Oxford Grammar for Schools 4. Student's Book

177 Pages·2016·32.59 MB·English

by  Moore Martin.

Oxford
Grammar
f°i Schools
Student's DVD-Rom
OXFORD
Oxford
Grammar
for Schools
Martin Moore
OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY l*RKSS
Great Clarendon Street. Oxford. 0x2 6dp, United Kingdom
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Illustrations by. Judy Brown pp.7.16.21.39.46.71.91.100.106.124.139.
145 (Fx 3). 159.166: Heather Clarke pp.29 (Ex 8). 55.75. 78 (Ex 1). 90. 123.
123 (Ex 1). 136.145 (Prepositions of place). 149.158; James Hart pp.26.29 (Ex 10).
42.58.86.98. 118. 155. 163; Sean Longcroft pp. 18.33.48.65. 85.87. 112. 121.
142.146.152; Oxford University Press pp.107.169; Andy Peters pp.6.11.15.20.
24. 30.35.41.45. 52.57.61. 73. 78(Reported speech). 84.89.96. 103.105.110.
116.120.123 (desert island). 127.132.140.144.148.153.156; Jo,ftyior pp.9.38.
102. 107. 129
We would also like to thank the following for permission to reproduce the following
photographs: Alamy pp.94 (Jim Wileman). 154 (credit card/nol>oastsoficrcc).
(chips/Viktor Fischer). (dictionaiy/I). Hurst), (swimming hat/Anton Starikov).
(keyboard/Zoonar/lgorTerekhov/Zoonar Gmbll). 157 (lunkyfood London/Paul
Williams). 159 (Tony French); Corbis p.143 (George Ticdemann/Hisiorical):
Getty Images pp.47 (John Lund/Marc Romanelli/BIend Images). 60 (Bob Thomas/
Popperfoto). 70 (Andy Buchanaii/AIT). 72 (Kyu Oh/F.+). 131 (KidStock/Blend
Images); Royalty-free pp.17 (Ricardo Junqueira). 32 (kangaroo/Photodisc).
32 (tiger/Photodisc). 80 (Tliinksiock). 154 (jainflohn Foxx); Science Photo Library
p28 (Detlev van Ravenswaay); Sbutterstock pp. 19 (Victor Torres). 23 (Gail
.
Johnson). 32 (gorilla/Eric Issclee). (penguin/Ieksele). 34 (Nataiki). 44 (Josep Pena
Llorens). 64 (doishock), 68 (Goodluz). 93 (Bigchen). 101 (Goodluz). 109(woman /
humean?). \35\jatevv\\y ft.uwgf)
Introduction
Oxford Grammar for Schools helps students develop a At the end of the book there are five pages of extra
detailed understanding of grammar form and use in information for the information gap activities, a
context, and inspires them to have fun with English reference section containing useful form tables, and an
through personalized activities, games and role play. irregular verb list.
The grammar is introduced or revised through easy-
Students can use the Oxford Grammar for Schools series
to-read tables and illustrated presentations with clear
in class with any coursebook to support and reinforce
examples, all level-appropriate. The exercises build
their grammar study. The Teacher's Book includes all
from controlled activities up to more communicative
the answers and audio scripts.There are also tests for
and productive skills-based activities. In each unit there
every Student's Book unit, and two review tests which
are several speaking activities where students work
can be used at the end of a school term or whenever
with each other to use English with improved accuracy
appropriate.
and confidence.The extended writing activities also
encourage students to use language in realistic
Student's DVD-ROM
situations.
The Student's DVD-ROM includes all the exercises in
Each unit begins with a 'Can do' statement, which
the Student's Book, as well as all the audio recordings
summarizes what students will be able to achieve on
for the listening and pronunciation activities. Students
completion of the unit. At the end of each unit isa self-
can also access and print out extra interactive
evaluation table. Students should be encouraged to
activities, giving them motivating additional practice
rate their progress in each exercise, which helps them
for homework. The teacher can also use the DVD-ROM
to take responsibility for their own learning and also
on an interactive whiteboard in class.
increases motivation.
