Oxford handbook of critical care nursing

564 Pages·2016·11.28 MB·English

by  Heather Baid, Fiona Creed, Jessica Hargreaves, Sheila K. Adam

OXFORD MEDICAL HANDBOOKS
Oxford Handbook of
Critical Care
Nursing
Published and forthcoming Oxford Handbooks in Nursing
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Edited by Bob Gates and Owen Barr Holloway, and Ali Kubba
Oxford Handbook of
Critical Care
Nursing
Second Edition
Heather Baid
Fiona Creed
Jessica Hargreaves
1
1
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First Edition published in 2009
Second Edition published in 2016
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v
Preface
Since the publication of the first edition of the Oxford Handbook of Critical
Care Nursing there have been a number of significant changes in the man-
agement of the critically ill adult that have necessitated a review of that
edition.
Therefore the second edition has been updated to reflect changes in crit-
ical care guidance for the management of a variety of conditions. Current
guidance from organizations such as the National Institute for Health and
Care Excellence, the British Association of Critical Care Nurses, and the
Intensive Care Society has been included.
In addition to the updating of clinical guidance, the book has been restruc-
tured following extensive feedback on the previous edition. An emphasis
has now been placed on nursing management, and the book is designed
to help to facilitate systematic nursing assessment of the critically ill adult.
New chapters focusing on changes in the delivery of critical care, systematic
assessment, and end-of-life care have also been added.
It is hoped that readers will find the new structure easy to follow and
helpful in clinical practice. The handbook aims to provide a quick, easy-to-
follow overview of critical care nursing, and is not intended as a specialist
text. Readers may need to refer to specialist critical care resources if further
information is required.
It is our hope that the book will prove valuable to you in your everyday
practice as a critical care nurse.
Heather Baid
Fiona Creed
Jessica Hargreaves
vi
Acknowledgements
Firstly and foremost we would like to express our thanks to Sheila Adam
and Sue Osborne for allowing us to build upon their original work.
We would also like to thank the following individuals and organizations
who have contributed in various ways to the second edition of this book:
• Our work colleagues Thelma Lackey and Erika Thorne for providing
expert advice and review.
• The book reviewers who all provided constructive and helpful feedback
throughout the production process.
• The British Association of Critical Care Nurses (BACCN) for allowing
reproduction of their material within the book.
• The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for
allowing reproduction of their material within the book.
• The Resuscitation Council (UK) for granting permission to use their
resuscitation algorithms.
• The editing team at Oxford University Press for all their support
throughout the production process.
vii
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations viii
1 Admission to critical care 1
2 Systematic assessment 15
3 Generic care of the critically ill patient 41
4 Respiratory assessment and monitoring 101
5 Respiratory support 133
6 Cardiovascular assessment and monitoring 167
7 Cardiovascular support 209
8 Neurological care 241
9 Renal care 277
10 Gastrointestinal care 295
11 Sepsis 327
12 Metabolic disorders 343
13 Immunology 367
14 Haematology 383
15 Managing emergencies 405
16 Obstetric emergencies 423
17 Poisoning 439
18 Trauma 459
19 End-of-life care 497
20 Transfer of the critical care patient 515
21 Rehabilitation and discharge 523
Index 533
viii
Symbols and abbreviations
d decreased
i increased
E cross-reference
M website
ABG arterial blood gas
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS acute coronary syndrome
ACT activated clotting time
ADH antidiuretic hormone
AFB acid-fast bacilli
AFE amniotic fluid embolism
AKI acute kidney injury
ALL acute lymphatic leukaemia
ALS advanced life support
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AML acute myeloid leukaemia
APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II
APC antigen-presenting cell
APRV airway pressure release ventilation
APTT activated partial thromboplastin time
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
AST aspartate aminotransferase
ATLS advanced trauma life support
AV atrioventricular
AVPU Alert Verbal Pain Unresponsive
BACCN British Association of Critical Care Nurses
BIS Bispectral Index
BMI body mass index
BPAP bi-level positive airway pressure
BPS Behavioural Pain Scale
BSD brainstem death
CAM-ICU Confusion Assessment Method-ICU
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix
CLL chronic lymphatic leukaemia
CML chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMV controlled manual ventilation; cytomegalovirus
CNS central nervous system
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
CPP cerebral perfusion pressure
CRP C-reactive protein
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CSW cerebral salt wasting
CT computerized tomography
CVP central venous pressure
CVS cardiovascular system
CVVH continuous venovenous haemofiltration
CVVHD continuous venovenous haemodialysis
CVVHDF continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration
DI diabetes insipidus
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIS daily interruption of sedation
DKA diabetic ketoacidosis
DVT deep vein thrombosis
ECG electrocardiogram
ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EEG electroencephalogram
ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ETCO end-tidal carbon dioxide
2
ETT endotracheal tube
EVD external ventricular drain
EVLW extravascular lung water
FBC full blood count
FFP fresh frozen plasma
FO fractionated inspired oxygen concentration
i 2
FRC functional residual capacity
FTc corrected flow time
GBS Guillain–Barré syndrome