Oxford handbook of paediatrics PDF
Preview Oxford handbook of paediatrics
OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics 00_McClure_Prelims.indd i 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM Published and forthcoming Oxford Handbooks Oxford Handbook for the Foundation Programme 3e Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine 3e Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia 3e Oxford Handbook of Applied Dental Sciences Oxford Handbook of Cardiology 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 3e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry 5e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology 3e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Immunology and Allergy 3e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine – Mini Edition 8e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pathology Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Rehabilitation 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 9e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery 4e Oxford Handbook of Complementary Medicine Oxford Handbook of Critical Care 3e Oxford Handbook of Dental Patient Care 2e Oxford Handbook of Dialysis 3e Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine 4e Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 2e Oxford Handbook of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine Oxford Handbook of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2e Oxford Handbook of General Practice 3e Oxford Handbook of Genetics Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV and AIDS 2e Oxford Handbook of Geriatric Medicine Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology Oxford Handbook of Medical Imaging Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences 2e Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics Oxford Handbook of Nephrology and Hypertension Oxford Handbook of Neurology Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics 2e Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2e Oxford Handbook of Occupational Health 2e Oxford Handbook of Oncology 3e Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology 2e Oxford Handbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics 2e Oxford Handbook of Pain Management Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care 2e Oxford Handbook of Practical Drug Therapy 2e Oxford Handbook of Pre-Hospital Care Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 3e Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice 2e Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Medicine & Family Planning Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine 2e Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology 3e Oxford Handbook of Sport and Exercise Medicine Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine 3e Oxford Handbook of Urology 3e 00_McClure_Prelims.indd ii 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM 1 Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics Second Edition Edited by Robert C. Tasker Professor of Neurology and Anaesthesia (Pediatrics), Harvard Medical School; Chair in Neurocritical Care, Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA Robert J. McClure Neonatologist, Paediatrician and Anatomical Pathologist Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia Carlo L. Acerini University Senior Lecturer, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge, UK 00_McClure_Prelims.indd iii 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press, 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First edition published 2008 Second edition published 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–960830–0 (fl exicover: alk.paper) Printed in China by C&C Offset Printing Co. Ltd. Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding. 00_McClure_Prelims.indd iv 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM v Foreword to the fi rst edition Textbooks have been the mainstay of medical education for centuries. Clearly, the development of the information superhighway via the Internet has changed how we learn, fi nd information, and communicate. What does yet another paediatric textbook add to the current long list of titles? Drs Tasker, McClure, and Acerini have conceived of and edited a new book. It is a handbook of paediatrics that joins a stable of similar publica- tions from Oxford University Press. There are 23 contributing editors. Using a well-tested format for presentation, the handbook consists of 31 chapters, ranging from sections on epidemiology, evidence, and practice, through the more traditional topics, such as nephrology and neurology, and concluding with international health and travel, and paediatrics, eth- ics, and the law. Each chapter follows the same format, 5–40 sections, fol- lowed by bulleted points. Both signs and symptoms of illness, as well as specifi c diseases are covered. Virtually all topics are limited to 1–2 pages of important information. Tables are carefully inserted, and complement the text. Doses of important drugs are included in the text and/or the tables. There are a limited number of fi gures, but like the tables, they supplement the text and have been carefully chosen to add