Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 2 (Oxford, 1998) PDF
Preview Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 2 (Oxford, 1998)
THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE VolumIe.T hOer igoifEn msp ire ED TEDB YN ichCoalnansy 1 VolumIeIT. heg hEtieCeenntyth u r EDITEBD YP .M aJr.s hall VolumIeII T.h Nein eteCeenntyth u r EDITEBD YA ndrPeowr ter VolumIeV.T heT wentiCeetnyht ur ED TEDB YJ udith Ma.n WdBm .rR oowgnLe oru is 1 VolumVe.H itsogrraipohy EDITEBD YR obWi.n Winks THE OXFORD HISTORYO F THE BRITISHE MPIRE Wm.R ogeLro uiDs.,L itFtB.A, KerPrr eosfsooEfrn glisha nHCdiu slttoUurnryie v,yeo rfTsex iatAsu,s tin and HoFneolrolafSor Atwyn tonCyo'elsgl Oex,fr od EDITOR-IN-CHIEF VOLUME II TheE ighteenth Century P.J .M arshaDl.lP,h iFlB.A, EmeruisPt reios fsoofI rm pelHr iisartyKo,i nCgo'lsl Leogned,o n anHdo norFaerloylf Woa wd haCmo llOexgfreod, EDITOR AlaiLnoew D,. Phil. ASSSITANETD ITOR OXFORD UNIVERSITPYR ESS Thbiosho akbs e perni dnitgeidat npadrl oldyiu ancs etda nsdpaercdif ication ionr dteeorn siutcrsoe n tianvuaiinlga bility OXFORD UNIVERSITPYR ESS GreaCtl arendSotnr eOextf,o rOdX 2 6DP OxforUdn iversPirteysi ssa d epartmoefnt th eU niversoifOt xyf ord. Itfu rthetrhseU niversiotbyj'esc toifve xec elleinnrc ees earscchh,o larship, ande ducatbiyop nu blishwionrgl dwiidne OxforNde wY ork AucklanCda peT ownD aresS alaamH ongK ong Karachi KualLau mpurM adriMde lbourneM exicCoi tyN airobi NewD elhSih anghaTia ipeTio ronto Witho fficeisn ArgentiAnuas trBiraa ziClh ilCez ecRhe publFirca ncGer eece GuatemaHluan garIyt alJya paSno utKho reaP olanPdo rtugal SingapoSrwei tzerlTahnadi laTnudr keUyk rainVei etnam Oxforidsa r egistterraedmdea rko fO xforUdn iversPirteys s int hUe K andi nc ertaoitnh ecro untries Publisihnet dh eU niteSdt ates byO xforUdn iversPirteysI sn cN.e,w Y ork © OxforUdn iversPirteys1 s9,9 8 Nott ob er eprinwtietdh opuetr mission Them orarli ghotfst h ea uthhoarv bee eans serted Databarsieg Ohxtf orUdn iversPirteys( sm aker) Reprin2t0e0d6 Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotft hipsu blicamtaiyob ner eproduced, storienda r etriseyvsatle omr,t ransmiitnta endyf, o rmo rb ya nym eans, withotuhtep riopre rmissiinwo rni tionfOg x forUdn iversPirteys s, ora se xprespselrym itbtyel da wo,r u ndetre rmasg reewdi tthh ea ppropriate reprograrpihgihcotsrs g anizaEtniqouni.r cioensc ernirnegp roduction outsitdhees copoeft hea bovseh oulbdes enttot heR ightDse partment, OxforUdn iversPirteysa stt, h ea ddreasbso ve Youm ustn otc ircultahtibeso oki na nyo thebri ndionrgc over Andy oum usitm posteh issa mec onditoinoa nn ya cquirer ISBN 0-19-820563-5 Coveirl lustrOatfifonoi:afc S eerpR oeyg iwmiehtnihsts y acnead d rummer byG eorgCea rte1r7,8 6W.i mpolHea ll. Photogr©a pNha:tionTarlu st PLhiobtroa ry/HJaomhmno nd. AntonRyo