late Victohriisatnot rhsieta onorsfy the Empirrieos fem ewaonrtdl odtmwhiiend e ioann Idm perruilaaebl,o a vlielnI ndHiias.t oirtnih afienr hssa tol ftfh tew entieth centtuernydt eoed m phacsoinzset itdeuevtlioopnmaaenlntd th cseu lmination of thEem piirtneh f eer ea ssocoifa tCtiohomenm woena.lT thhOexf ordH istooftr hye BriEtmipsithra eka ew si daeprp roIadtco hen.sod te pichti sttohofter h Eyem pire aso noefp urpopsreofugltr hersosfu ougrhh u ndyreeadnr osdr,o eicsto ncentrate narroownml eyt ropaoultihtoaarnni rdtu ylI etd. o east tetmoep xtp lhaoiwn varying cionBn rdiititaniitonen rswa icttthhe odis nme a noyt hpearr otfts h e wortlodc rebaotteah conscthaanntgtlieynr gr iEtmopriairnaeedl ev r-shifting pattoefsr oncsai naedlc onormeilca tTihOoexf norsdH. i stooftr hByer iEtmipsihr e thus detahliesm pwaoicftBt hr itiimsphe rioandl eipsemn pdeeonptil nae s FOERWORD Vll broasdeentrsh eaw nau ss uaaltltye mipnet aerdhl iisetrow rriictwaihlnig ilastel so takiensat co cotuhnseti gnifoifc Eatmnhpceie fr roe tIhreit shShec, o atnsd, the Welsahs waestl hle English. VolumIeI I oOfxf ortdHh iesy to oftr hBer itEimsphiar see m,p hasiintz heed Praecfe, cpoevreitrohsdwa a tafis r asntfd ro emo'sBtr iItmaipnec'resin aytl'u .r Thtee rrietxotraeinnadtl a tphpea ruennbtoluyn dedo ft phnoeiw neert eenth centEumrpyifi rreet dhi em aginoafct oinotne mpaonrda rglieaentsee rra Yteito ns. thEem piirnte h nei netceeenntttuhhr oyu,hg ihs tloldryii sctafironmcetod,n ly paortft hmeu ch longienBr riptaIitmtspeheer rnnid aela tvhocauatrbn e traced throtuhgfehuo rv oluomfte hsHi iss rtyo. By thet heeeni dg hotcfee ennttduhir ffye,ir netnetr proeftth maeet ainooinfns g the BtreirEtmmi sphiw reerg ei vwiantygo a s incgolnec epBtr iotEfim spaiho r fe ruolvee lra nadnspd e opTlheiussn. i fydienfign iwtoiuoblndes tanduasargde througthhnoeiu nte tceeennttYuhetrt yhc.eo mprehteenrsmi,v eEB mrpiitries,h encompdaiseffsreesdny ts toefrm usl e ago rveedarit v eorfs ipteya osph laeds , alrebaedcyoc mleei antr h lea etieg htceeennttTuhhr ey .Vl iactteo-Ermipainr e inclsued-legfdo vecronlionwngii tpehrs e domiwnhainpttoelp yu laCtrioownns , ColonainPedsr otecwtiotrnhao tnEe-usr opseuabnj aencdt sB,tr hietR iaisjnh Indaisa E amnp ireo winrn i gihtts Thnei netceeennttauhlr isyno h erfriotme det ahreel riae ra opfwa otrtledrn widien tetrheeastxt tse nfrdab eedy otnedr ruintdoaercryt Burailtr iuslTheh .e netwoofBr rki ttriasadhne cd o mmeirnac rees ausca hsL atAimne rtihcMaei, d dle Easatn,Cd h icnaabn e v iewaenda lytaiscc oanlsltyia tn'u itnifnoegrm mpailr e' basoendn avhaelg emaonnedyc onopmoiwceT rh.ii sas conecxeaipmntei dn sevecrhaalp itneb rostt hh nei neteaenndttw het-nieth-vcoeulnmteuTsrh.ye worldBwriidet ish seycsotinetomsm eilcf arnee xflpeacntseidbv reonuegshst abobuyta combionfpa otpliuaotngi roonw itnhd,ru ysfi,tn antceec,h