clarity. The Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics is a worthy addition to your library. It will be particularly appealing to medical students and younger physicians, who have learned to digest a great deal of information quickly and in an abbreviated format. Its availability on a CD-ROM is an added and neces- sary benefi t. Drs Tasker, McClure, and Acerini have done a wonderful job in ensuring consistency, clarity, and completeness. Professor Howard Bauchner, Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Vice-Chair, Academic Affairs, Editor in Chief, Archives of Disease in Childhood, January 2008 00_McClure_Prelims.indd v 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM vi Preface The fi rst ‘boke’ of paediatrics printed in English was written by Thomas Phaire (1510–1560), a man from East Anglia who studied medicine at Oxford University. The book had 56 pages, measured 3 7/8 inches (9.8cm) by 2 5/8 inches (6.7cm), and covered ‘. . . innumerable passions & diseases, wherunto the bodye of man is subiecte, and as well moste commonly the tender age of chyldren is chefely vexed and greued with these dis- eases folowyng. Apostume of the brayne, swellyng of the head . . .’.1 In 1553, the ‘innumerable passions & diseases’ came to 39 presenting clini- cal problems. As clinicians, we fi rst met and worked in the heart of East Anglia (Cambridge University) and have now collaborated with Oxford University Press in this venture, a new handbook of paediatrics. Our simi- larity with Thomas Phaire has not escaped us, particularly as we see the importance of basing a text on common presenting clinical problems. Our principal aim is to provide a compact source of information and clinical thinking that can be used in the clinic or hospital ward, at a time when the child is being seen. The challenge, therefore, was to distil the content of information found in several textbooks into a conveniently sized handbook without the loss of important information. We easily reached the limit in pages given to us, and so we have had to be strict in sifting out key facts crucial to clinical practice. Our intention is that the handbook be used from the start of one’s education in paediatrics all the way through to higher general training in the fi eld. We have kept with the tradition of providing content and text that often exceeds that required by the generalist—we believe it important for learners and readers to see the full landscape. There are spaces where more notes can be added from lectures, other reading, and personal expe- rience. This is intended. It means that the handbook can be made personal, develop with you, and be used in whatever your chosen practice— hospitalist, generalist, or community and family practice. Above all, we hope that the handbook will give you confi dence to manage paediatric clinical problems effectively and safely. RCT RJM CLA April 2012 Reference 1 Phaire T (1553). The boke of chyldren. [Reprint edited by Neale AV, Wallis HRE (1965). Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone Ltd, Edinburgh. 00_McClure_Prelims.indd vi 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM vii Authors’ disclaimer All reasonable efforts have been undertaken in order to ensure the accu- racy of drug doses in this book. UK readers are advised to also consult the British National Formulary for children (2012; see http://www.bnf. org/bnf/index.htm)). Other readers should refer to their own regional or national guidelines. The authors cannot be held responsible for any errors here in. 00_McClure_Prelims.indd vii 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM viii Acknowledgements We would like to extend our thanks and gratitude to all the contributors. We would also like to thank our colleagues who reviewed and advised on the content of our chapters, in particular Dr Robert Ross-Russell, Dr Roddy O’Donnell, Jenny Pool, Amy Stewart, Clare Bradley Stevenson, and Liesje Cornwell for their helpful comments. We are also indebted to Dr Stephan Sanders for his comments and criticisms of our draft manu- script. We would also like to thank Drs Kim Jones and Tony Jaffa, Profs Deirdre Kelly and Brett McDermott, and Ms Julia Smith, Kelly Lamour, and Lynne Radbone for their contribution to the last edition. We are especially grateful to Beth Womack and Elizabeth Reeve at OUP for their help and assistance, and for their patience with us. Finally, but not least, a special thanks goes to our respective families for their encouragement, support, and understanding throughout the preparation of this book. Robert C. Tasker Robert J. McClure Carlo L. Acerini RJM is indebted to Marge, Hannah, and Thomas, for their endless love, support, and sacrifi ce. 00_McClure_Prelims.indd viii 11/14/2012 11:16:23 PM ix Contributors Mr David Albert Consultant Otolaryngologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London Miss Louise Allen Consultant Paediatric Ophthalmologist Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, and Associate Lecturer, University of Cambridge, UK Dr R Mark Beattie Consultant Paediatric Gastroenterologist University Hospital Southampton Southampton, UK Mr Yogesh Bajaj Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Barts, and the London Children’s Hospital, London Dr Ian Balfour-Lynn Consultant