Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics PDF
Preview Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics
OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics ii Published and forthcoming Oxford Handbooks Oxford Handbook for the Foundation Oxford Handbook of Integrated Dental Programme 5e Biosciences 2e Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine 4e Oxford Handbook of Humanitarian Medicine Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia 4e Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence 2e Oxford Handbook of Cardiology 2e Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Healthcare Oxford Handbook of Medical Imaging Research Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Oxford Handbook for Medical School Investigation 4e Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry 7e Oxford Handbook of Neonatology 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e Oxford Handbook of Nephrology and Oxford Handbook of Clinical Examination and Hypertension 2e Practical Skills 2e Oxford Handbook of Neurology 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology 4e Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Oxford Handbook of Clinical Immunology Dietetics 2e and Allergy 4e Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine— Mini Gynaecology 3e Edition 0e Oxford Handbook of Occupational Health 2e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 0e Oxford Handbook of Oncology 3e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pathology Oxford Handbook of Operative Surgery 3e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy 3e Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology 4e Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties e Oxford Handbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery 4e Surgery 2e Oxford Handbook of Complementary Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics Medicine and Trauma Oxford Handbook of Critical Care 3e Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics 3e Oxford Handbook of Dental Patient Care Oxford Handbook of Pain Management Oxford Handbook of Dialysis 4e Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care 3e Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine 5e Oxford Handbook of Practical Drug Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Therapy 2e Diabetes 3e Oxford Handbook of Pre- Hospital Care Oxford Handbook of ENT and Head and Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 4e Neck Surgery 3e Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice 3e Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Clinicians Medicine 3e Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Wilderness Medicine 2e Medicine & Family Planning 2e Oxford Handbook of Forensic Medicine Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine 3e Oxford Handbook of Gastroenterology & Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology 4e Hepatology 2e Oxford Handbook of Sport and Exercise Oxford Handbook of General Practice 5e Medicine 2e Oxford Handbook of Genetics Handbook of Surgical Consent Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine 4e HIV, and Sexual Health 3e Oxford Handbook of Urology 4e Oxford Handbook of Geriatric Medicine 3e Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology 2e OXFORD HANDBOOK OF Paediatrics THIRD EDITION edited by Robert C. Tasker Professor of Anaesthesia (Pediatrics), Harvard Medical School; First Chair of Neurocritical Care, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA Carlo L. Acerini University Senior Lecturer, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge, UK with Edward Holloway Consultant Paediatrician, Croydon University Hospital, London, UK Asma Shah Consultant Paediatrician, Lead for Shared Care, Paediatric Oncology, St Richard’s Hospital, Western Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Chichester, UK Peter Lillitos Paediatric Cardiology Registrar, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK 1 iv 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2021 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published 2008 Second Edition published 2013 Third Edition published 2021 Impression: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 98 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 006, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 202093222 ISBN 978– 0– 9– 878988– 8 Printed and bound in China by C&C Offset Printing Co., Ltd. Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-t o- date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-p regnant adult who is not breast- feeding Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. v Foreword to the first edition Textbooks have been the mainstay of medical education for centuries. Clearly, the development of the information superhighway via the Internet has changed how we learn, find information, and communicate. What does yet another paediatric textbook add to the current long list of titles? Drs Tasker, McClure, and Acerini have conceived of and edited a new book. It is a handbook of paediatrics that joins a stable of similar publi- cations from Oxford University Press. There are 23 contributing editors. Using a well- tested format for presentation, the handbook consists of 3 chapters, ranging from sections on epidemiology, evidence, and practice, through the more traditional topics, such as nephrology and neurology, and concluding with international health and travel, and