Key to the symbols
O 0.0 (0.0 = track number) Listening activity
Speaking activity
Game
/
Extended writing activity
© Pronunciation activity
* Introductory exercise
* Moderately challenging exercise
*
* Most challenging exercise
*
A difficulty rating is given to each exercise. The scale of difficulty is relative to each unit,
so there are exercises with one, two, and three stars in every unit.
Introduction 3
Contents
1 Nouns, quantities and articles Countable, uncountable and plural nouns 6
Quantities: a/an/some; container words
Articles: the/a/an/no article
2 Some and any; indefinite Some/any/no; requests and offers 11
pronouns Indefinite pronouns: some-/any-/every-/no-
3 Quantifiers Much, many, a lot of, a few, a little 15
Too much, too many, (not) enough
4 Personal pronouns; impersonal Personal pronouns 20
there and it/they Impersonal it/they and there
5 Demonstratives and possessives Demonstrative pronouns: this/that/these/those; one/ones 24
Possessive adjectives; possessive pronouns; possessive's
Revision 1 Units 1-5 27
6 Present simple and continuous Present simple and continuous contrast 30
7 Past simple Past simple: regular verbs 35
Past simple: be
Past simple: irregular verbs
Time expressions: in, last, yesterday, on, ago
8 Past continuous Past continuous: time expressions 41
Past continuous or past simple?
When/while
9 Present perfect Present perfect: time expressions (unfinished); gone vs been 45
Present perfect with just, already, yet and still
Present perfect with since and for
10 Present perfect and past simple Present perfect and past simple contrast 52
11 Past perfect Past perfect vs past simple; conjunctions when/by the time/ 57
before/after/the first time
12 The future Be going to + the infinitive 61
Will + the infinitive
Shall...?
Present continuous for future
Will vs going to
i
Revision 2 Units 6-12 67
13 To + the infinitive and the -ing To + the infinitive 73
form -ing form: go + -ing; -ing as subject
Verbs with to + the infinitive or -ing
14 Reported speech Tense changes 78
Pronoun changes
Say vs tell
Time and place references
Revision 3 Units 13-14 82
15 Can, could, be able to Can, could, be able to: ability 84
Can and could: permissions and requests
16 Must, have to, should, needn't Must, have to: necessity and obligation 89
Mustn't, don't have to, needn't: permission and obligation
Should, must: advice and recommendation
4 Contents
Revision 4 Units 15-16 94
17 Question words What, when, where, who, why, how 96
What vs which
Whose vs who's
How + adjective/adverb
Subject and object questions
18 Question tags Pronunciation and meaning: checking information; 103
helping conversation
19 Relative pronouns Who, which, that: subject and object relative pronouns 105
Relative clauses with when and where
20 Connectors And, but, or 110
Because, so, although
When, while
Revision 5 Units 17-20 114
21 Prepositions of place Zero conditional 116
First conditional
-
22 Second conditional Second conditional 120
First vs second conditional
.
23 I wish I wish + past simple 123
I wish + would
Revision 6 Unit 21-23 125
24 Comparison: adjectives and Comparative and superlative adjectives 127
adverbs Not as ... as; less ... than
Comparison of adverbs
-
25 Position: adjectives and adverbs Position of adjectives 132
Position of adverbs
Too and enough
Revision 7 Units 24-25 138
26 Prepositions of time At, in, on 140
After, before, during, for
By, from... until
27 Prepositions of place and In, at, on + place 144
movement Prepositions of place
Prepositions of movement
28 Expressions with prepositions By, for, in, on, with 148
Revision 8 Units 26-28 151
29 Active and passive Active vs passive 153
Present simple passive
By + agent
30 Past passive Past simple passive 156
Revision 9 Units 29-30 158
Revision 10 All units 160
Extra information 168
Reference 173
Irregular verb list 176
Contents 5
Nouns, quantities and articles
I can use countable and uncountable nouns and articles.
