Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - volume 52 Spruce–Strakosch

1048 Pages·2004·214.246 MB·English

by  Brian Harrison & H. C. G. Matthew

Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
The British Academy
From the earliest times to the year 2000
Edited by
H. C. G. Matthew
and
Brian Harrison
Volume 52
Spruce-Strakosch
oxroRD
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
General abbreviations
1
AB bachelorofarts BCnI. bachelorofcanonlaw
ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce
ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity
act. active BEd bachelorofeducation
AS Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering
AD annoclnmini bkpi.bks book(s)
AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw/letters/literature
AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bachelorofletters
AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine
AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic
Alevel advancedlevel|examination| Bl> beforepresent
ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum
AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers
AMICE associatememberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (i)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorofsurgery:
Engineers (3)Britishstandard
ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience
appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics)
AR Arkansas BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering)
ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet
ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology
ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic bur. buried
ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command[identifierforpublished
ARIBA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers]
Architects
ARP air-raidprecautions c. circa
c. capitulumpl.capitula:chapter(s)
ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross CA California
ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy
Cantab. Cantabrigiensis
art. article/item cap. capitulumpl.capitula:chapter(s)
ASC ArmyServiceCorps
CB companionoftheBath
Asch AustrianSchilling CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation
Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem
ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres
ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar
Aug August CD compactdisc
AZ Arizona Cd command[identifierforpublished
bom parliamentarypapers]
bB.A bachelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era
BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century
BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare
BAG bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour
chap. chapter
bap. baptized
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgery
BC beforeChrist / Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia
BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment
BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire
againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie
BCh bachelorofsurgery cut companionofliterature
BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery
BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s)
Gi-NI-.RAI. AUHRl-VIATIONS VI
(mil comniiind|idcnlificrforpublished edn edition
parlumcnlarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
CMC. companionoUheOrderofStMichaeland lilTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
SiCieorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService
C'mnil commandjidentifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd)
parliamentarypapers]
CO Colorado Eng. English
enl. enlarged
Co. company
ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation
lO. county
col.J)| loh. column(s) eEpS.Ppi.epp. eepxitsrtoal-as(ec)nsoryperception
Corp. coqmration
csp. especially
CSI-: certificateofsecondaryeducation
CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia esq. esquire
CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated
EU EuropeanUnion
C\'0 commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
cwl hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof)
S (American)dollar excl. excludes/excluding
exh. exhibited
d (i)penny(pence);(2)died
OBU damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue
Empire f.pi.If. following]pagcs]
DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation
OCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians
DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile
DCnI. doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry
oa'o damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy
DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries
UI-: Delaware PCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety
Dec December Feb Febniary
dcm. demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering
DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine
dcs. destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety
DEC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure
DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical
DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers
FL Florida
disb. dissertation
Dl. deputylieutenant fl- floruit
DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety
Dl.mCclt doctorofCelticletters FM frequencymodulation
DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s)
(3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs
DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French
DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety
doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute
DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
DPM diplomainpublichealth FRAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow
DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety
DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
DSC . DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists
DSC doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
DSclEcon.i doctorofscience(economics) Gynaecologists
DSclEng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal Ciin3d(i
FRCP(Edin.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
lESO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder Edinburgh
DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
ITTcch doctoroftechnology London
DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists
in-M diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists
DIMM diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety
DUniv docloroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
dvit pennyweight FRICS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered
EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors
cd.pi.cds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety
Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vii
FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder
FRSK fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian
FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofl.iterature ITA Independent I'elevisionAuthority
FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAnticiuaries nv IndependentTelevision
ft footpi.feet Jan Januaiy
FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic.London .11’ justiceofthepeace
ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior
FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath
GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire
BritishEmpire KC king'scounsel
GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie
GCE generalcertificateofeducation KGB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath
GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
GCHQ. governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian
GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire
IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael
GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge
MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof
GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India
GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt
GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter
JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity]
GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal
GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines)
Ger. German km kilometre(s)
GI government{orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick
GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas
GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle
GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight
GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky
Heb. Hebrew £ pound(s)sterling
HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound
HI Hawaii
L lirapi.lire
HHFKV$ hHounmganKoinmgmudnololdaerficiencyvirus 1L.Api11. lLionues(si)ana
HM his/hermajesty(’s) LAA lightanti-aircraft
HMAS his/hermajesty'sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries'Hall,Dublin
HMNZS his/hermajesty'sNewZealandship Lat. Latin
HMS his/hermajesty'sship lb pound(s),unitofweight
HMSO His/HerMajesty'sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery
HMV HisMaster'sVoice
lit. literally
Hon. Honourable
LittB bachelorofletters
hp horsepower
LittD doctorofletters
hr hour(s) LKQCPI licentiateoftheKingandQueen'sCollegeof
HRH his/herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland
HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts
lA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws
ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws
ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws
ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery
IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord
illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand
in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow
Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
incl. includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries
/
lOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
Ir£ Irishpound M.plMM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s)
(,I-N1 RAI. AHHK1-,VIATIONS vni
m. mm mombr.inr(s) ND NorthDakota
M\ 111M.iss.uluisi'lls;(2)mastiTof.irts n.d. nodate
MAI m.isliToli-nniniTrins NE Nebraska
MH b.uhi'lorolnu'ilicini' iicm.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously
MIIA m.isliTotbiisinfssiulminislr.ition newser. newseries
vni momiHToltbcOrderoftheBritishI-mpire NH NewHampshire
M( MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService
M(( MarvlelioneCriiketClub NJ NewJersey
Mlh masterolsurgery NKVD ]Sovietpeople’scommissariatforinternal
MMllohimr mmaasstteerroollesuormgmeeryree NM aNfefawirsM]exico
nm nanometre(s)
MI) HIdiKtorofmedieine;(2)Maryland
MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.pi.nos. number(s)
Nov November
Ml M.iine
MMIini1n mmaasstteerrooffeednugcianteieorning nN.Sp. nnoewplsatcyele(ofpublication]
NV Nevada
MIP memberoftheI'.uropcanparliament
NY NewYork
Ml. MorrisGarages
NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService
Ml.M Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
Mnr Monsignor
obit. obituary
Ml 111Michigan;(2)militaryintelligence Oct October
MMiKll Ijsmeichrteatriyntienltleilgleingceencdeedpeapratrmtemnetn]t] OCR) officercadetstrainingunit
OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand
MIh ]secretintelligencedepartment] Development
MI9 ]secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo-
MUI memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation
Mill-; memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OEM orderofFriarsMinor(Franciscans]
Engineers OEMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini;memberofthe
min minute(s) Capuchinorder
Mk mark OH Ohio
MI. 111licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma
Ml.itt masterofletters 0level ordinaiylevel(examination]
Mill- M.idemoiselle OM OrderofMerit
mm
millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers(Dominicans]
Mmo Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera
MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
MO Missouri OR Oregon
MOH medicalofficerofhealth - orig. original
Ml' memberofparliament os oldstyle
mph. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict
MI'hil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers'TrainingCorps
MRCI' memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety
MR(S memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis
MRfA'S memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pi.pp. page(s)
Surgeons PA Pennsylvania
MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy p.a. perannum
MS HImasterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph
MSpi MSS manuscnpt(s) PAYE payasyouearn
MSi masterofscience pbkpi.pbks paperback(s)
MS( ilion.l masterofscience(economics) per. (duringthe]period
srr Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy
MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural
MusB.li b.achelorofmusic priv.coll. privatecollection
Must) doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s)
M\' motorvessel pubd published
MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride
n.pi nn notelsl q.pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s)
NAAH Navy.Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel
NA.SA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex/Regina
NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto
NNCCO nNoornt-hcoCmamriolsisniaonedofficer rR.A rReoiyganleAdc/arduelemdy RoyalAcademician
/
GENKRAL ABBREVIATIONS
ix
R/\C RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona
RAl- RoyalAirForce S))an. Spanish
RAI'VR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge
Rf\M Imeinberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic ss (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstalfel;(3)steamship
RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology
RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology
RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology
RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology
Gynaecologists supp. supposedly
RDI royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pi.suppls. supplement(s)
RreEpr.pi.reprs. RreopyrailntE(ns)gi/nreeeprrsinted sS.Yv. ssutbevaimrbyoac/hsutbvoce:undertheword/heading
repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy
rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS [Sovietnewsagency]
RRRIeHveAl W(RR1aoe)tyvReaehlrro-eHdCnioedbleIorsulnraisnadn;A(2c)aRdoyeamlyInstituteofPaintersin TTBD t((12u))btteeerarccruhilttaooirsiidasdll(adliet(.cmtoeurbametbriecolrneobfatcihleluDsa)il);
TN Tennessee
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene
RIN RoyalIndianNavy
RM Reichsmark trans. translated/translatedby/translation/
translator
RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy
RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress
RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas
RNAS RoyalNavalAirService
U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine
RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG
RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve
UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience
RO RecordOffice andTechnology
r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations
RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and
Rs rupees CulturalOrganization
RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren's
ofArts EmergencyFund
RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished
Animals
USS UnitedStatesship
RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah
RtRevd RightReverend
V verso
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary
V. versus
Russ. Russian VA Virginia
RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment
S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross
s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday
s.a. subanno:undertheyear
Ven. Venerable
SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation
VJ-day victoryoverJapanday
SAS SpecialAirService
SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s)
VT Vermont
SS$cD dSoicntgoarpoorfescdiolelnacre WA Washington[state]