weL tdE.a,s tboume ThEed itor-ainnEd-d Cihtoiofter hfsOe xf ordH istooftr hye BErmiptiirseh ackndowgwleie tghr atistuupdpfeoor rmt ThRheo deTsru st ThNea tiEonndaolw mferon tH umanWaisthiiensgD,tC o n, StA ntonCyo'lslO exgofer,d ThUen iveorfTse xiatasytA ustin This ipnatgeen tlieobfnltaa lnlky FOREWORD Frotmh feuo ndionftg h ceo loinni eNsAo mretrhai ncda WteshIte n diinte hse seventceeenntttuohtr hyre e rvseioofHn o nKgo ntgoC hiantat heen odf t he twnetieBtrhi,ti imsphe riwaalsai c samt afloyfrsra t- reacchhainnBggre i.t ish dominaotfii nodni gpeenoopuilsne sN Aomretrhi Acsaia,an ,Ad fr iccaan now bes eemno rcel eaaspr aloryftt h lea ragnedr dyinnatmeircoa fEcu trioopnae nadn non-wessotceireTnth ioeutsgh.hse u bjreecmta iidneso locghiacragtlehledy , passairoonusbs yBe rdi tish impseolr eisaslteihnswaemetda rhea vneo w better platcheaednv teors etehc eo uorftsh eEe m pisrtee aadnitdlos y ei ewt h olAet. this distiann ctteih Ememe p ilreeg'frasoc mye arcleinetrcu arbniea e sss eisnes tehdi,c s anedc onoamswi eclasls powliitgthri ecadsti,es rc rinm.Ait tn hacetl iooosfte h e twneticeetnht, tu hrieyn terproeftt hdaeit sisoonol fut htEeim opnic raebn e nefit frome volpveirnsgp eocnft,roi e vxeasm tphleeen ,od ft hceo wladr I.ns till larger sweepO,xf ortdHh ies tooftr hByer iEtmipsiahrs ce o am prehsetnusdiyvu ehs e lps to undetrhesent odaf n dEt mhpei irnre e latiitbosen g itnotn himene ga,n oifn g Britiimsphe rifarotl hiresu mla eswd e lalst hreu laenrds, st ihgen ifiocfta hnec e BritEimsphia rset hae imnwe o rhlids tory. It neiashr alalycf e ntsuirnytc hele a vsotl uomfte h lea rgeC-asmcrbaildeg e HistorByr ioEtfmi ptsihwhera ceso mplIent emtdeh.ae n tthiBemr ei tEimsphi re habse edni smanatnloden dlfr ya gmesnutcashs G ibraalnttdah rFe a lklands, BermaudnPadi tcraeimraoniaf,nn E mpitrheoa ntcs et reotvcaehqr eu da rottfeh re eartshua'rcsfTe h.ge e neurnadle rstoaftn hdei nBgr itiesxhep riIemhnpaceser ial beesnu bstawnitdieainlnrel edyc deencta bdyte hswe o rokfh i stoorfAis aianans d Afriacwsae alslB ritEaairnlh.ii esrt, ot rhioeubsgynh om eaanlstl e,n dteod trace thEem pierveo'lsu atnitdoo cn o ncenotnhr oawtw eai gsto vernmeadn.ly a Ttoe Victohriisatnot rhsieta onorsfty h Eem pimreea tnhtre i osfwe o rld-dwoimdien ioann idm perruilaaebl,o a vlielnI ndHiias.t oirni afitnrhhssea t ol ftfh tew entieth centtuernydt eoed m phacsoinzset itduetvieolnoapalmnt edhn cetu sl minoaft ion thEem piirnte hf er aeses ocoiftah tCeio omnm onweTahlOetxf hor.dH itsoyor ft he BriEtmipsithra seka ew idaep proIadtco hen.so d te ptihcheti stooftrh Eyem pire aso noefp u rpopsreofugltr hersosfu uogrhh u ndyreeadnr osdr,o eicsto ncentrate narroownml eyt ropaoultihtoaarnni rdtu ylI et. daotetset moep xtlp ahionw varycionngd itions in wBirttihht oaisinmen a nioynt thpeearrra otcftst h eed wortlodc rebaotteah