in Respiratory Paediatrics Royal Brompton Hospital, London Dr Tony Caccetta Dermatology Registrar Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia Professor Imti Choonara Professor in Child Health, Academic Division of Child Health, University of Nottingham, Derbyshire Children’s Hospital Derby, UK Dr David Coghill Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK Mr David Crabbe Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK Dr Saul N Faust Reader in Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Director, NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton, UK Dr Rob Freeman Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Shropshire, UK Dr Georgina Hall Consultant, Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Dr Peter Heinz Consultant Paediatrician Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Dr Ewen D Johnston Consultant Neonatologist Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infi rmary of Edinburgh, UK 00_McClure_Prelims.indd ix 11/14/2012 11:16:24 PM x CONTRIBUTORS Dr Samir Latifi Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care, Akron Children’s Hospital Akron, Ohio, USA Dr Elaine Lewis Consultant Community Paediatrician, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Dr James C Nicholson Consultant Paediatric Oncologist Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Dr Roddy O’Donnell Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Dr Alasdair Parker Consultant Paediatric Neurologist, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Dr Willie Reardon Consultant Clinical Geneticist, Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland Dr Lesley Rees Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Foundation Trust, London Professor Benjamin J Stenson Consultant Neonatologist Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infi rmary of Edinburgh, UK Dr Robert M R Tulloh Consultant in Paediatric Cardiology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Royal Infi rmary, UK 00_McClure_Prelims.indd x 11/14/2012 11:16:24 PM CONTENTS xi Contents Detailed contents xiii Symbols and abbreviations xxxii 1 Practising paediatrics 1 2 Epidemiology, evidence, and practice 9 3 Clinical assessment 19 4 Resuscitation 35 5 Emergency and high dependency care 45 6 Neonatology 107 7 Practical procedures 201 8 Cardiovascular 225 9 Respiratory medicine 253 10 Gastroenterology and nutrition 297 11 Nephrology 349 12 Endocrinology and diabetes 399 13 Growth and puberty 455 14 Neurology 495 15 Child development 555 16 Child and family psychiatry 567 17 Haematology 607 18 Oncology 651 19 Infectious diseases 693 20 Bones and joints 731 21 Adolescent health 793 22 Dermatology 805 23 Paediatric surgery 843 24 Special senses 893 00_McClure_Prelims.indd xi 11/14/2012 11:16:24 PM CONTENTS xii CONTENTS 25 Genetics 925 26 Inherited metabolic disease 953 27 Community child health 979 28 Child protection 997 29 Pharmacology and therapeutics 1011 30 International health and travel 1021 31 Paediatrics, ethics, and the law 1029 Index 1047 00_McClure_Prelims.indd xii 11/14/2012 11:16:24 PM xiii Detailed contents 1 Practising paediatrics 1 Reading and learning paediatrics 2 Professional conduct and attitudes 3 Professional skills 4 Knowledge 6 2 Epidemiology, evidence, and practice 9 Introduction 10 Descriptions in populations 10 Summary of study designs 11 Levels of evidence 12 Basics of statistics 14 Training and special knowledge skills 16 Useful websites and resources 18 References 18 3 Clinical assessment 19 Communication skills 20 Taking a paediatric history: introduction 21 The presenting complaint 22 History of present illness 24 Past health history 25 Symptom review 26 Family history 28 Examining a child: introduction 28 General condition 29 Vital signs 30 Respiratory system 31 Cardiovascular system 32 Gastrointestinal system 33 Genitourinary system 34 Musculoskeletal system 34 00_McClure_Prelims.indd xiii 11/14/2012 11:16:24 PM xiv DETAILED CONTENTS 4 Resuscitation 35 Cardiopulmonary arrest 36 Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment 36 Paediatric basic life support 38 Choking children 39 Paediatric advanced life support 40 Rhythm disturbances 42 Treating supraventricular tachycardia 43 Following unsuccessful resuscitation 44 5 Emergency and high dependency care 45 The ABC of high dependency 46 Respiratory distress 48 Respiratory distress: management 50 Foreign-body inhalation 51 Drowning 52 Circulation: cardiovascular diffi culty 53 Cardiovascular system diffi culty: assessment 54 Cardiovascular system diffi culty: therapy—1 56 Cardiovascular system diffi culty: therapy—2 58 Cyanosis: assessment 60 Cyanosis: management 62 Anaphylaxis 64 Hypovolaemic shock 65 Burns 66 Burns: treatment 68 Sepsis 70 Altered level of consciousness 72 Altered level of consciousness: clinical assessment 74 Altered level of consciousness: Glasgow coma scale 76 Altered level of consciousness: management 78 Status epilepticus 80 Poisoning 82 Poisoning: management 84 Poisoning: antidotes and substrates 86 Fluid and electrolytes 89 Fluid and electrolytes: dehydration 90 Fluid and electrolytes: abnormalities 92 Renal insuffi ciency 94 00_McClure_Prelims.indd xiv 11/14/2012 11:16:24 PM
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