Countable, uncountable and plural nouns
Spelling rules
Most nouns: + -s
pencil - pencils car - cars
Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x: -es
glass - glasses box - boxes
Nouns ending in-o: -s
piano- pianos radio- radios
There are two exceptions:
potato - potatoes tomato - tomatoes
Nouns ending in consonant + -y: y -» ies
s tra wberry - s tra wberr es city - cities
But nouns ending in vowel + -y: -s
toy - toys day - days
Nouns ending in -f or -fe: -> -ves
leaf-leafes knife- knives
Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.
A few nouns have irregular plurals.
one ruler two rulers
man -» men fish -»fish
one woman three women
woman -» women mouse -> mice
Uncountable nouns only have a singular form. We child -» children goose -» geese
cannot count them. person people foot -» feet
sheep sheep tooth teeth
waters water moneys money
O O
Write the words in the correct place. %2 O 1.1 Circle the correct answer. Then listen
and check.
apple burger cheese coffee egg fruit
grape oil orange pasta rice salt ÿ I like fast car/cars.
sandwich toast vegetable water 1 Have you got any bread / breads?
2 I often eat grape/grapes for lunch.
Countable Uncountable 3 Do you listen to music / musics in the car?
4 Tony doesn't enjoy exam / exams.
fl-pple
5 They don't understand the homework /
homeworks.
6 Have you got any information / informations
about the museum?
7 I can't find my money / moneys.
8 Lucy bought some T-shirt /T-shirts for her holiday.
9 He arrived late because of the traffic / traffics.
10 I offered him some fruit/fruits.
6 Nouns, quantities and articles
O
3 Write the plural form if the noun is countable. 01.2 What are they talking about?
ÿbaby babies 7 petrol Listen and number from 1-8.
ÿrice 8 person
9 advice
1 station
2 knife 10 tooth
11 education
3 rain
12 child
4 party -
13 journey
5 money
6 dress 14 electricity
Quantities
We use a or an with singular countable nouns.
I'd like an orange.
Have you got a phone?
We use a before a consonant sound and an before a
vowel sound.
a computer a house
a university (starts with /j/ consonant sound)
an apple an island
an hour (starts with /ao/ vowel sound)
We don't usually use a or an with uncountable nouns.
Ifd like & cheese.
We use some with uncountable nouns and plural
countable nouns.
We've got some homework tonight
.
They need some books.
If we want to count uncountable nouns, we
sometimes use a word for a container (bottle, cup)
or quantity (kilo, litre) with of. See page 173 for a list
of words.
5 Complete the sentences with the words in the
box. You can use words more than once. 6 Match the beginnings and ends of the sentences.
ÿ Have you got a bag of d ?
a an a cup a kilo some
1 Let's get her a box of
ÿ I'd like to listen to zom music _.
. 2 Check in the fridge. I don't think we've got any
1 My cousins live in_apartment.
2 Please put_butter on my sandwiches. 3 Can you get me an
_
3 Can you buy me_of cheese? 4 I need two packets of
4 Bill has got_old watch. 5 There isn't any
_.
5 I'd like_water.
6 Mrs Jackson is_science teacher. a milk
7 Would you like_of tea? b biscuits
8 The police officer wants_information c chocolates
about the accident. d-fleur
9 That's_long email. e oil
10 They need new equipment for the gym. f apple
Unit 1 7
Articles: the, a/an or no article
A/an The
We use a/an when we talk about something and We use the when we talk about something and the
we don't know which one, or it isn't important speaker and the listener know which one we are
which one. talking about.
I'd like a sandwich, please. Would you like the cheese or the chicken sandwich?
What sort would you like? We've got cheese or chicken. Could I have the cheese sandwich, please?
Have you got a laptop? (= any laptop. The speaker Did you bring the laptop? (=The speaker and the listener
doesn't know which one.) both know which laptop they are talking about.)
We use a/an when we talk about something for We use the when we talk about something for
the first time. the second time.