c onstantltye rcrhiaEtnmogpriiainrnageedl v sehrifting pattoefsr oncsai naedlc onormeailtci TohnOesxf .or dH istooftr hByer iEtmipsihr e thudse awlistt hh iem paocfBt r itish iomnpd eerpieanpldeieosnpmtil nae s Vlll FOREWORD broasdeentrsh eaw nau ss uaaltltye mipnet aerdhl iisetrow rriictwaihlni gilsate,l so takiensta oc cotuhnseti gnifoiftc hEaemn pciefr oterh Ier itshhSe,c oatnsd, the Welsahsw elalst hEen glish. VolumIeIT ,hE egi hteCeenntyth,du erawlistt hhc er ucpiearlii not hdce r eaotfi on thmeo deBrrni tEimsphiI rtse h.o hwosw m igrarteiilgointo,rn a,ad newd,a r creatEemdp iiarnnAe m eraincldaa tienAr s iaan,hd o wt,h outghAhem erican Reovlutsieovne relyt hdIeam mpaesgrteirdau lct thsueyr sets,eu mr vainvgder de w inatonE mpitrheea nt compaal sasrpegadero tft hweo rdludr itnhngei neteenth centaunrfdyo mru cohf t htew netieTthhei. s sdueeaswl itti hnt hviosl ume therehfaocdrl eec aorn seqfueoBnrrc ietsla aitsne'trsaa tsauw so rplodw aenrd for the Brietciosnyho. m domestic Amontgh e mcaonmyp lex tthheaerrmeaee tl s e,at shtrt eheab te aorno ther voluimne sst ehreTi heEesi .tg eehntChen ytr uarifsuensd amiesnstuaels concern intge rminWohlaotg ytw.hae esi ghteentuhs-acogeften h wteou rr'dyE mpire'? Unttihlme i ddplaero tft hcee nttuhrEeym pire cpornisnicsoitfBpe radil tlay in, Irelaanndd ,ct ohleo innNi oesr th Aamnetdrh iWece satI ndiCeosm.m ercial exapnsibeoyno Enudr ope untdheEerm ppiiinrntne heA edt laanntodip ce,r ated witamh o mentoufim to sw ni nA fraincAdas iWah.e tnh ednit dh tee r'mB ritish Empigreen'e ermaelrlagysce o ah ecroennctwe iptth worilmdp-lwiicdTaoet ions? whaetx tdeinadtB rit'iwsohsr ylsdt oerem v'ea Bn r it'iisnhf oermmpaiclro em'e inetxoi stdeunrcitenhe gei ghtceeennttuhr y? Duritnhgee i ghtceeenntttuhhr Eeym pirreea cohneoedf i thsi gpho ints of proafintpd r oesrpiTthyii.sts h see cognedn etrhaelmB eyt. h een odft hcee ntury Briteacionn'oscm aipca acnimdta yr itsitmree snugrtpha tshsaoetfad n oyt her poweArf.tt ehrAe m eriRceavlnou ttihofeno rmceorl orneimeasiw nietdht ihne orboifBt r ittirsaahdn ecd o mmeTrhceee c.o nosmyisctw eapms r otebcytt heed worlmdo'spsto wernfualva yn bdy m iligtaarrryit shoacntos ud ledp ltoryo ops throughoutA smiaaanro dit thpieamrroe tf ts h weo rld. Thteh ird otfoh veemrea rscihginnigfii ctsah nBacrtei tcioslho inniN sotrst h Amerainctdah Wees Itn daitetsa fucnhdeadm esnitganli fitcota hnescitera a tsu s 'freeEbnogrlnin s'bh,umi tenm anpya rotfts h e wBorriltrdiu wslaheas u thoritar iaWnh.a wta tsh mee anoifnB gri tish fhoeirgt esme ocsntufybso j,r communities ofB ritoirsihgo ivne rsaenadfs on ro n-EuroTpheela annsg?uo aflg ieb erty infortmhieedd e oolfto hgAeym eriRceavlnou tiyoeptnl ,a ntoawtnieiornnts h e WesItn dfioeusnn odd ifficuilnt yut shisena gmv eo cabiunlas a lrasyvo ec iIent y. IndtihaBe r itriuslohev dev ra