SD SouthDakota WAAC Women’sAuxiliaryArmyCorps
WAAF Women'sAuxiliaryAirForce
sec. second(s) WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation
sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization
sen. senior W
Sept September 1 Wisconsin
WRAP Women’sRoyalAirForce
ser. series
SHAPE supremeheadquartersalliedpowers,Europe WUNS Women'sRoyalNavalService
SIDRO SocieteInternationaled’EnergieHydro- WV WestVirginia
Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService
sig.pi.sigs. signature(s) WY Wyoming
sing. singular ¥ yen
SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation
SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen’sChristianAssociation
INSTirin ION AHHRi;VIATIONS
2 Institution abbreviations
Ml-.:nilsOvl AllSoul!iColli’sc.Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub.London
AMi'vl AxhmoliMnMusi-uiii.Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge
lUllioKM II.illiolColli'co.Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary,London
mu UAC UUCWrilUMiArchivi'sCcnirc.Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester
»v1iiltMlARS lU-dfordshIroandl.inonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge
Serx’ue.Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection
Bei-s RO BerkshireRecordOffice,Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon
RH BritishlilinInstitute.Ixindon Hants.RO IlampshireRecordOffice,Winchester
ItnMTVA BritishKilmInstitute.I.ondon.NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf HarrisManchesterCollege,Oxford
andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection.Harvard
Hc.s BritishGeologicalSui-vey.Keyworth, University,Cambridge.Massachusetts,Nathan
Nottingham MarshPuseyLibraiy
Bimi A BirminghamCentralLibrary.BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts
Archives HarvardU., HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Burn >1 BiniiinghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts.HoughtonLibrary
HI BritishLibrary.London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice,Hereford
BI SSA BritishLibrary.London.NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandIxicalStudies,
Archive Hertford
B1 OKX BritishLibrary,Ixindon,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania,
OfficeCollections Philadelphia
BU’IS LondonSchoolofnconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice,London
Science.BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive,LondonandNewYork
liconomicScience Hunt.L. HuntingtonLibrary.SanMarino,California
BM BritishMuseum.London ICL ImperialCollege,London
BtxlfOxf. BodleianLibrary.Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London
Bodl.RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London
AfricanStudiesatRhodesHouse,Oxford IWM ImperialWarMuseum,London
Borth.Insl. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch. IWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Filmand
UniversityofYork
VideoArchive
Boston1*1. BostonPublicLibrary,Massachusetts IWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Sound
BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive
Bucks R1.SS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester
Service.Aylesbury King’sACCam. King’sCollegeArchivesCentre.Cambridge
C.ACCam. ChurchillCollege,Cambridge.Churchill King’sCam. King’sCollege,Cambridge
ArchivesCentre
King’sLond. King’sCollege,London
Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService
King'sfond.. King’sCollege,London,LiddellHartCentre
C.CCCam. CorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge
CCCOxf CorpusChristiCollege.Oxford LanLcisd.deRllOHartC. fLoarncMaislhitiarreyRAerccohridveOsffice,Preston
CChhAenLssStSRiChChuersctherOxf CCShthrueidssihteisrCehSeuarrnvcidhc.CehOexsftoerrdArchivesandLocal LL.eiCcos.ngR.O LLeiibcreasrtyerosfhCiorneg,rLeesisc,esWtaers,hainngdtRount,laDnCdRecord
Office,Leicester
Christies Christies.Ixindon Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln
Cir>’Westm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre,London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon
CKS CentreforKentishStudies.Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives
CI.RO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London
coll Arms CollegeofArms.London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies
:.ofII ColumbiaUniversity.NewYork Service
':omss-allRO CornwallRecordOffice.Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary
-ounauldInsi. CourtauldInstituteofArt.London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge
a
If CambridgeUniversityLibrary Magd.Oxf MagdalenCollege.Oxford
CumbnaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries
IX-rbvs RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,Matlock Man,CL ManchesterCentralLibrary
I'-,.onRO DevonRecordOffice.Exeter Mass.Hist.Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston
IforsetRCj DorsetRecordOffice.Dorchester MertonOxf MertonCollege,Oxford
DukeIf DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina MHSOxf MuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford
DukeIf.I’erkmsf. DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina, MitchellL„Glas. MitchellLibrary,Glasgow
WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL,NSW StateLibraiyofNewSouthWales,Sydney,
IfurhamCalh.Cl. DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary
DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork
DWf DrWilliams'sLibrary,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa
fssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland,Dublin
I- SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice.Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum,London
fton EtonCollege.Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland,Edinburgh
KMCam KitzwilliamMuseum.Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London
Kolger FolgerShakespeareLibrary,Washington.DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
xi
NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice
NllM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking
NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin
NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin Ti'inityCam, TrinityCollege,Cambridge
NLNZ NationalLibraiyofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen
NLNZ,TurnbullL NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham
AlexanderItirnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary
NLScot. NationalLibratyofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia
NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge
NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales,Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London
NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham
NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary
Nonhants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh
Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege
NonhumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh.NewCollegeLibrary
Notts,Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L.
NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary
NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow
ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary
Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull
NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U,Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary
N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL.
Northallerton U,Leeds UniversityofLeeds
NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds.BrothertonLibrary
Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL,
Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon
Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool
PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary
PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor
Office U.Mich.. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL.
PRONIre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary
Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne
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