nological advanacned, atchceu muloafst ciioennk tniofwilcea dloglfew ,h icghr eatly extenBdreidtl aeioanvd'e psro tenritviaaattll hs ee n odft he eigchetneteunrtyh. By thoeft heen dn inceetnetteuhnrlityesh wa adds i sappReiavrnaialnv agis.e s welalse mpinroews challReonyNgaaelvd y tBahrneid t Eamipni'Wrsie t.ht ihne Empitrhere,i o sfne a tioniantl hiceso ml oonfwi heisst eet tlement, Ireland, and Indcioai ncwiidtehde maenr gsienngos fne a tiaosnsaelr tiinvB ernietsasi n. Colonnaitailo nraelfliescmtd eedvo eptlmheen nta toifio dneanlta inltdii negse r inrge senttmoewnattrshde esx opiltaotrin oeng lbeyc tt' hMeo tChoeurny 't.r Thetseen ssieoenmste otd h retahtseet nr ucotft uhEreme p iArtte h.ee n odft he centtuhrBeyr itisbhe cohmmaoedr jei ngobiusattn ii mcp,o rptaarontftt h e legtaocb yec arroiveeidrn ttohn ee xcte ntwuarasys enosfve u lneraanbdi lity insecduerawilitttiy hnV o lumIeV . viii FOREWORD Thveo luimnte hsOe xf ordH istooftr hByer iEtmipsidhro ne on te cesbseagroiirnl y enadtt hsea mpeo iHnits.t ournidcearls tbaenndefrifiontmgas n i ntegarnadt ion overolfca opm pclherxol ongoTyh.Ne in eteCeenntyth,fu ro re xamgpilvece,os m prehensivteoe t vreweniatttsthm hiehennu tn dyreeadbr usst,o mceh aprteearcsh bacikn tthoee a rpleirejiruo asdsot t heexrtste ont dho eu tborfteh aFeki rWosrtl d WarS.i miysl oamrdele lvoepmetnhtbaset g iantn h lea ntien etceeennttcuhar ny besbteu ndersitnao l oadtc eorn taenxdst o,m ceh apitneV rolsu mIeV T,h e TwentiCeetnyhtb, u ergiintn h lea dsetc aodfte hsne i netceeennttuhr y. As pefcaeitaulort feh s ee riitseh Ssee lBeicbtl ioogfkre awypo hrayktt s h e oefn d eacchh aptera.r eT ihnneotstee nt dobe ead c omprehbeinbsliivoeg orra phical historiogguri(adwpehh iwicicbhlaef llu o ndV oilnu mVe)b urta tthheaeryr l ei sts ofu seafunlid no frmawtoirvokens tthheem eesa ccohhf a pter. ThEed itor-ainnEd-d Cihtaiocerkfsn owwlietdihgm em,e ngsrea tistuupdpeo,r t fromt hReh odTeruss t,N atthieEo nndaolw mferon ttH huem aniitWnia sehsi ng toDnC,, AnStto nCyo'lslO exgofer,ad n,d Utnhiev eorfTse xiatasytA ustWien . havree cefuirvtehsdep re csiufipcpf oorrmLt o rDda hren(odfromrWefar r deonf SAtn toCnoyl'lsO exgofer,dS )h;e lEdkolnaO nlds-foronm etrhlDeye anL iobfe ral Artnso,w ProvoUsnti,v eoarfTtsex iattshy,e f roa ntpdhr,ee paroafmta iptoshn,e UniveCrosoirptaeyt Siovicee tMyrl. a Sipnr hoealtp teoid n sptihprere o ject and provifidneadna csisails ftroa ntichneei o trigaaln izcaotnifoenrIaeitlnas lc ase o. trupel eatsotu hraeon ukpr a trMorn sa MnrdAs l aSnp enocfHe art fiReelgdi s Grangea,n MdrM Ssr a mJ amot oBfDr uorwann Cgool,o raandMdor a, n Mdr s BaiKneero rfH oustTeoxnaW,se .h avbee nefifortmet dhc ea rtogerxappehritci se ofJ anPeu gahn Mdi nMao shkaettr hiLe o ndSocnh ooofEl c onomOiuclrsa .s t worodfg ratiitsu Ddtreo AlLaoiwtn,heA e s sociatweh oEdsdeeid tioctrao,t ion