She's got a bicycle. The bicycle is blue. She's got a bicycle. The bicycle is blue.
We also use a/an when we are talking about We also use the before ordinal numbers in dates,
someone's job and when we mean 'one' especially when we are speaking.
.
He's an actor. She's a teacher. the third of January the tenth of May
a hundred people an hour
We use the when we talk about musical instruments.
I play the piano. She plays the guitar.
No article
In some cases, we do not use a/an or the with a noun.
We do not use articles with plural nouns or uncountable
nouns in general, when we mean 'all'
.
Fruit is good for you. The fruit is good for you.
Nurses work in hospitals. The nurses work in hospitals,
Homework is important.
We do not use articles with names of people, cities,
most countries, streets, languages or school subjects.
Emily lives in Australia.
My school is on Oaktree Road. My school is on the Oaktree Road.
I speak Russian. I speak the Russian She unders tands Arabic.
I study maths. I study the maths. I enjoy physics.
Complete the sentences to describe these jobs.
architect doctor dentist farmer hairdresser mechanic
waiter police officer shop assistant
ÿ Doctors help sick people to get better.
1 repair cars and lorries.
2 cut people's hair.
3 grow food and look after animals.
4 catch criminals and protect people.
5 serve food and drinks in restaurants.
6 design houses and other buildings.
7 sell products in shops.
8 look after people's teeth.
8 Nouns, quantities and articles
8 ©O 1.3 Read the information, then listen and Sil Look at the picture below for one minute.
O
repeat the words. Cover the picture, then ask and answer
questions about these things with
A an and the are normally not stressed.
, your partner.
They have 'weak' vowel sounds.
apple banana brown bag blue book
a =/o/ a concert bottle of water cat computer guitar
before a consonant sound a postcard jacket lamp red bag red pen phone
purse television tennis racket white book
an =/on/ an actor
before a vowel sound an exam
is there ciuv a-p-ple?
yes, there is a ÿ Apple.
the market
the =/do/ The crpple is oia, the table.
the radio
before a consonant sound No, there isvÿft is there a baiÿiÿa?
the university
a baÿaÿa.
the = /di/ the airport
before a vowel sound the umbrella
O
©O 1.4 Tick (ÿ) the correct sound. Listen and
check. Then listen and repeat.
ÿ new coat 5 -amazing gÿme
-
/o/ 0 /on/ ÿ /o/ O /on/ ÿ
1 _easy question 6 _important
lo! ÿ /an/ ÿ point
Ida/ ÿ /di/ ÿ
2 _first prize
/do/ ÿ /di/ ÿ small problem
/o/ O /on/ [J
3 _brilliant film
/o/ ÿ /on/ ÿ 8 _usual song
/6o/ O /di/ o
4 _old school
/do/ ÿ /di/ ÿ
10 Circle the correct word. O
ÿ 'I'd like a / the drink' 'Water or juice?'
.
«12 O 1.5 Number the sentences from 1 to 6.
1 There are some books and a magazine.'
Then listen and check.
'Can I read a / the magazine?'
2 My dad is an / the engineer.
On the desk is a computer and next
3 The fridge is in a / the kitchen.
to it is a lamp.
4 'Can I borrow a / the pen?' 'Yes. Would you like
blue or black?'
There is a big bedroom and a small
5 'Is there a / the computer in your classroom?'
bedroom.
'No, there isn't.'
6 'Can I have a / the banana?' 'Sorry.That banana
c - The computer has a webcam.
is for your dad.'
7 'I'm reading a new book.' 'What is a / the book
d i My house has got two bedrooms.
about?'
8 'Where is a / the car?' 'It's over there.'
e _ I use the webcam when I talk to my
9 'How long is the journey?' 'An /The hour and cousin in Australia.
fifteen minutes.'
10 I don't know an / the answer to this question. f _ The small bedroom belongs to me
and it has got a small bed, a desk and
a wardrobe.
Unit 1 9