psotp ulaatnimdoa ndnseo atttoei mnpttr oduce represeinntsatitioitnIvusnet.d igenouisnt hpAeem oeprliAecssaia san,,Ad f rica remaiawn oerdal pda frrtoB mr itciuslhta unrpdao ll ittriacidaoilnTt sh.ew reer e FOREWORD ix thus two siddoemsi ntiionto hneBe ir gihtticeseehnnr ttytuh,h oen eev olving represegnotvaetrnimtvehenoe tt ,ho ef'r e nligdhetsepnoeitdnwi' his cmh bcea n founthdoe r igoiftn hsie d eoaft h'eW hiMtaen 'bsu rendB'o. tthr aditions contritbou Btraei dtn iasthi coonmamli ttmoeE nmtp iarned soefBn rsiet ish identitnyi nient aetnethdnwe te hn tiethI wtca esn taunr iaemsb.i guous legacy. Thveo luimnte hsOe xf ordH istyoo rtf hBer iEtmipsidhro e n neocte sbseagroiirnl y enadtt hsea mpeo iHnits.t ournidcearls tbaenndeifintgas n i frnotme gration and overolfca opm pclherxo noTlhoEegi tyge.he Cnetnhyt ,fu orerx ample, gives com prehensivet oet vreewnaittstm heinnth utnhdoyrseeead br usst,o mceh apters reabcahc k tihnet oep aerrliioeadrso t jhueesxrtts te notd he en odft h Nea poleonic erSai.m ilsaormdleey v eloptmheabntet gisan tn h lea etieg htceeennttuhr y can bebsetu nderstaon oidn etiene ntcho-nctefuenlxttltru :er ayt omfte enrtr itorial expanisnSi oounEt ahAs-sti tahr,ei osfte h nee wP rotemsitsasnitso oncaireyt ies, antdh cea mpaaigganit nhsselt a tvreaa dnesd l avweibrlyelf ouinnVdo l umIeI I, TheN ineteCeenntyth.u r As pefceiaatlou ftrh seee riitseh Ssee lBeicbtl ioogkfre ayp hwayott r hkeesn o df eacchh apTtheeras.re ne o itn tentdobe ead c omprehbeinbsliivoeg orra phical historiogr(awphhiwicicbhlaef ll o uginunVdio l duem Ve)b urta thearr leti hsetys ofu seafnuidln formatoinvte ht ewh oermokefess a cchh apter. ThEe ditor-ainnEd-d Cihtaicoekrfn l oewdwgieti,hm mengsrea tistuupdpeo,r t fromt hReh odTerusst th,Ne a tiEonndaolw mfeotnrhtH e u maniitnWia sehsi ng toDnC,S, t AntCoonlylO'exsgf eo,ar ndd, Utnhiev eorfTse xiatsy atW eA ustin. havree cefuirvtehdse pre csiufipcp forrottm h Wea rdeonfS tA ntonLyo'rsd, DahrentdhoDere fa,on f L ibeArratls t haUetn iveorfsTi extaysS ,h eldon Eknlda-Olasnodfn,o,t r h per eparoafmt aipotsnh, Ue n iveCrosoiptteyir vae SoicetMyr. lSapirnoh aetl pteoid n sptihrpeer ojaencdpt r ovifidneadn cial assisftoatrnh icen ei otrigaaln izcaotnifoenrIaetln a cliesas.to r upel eatsou re thaonukpr a trMoran nsd AMlraSsnp enocfHea rt fiReelgGdir sa nMgrae n,Md r s Sam JBarmoowotnfD u ranCgool,o raandMdor a, n d MrsK eBroarfHi onues ton, TexaWse.h avbee nefifrtoemtd h cea rtogerxappehroitfJci a snPeeu gahn hde r colleaattg huLeeo sn dSocnh ooofEl c onomWeia crsge.r atteoMfu alr y fBourl l hehre linpp repatrhiienn dgOe uxlr.a sto wfgo rradt iitsDu rdtAeo l aLionwet, h e AssisEtdaintwtoh ro,sd ee dictaott ihoen phroabjsee ecnt charbayc terized indefaetffiicgiaeabnnlcmdeye ticcualroeu.s Wm.R ogLeoru is
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