thper ojheacst cbheaerna cbtyie rnidazetefidge affibclieea nnmcdey t iccualroeu.s Wm.R ogLeoru is PREFACE Thyee a1r8s1 5 twoer pe1r e9em0-i2n e'nrBtiltyaI imnp'escr einaytl'au ,nr tdh ey provtihdee ocfto rraed ittiroinuamlpIlhmya pleinrsaitra rla Attbi ovtedsha. t es Briteamienrt ghevedi cftorommr a jwoarr Tsh.pe e atcree aotf1i 8e1s4n -oo1tn5 l y acknowlBerdigtdeaodim ni'nsia nEn ucreo tpheec;yo nfirmed her conquests made duritnhwgea rwsi tFhr anscien1 c7e9 3· Coloniweesrt eh eurvsee lriyewvheedr e formf aerosfa ttapcolki,tu ipchaelaa vnafidln ,a nciaalnn de lwpo ossss,e ssions werceo nveirntfteerosd bh r idgefhroBe raidatsdi vsahon rkc eesy tointneh sne a val deefncoefB r itainI'n1s 9 t0th2Tre ra edoaeft.eyV r eenwihgiiecnnhgd ,te hdSe o uth AfricWaanrf ,r oamn otpheerrs peacltscioov ien cwiidttehhd fie n aplh aosfe Africpaa'rst iAtlitohnov.ui gchtw oarbsyo ugahtat hpirgihoc neie,n dicoaft ive ftuuprreo blferotm llsme,o meantlt e aimstat r kBerdi tfaiinenam'les r gaetsn hcee dominpaonwtei rnt hlea csotl oncioznetdi Inmepnetrc.io -aolp ewraast ion maniifnet shcteo lopnrieaslae tQn uceeeV ni ctofurnieari'an1sl 9 a0n1md i litary contritbout thTierao nnssv daeaefla'ts. Howevtehrei,ras el as' ol onnign etceeennrttybu'ho, u ndaetod ne en bdy t he eveonftts h e 1a7na8dt0 so tthhebe ytr h oosf1e 9 02r-e1ev4a,lmi onrgoe f the uncertaanifldnu tciteusa itnIi mopnesfr roitaulnP eesa.c emwaiktiahnn egw ly indepeUnndietnetd oSft aAtmeeasrn idc art,eh seh aopfgi onvge rnfmroe nt QuebecB raintIdin sdfhior am,1 782-9d1e,f ewnmeseriaevs eua rgeasie nvsetn ts whihcahd seseemreidto hurselayt oerun nicnogn trWoiltlhhai bnldest.ih gehyt , cabne saespe oni nttoe rncseo wn necatniidon nfsl uweintbchoe tB hr isteitsthl ers overasnetdah psee opolfAes siE aq.uy at,l heles tabloiFfsrh emeetniotn1w 7n8o 7f, sociientL ioensdt oopn r omAofrtiec eaxnp loraanttdio eo nnsd lv earayn,d a pencaoll oinnNy e wS ouWtahl ehse,r aslidgendi nfiinceatnete nth-century devel opmenBturste. s umpotfwi aworin t Fhr anicn1e 7 93B rlietftIa mipne'fursti uarle stsielrli otuhsrleya tSeinmeiydl,a.a tt r hlbee ginonfi nttgwh een tcieentthu ry Britraeinne'swsee ndos fie s olaantvdiu olnn ertaocb hialliltfreyon mg eost her imperpioawle russ-sRAimae,r iGceara,mn yc-oincwiidtephdr obloefm s Impedreifaelfner csehe lxyp oosne dI nfrdoinat'aisnei drnS s o uAtfrhi Bcrai;t ain's econoamnidc admindiisffitcruaeltnticivoeeus n ntaetrieoddn eamlainsidtns colotneirarli Tthoersiee sc.o nditions intaennpdsr iofmipetde de arlier misgivings, ar econsiodfIe mrpaetrrieiotlanial oa nnscd o lornuiwlaheli ncohot n ly anticip atebdus tu rvtihvee dow f1a 9r1 4-18. Thitsh,ei nas,h istionrtye grreallatltoaye n dd e rolvaptphioanftg e tihgeh t eenatnhtd w entcieentthu roiregsa.n tiIhzvneio nlgua mcec,o huanbste etna ken
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