paediatrics, ethics, and the law. Each chapter follows the same format, 5– 40 sections, followed by bulleted points. Both signs and symptoms of illness, as well as specific dis- eases are covered. Virtually all topics are limited to –2 pages of important information. Tables are carefully inserted, and complement the text. Doses of important drugs are included in the text and/o r the tables. There are a limited number of figures, but like the tables, they supplement the text and have been carefully chosen to add clarity. The Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics is a worthy addition to your library. It will be particularly appealing to medical students and younger physicians, who have learned to digest a great deal of information quickly and in an abbreviated format. Its availability on a CD-R OM is an added and necessary benefit. Drs Tasker, McClure, and Acerini have done a wonderful job in en- suring consistency, clarity, and completeness. Professor Howard Bauchner, Boston University School of Medicine/ Boston Medical Center, Vice- Chair, Academic Affairs, Editor in Chief, Archives of Disease in Childhood, January 2008 vi vi Preface The first ‘boke’ of paediatrics printed in English was written by Thomas Phaire (50– 560), a man from East Anglia who studied medicine at Oxford University. The 56- page book covered: ‘ . . . innumerable passions & diseases, whereunto the bodye of man is subjecte, and as well moste commonly the tender age of children is chefely vexed and greued with these diseases folowyng. Apostume of the brayne, swellyng of the head . . . ’ In 553, the ‘innumerable passions & diseases’ came to 39 presenting clinical problems. The first and second editions of the Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics grew out of a commitment that Carlo Acerini and I had to teaching medical students in the heart of East Anglia (Cambridge University) and the similarity with Thomas Phaire’s book did not escape us, particularly as we saw the importance of concentrating on common presenting clinical problems. This third edition still aims to provide a compact source of information and clinical thinking that can be used in the clinic or hospital ward, at a time when the child is being seen. The challenge therefore was to distil content, sift out important facts crucial to clinical practice, and be contemporary. Key to this task has been the inclusion of three new editors for the Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics— Ed Holloway, Peter Lillotos, and Asma Shah. These are outstanding young Consultants who have maintained our trad- ition of harnessing text that we believe is vital from the start of one’s edu- cation in paediatrics, through higher general training in the field, and— here we hope to spark a lifelong interest—b eyond. Above all, we hope that the handbook will give you confidence to manage paediatric clinical problems effectively and safely. Lastly, it is with a heavy heart and sadness that I have to report that Carlo passed away in May 209.2 Oxford University Press have been most sup- portive through this time, and this edition is dedicated in Carlo’s memory, and his commitment to friendship, colleagues, and his family. RCT EH, PL, AS CLA (posthumous) April 2020 References . Phaire T. (553). The Boke of Chyldren. Reprint edited by Naeale AV, Wallis HRE. E&S Livingstone Ltd, Edinburgh; 965. 2. Dunger D, Cameron F. Obituary: Carlo Acerini— raging against the dying of the light. Diabet Med 209; 36: 87– 8. vii Authors’ disclaimer All reasonable efforts have been undertaken in order to ensure the ac- curacy of drug doses in this book. UK readers are advised to also consult the British National Formulary for Children (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) (M https:// bnfc.nice.org.uk), which is free online in the UK and was last updated on 30 September 209. Other readers should refer to their own regional or national guidelines. The authors cannot be held responsible for any errors herein. viii viii Acknowledgements W e thank all of the previous contributors to the 1e and 2e of the Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics. We now extend our thanks and gratitude to new and old contributors for all of their hard work in updating the text. We are especially grateful to Michael Hawkes, Karen Moore, and Elizabeth Reeve at OUP for their help and assistance, and for their patience with us. Finally, but not least, a special thanks goes to our respective families for their encour- agement, support, sacrifi ce, and understanding throughout the preparation of this book. The editors and OUP would like to acknowledge Professor Robert McClure for his contribution as an original co-editor of the fi rst and second editions. Robert C. Tasker Edward Holloway Peter Lillotos Asma Shah ix Contents Contributors xi Symbols and abbreviations xiii Practising paediatrics 1 2 Practical procedures 9 3 Emergency and high dependency care 35 4 Neonatology 85 5 Cardiology 183 6 Respiratory medicine 223 7 Gastroenterology and nutrition 265 8 Nephrology 317 9 Neurology 361 0 Endocrinology 405 Diabetes mellitus 465 2 Inherited metabolic disease 489 3 Allergy 513 4 Haematology 539 5 Oncology 585 6 Infectious diseases 621 7 Rheumatology 657 8 Child development 723 9 Child and family psychiatry 737 20 Adolescent health and well- being 759 2 Dermatology 771 22 Paediatric surgery 805 23 Audiology 851 24 Clinical genetics 861
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