Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - volume 46 Randolph–Rippingille

1020 Pages·2004·190.132 MB·English

by  Brian Harrison & H. C. G. Matthew

Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
Volume 46
Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
The British Academy
From the earliest times to the year 2000
Edited by
H. C. G. Matthew
and
Brian Harrison
Volume 46
Randolph-Rippingille
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 General abbreviations
AB bachelorofarts BCnL bachelorofcanonlaw
ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce
ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity
act. active BEd bachelorofeducation
AS Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering
AD annodomini bkpl.bks book(s)
AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw/letters/literature
AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bachelorofletters
AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine
AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic
Alevel advancedlevel(examination] BP beforepresent
ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum
AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers
AMICE associatememberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (1)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorofsurgery;
Engineers (3)Britishstandard
ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience
appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics)
AR Arkansas
BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering)
ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy
bt baronet
ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology
ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
bur. buried
ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command[identifierforpublished
ARIBA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers]
Architects
ARP air-raidprecautions c. circa
ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross cC.A cCaapliitfuolrunmiapi.capitula:chapter(s)
ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy
Cantab. Cantabrigiensis
AarSt.C AarrtimcyleS/eirtviecmeCorps cap. capitulumpi.capitula:chapters)
CB companionoftheBath
Asch AustrianSchilling
ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem
ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres
ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar
Aug August CD compactdisc
AZ Arizona Cd command(identifierforpublished
bom parliamentarypapers]
bB.A bachelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era
BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century
BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare
BAO bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour
bap. baptized chap. chapter
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgery
BC beforeChrist / Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia
BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment
BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire
againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie
BCh bachelorofsurgery CLit companionofliterature
BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery
BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s)
)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vi
Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition
parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
CMG companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService
Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd)
parliamentarypapers]
CO Colorado Eng. - English
Co. company enl. enlarged
ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation
co. county
col.pi.cols. column(s) ep.pi.epp. epistolafe
ESP extra-sensoryperception
Corp. corporation
CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation esp. especially
CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia esq. esquire
CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated
CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder EU EuropeanUnion
cwt hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof)
$ (American)dollar excl. excludes/excluding
d. (1)penny(pence);(2)died exh. exhibited
DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue
Empire f.pl.ff. following[pages]
DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation
DCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians
DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile
DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry
DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy
DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries
DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety
Dec December Feb February
dem. demohshed FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering
DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine
des. destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety
DFC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure
DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical
DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers
diss. dissertation FL Florida
DL deputylieutenant A floruit
DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety
DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters FM frequencymodulation
DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s)
(3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs
DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French
DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety
doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute
DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow
DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety
DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists
DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
DSc(Econ.) doctorofchence(economics) Gynaecologists
DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
Canada
DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal
DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder FRCP(Edin.) fEedlilnobwuorfgthheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DTech doctoroftechnology London
DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists
DTM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists
DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety
DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FR1BA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
dwt pennyweight FR1CS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered
EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors
ed.pl.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety
Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofAits
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vii
FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder
FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian
FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority
FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries ITV IndependentTelevision
ft footpi.feet Jan January
FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic.London JP justiceofthepeace
ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior
FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath
GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire
BritishEmpire KC king'scounsel
GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie
GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath
GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
GCHQ governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian
GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire
IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael
GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge
MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof
GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India
GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt
GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter
JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurityl
GCVO .knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal
GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines)
Ger. German km kilometre(s)
GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick
GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas
GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle
GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight
GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky
Heb. Hebrew £ pound(s)sterling
HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound
HI Hawaii
L lirapi.lire
HHIKV$ hHounmganKoinmgmudnololdaerficiencyvirus 1L.Api11. lLionues(si)ana
HM his/hermajesty('s) LAA lightanti-aircraft
HMAS his/hermajesty'sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries'Hall.Dublin
HMNZS his/hermajesty'sNewZealandship Lat. Latin
HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight
HMSO His/HerMajesty'sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery
HMV HisMaster’sVoice
lit. literally
Hon. Honourable
LittB bachelorofletters
hp horsepower
LittD doctorofletters
hr hour(s) LKQ.CPI licentiateoftheKingandQueen'sCollegeof
HRH his/herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland
HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts
IA Iowa MR bacheloroflaws
ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws
ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws
ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery
IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord
illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand
in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow
Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
incl. includes/including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries
IOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
Ir£ Irishpound M.pi.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre)s)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
viii
m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota
MA (1)Massachusetts;(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate
MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska
MB bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously
MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries
MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire
MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService
MCC MaryleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey
MCh masterofsurgery NKVD |Sovietpeople’scommissariatforinternal
MChir masterofsurgery affairs]
MCom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico
MD (1)doctorofmedicine;(2)Maryland nm nanometre(s)
MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.pi.nos. number(s)
ME Maine Nov November
MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace[ofpublication]
MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle
MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament NV Nevada
MG MorrisGarages NY NewYork
MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService
Mgr Monsignor OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
MMIhc ([1s)eMcriecthiingtaenl;li(2g)enmcielidteaprayritnmteenltli]gence oObcitt. oObcittoubaerry
OCTU officercadetstrainingunit
MI5 [militaryintelligencedepartment) OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand
MI6 [secretintelligencedepartment] Development
MIg [secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo-
MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation
MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans]
Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe
min. minute(s) Capuchinorder
Mk mark Op.H Ohio
ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma
MLitt masterofletters Olevel ordinarylevel[examination]
Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit
mm
millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers[Dominicans]
Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera
MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
MO Missouri Oq.R Oregon
MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original
MP memberofparliament os oldstyle
m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict
MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers’TrainingCorps
MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety
MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis
MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pi.pp. page(s)
Surgeons PA Pennsylvania
MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy a. perannum
MS (1)masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph
MSpi.MSS manuscript(s) PAYE payasyouearn
MSc masterofscier:e pbkpl.pbks paperback(s)
MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. [duringthe]period
MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy
MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural
MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll, privatecollection
MusD doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s)
MV motorvessel pubd published
MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride
n.pl.nn. note(s) pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s)
NAAFI Navy,Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel
NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex/Regina
NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto
NC NorthCarolina r. reigned/ruled
NCO non-commissionedofficer RA RoyalAcademy RoyalAcademician
/
ix GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona
RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish
RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge
RAM [memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship
RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology
RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology
RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology
RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology
Gynaecologists
supp. supposedly
RDI royaldesignerforindustty
suppl.pi.suppls. supplement(s)
RE RoyalEngineers
repr.pi.reprs. reprint(s)/reprinted sS.Yv. ssutbevaemrbyoa/cshutbvoce:undertheword/heading
repro. reproduced
TA TerritorialArmy
rev. revised revisedby reviser revision
/ / / TASS [Sovietnewsagency]
Revd Reverend
RHA RoyalHibernianAcademy TB tuberculosis(lit.tuberclebacillus)
RI (W1a)tRehro-dCeolIosulrasnd;(2)RoyalInstituteofPaintersin TD ((12))tteearcrhittaoiridaallade(cmoeramtbieornoftheDail);
TN Tennessee
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
R1N RoyalIndianNavy TNT trinitrotoluene
RM Reichsmark trans. translated/translatedby/translation/
translator
RMS RoyalMailsteamer rr touristtrophy
RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress
RNA ribonucleicacid
TX Texas
RNAS RoyalNavalAirService
RNR RoyalNavalReserve U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine
Ufa Universum-FilmAG
RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve
RO RecordOffice UMIST UannidveTrescihtnyoolfoMgyanchesterInstituteofScience
r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations
RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational.Scientific,and
Rs rupees CulturalOrganization
RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren's
ofArts EmergencyFund
RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished
Animals
USS UnitedStatesship
RtHon. RightHonourable
UT Utah
RtRevd RightReverend
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary v verso
v. versus
Russ. Russian
RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VA Virginia
VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment
S4C SianelPedwarCymru
VC VictoriaCross
s. shilling(s)
s.a. subanno:undertheyear VE-day victoryinEuropeday
SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation Ven. Venerable
SAS SpecialAirService VJ-day victoryoverJapanday
SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s)
VT Vermont
ScD doctorofscience
S$ Singaporedollar WA Washington[state]
SD SouthDakota WAAC Women'sAuxiliaryArmyCorps
sec. second(s) WAAF Women'sAuxiliaryAirForce
sel. selected WEA Workers'EducationalAssociation
sen. senior WWHO WorldHealthOrganization
Sept September 1 Wisconsin
ser. series WRAP Women'sRoyalAirForce
SHAPE supremeheadquartersalliedpowers.Europe WRNS Women'sRoyalNavalService
SIDRO SocieteInternationaled’EnergieHydro- WV WestVirginia
Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService
sig.pi.sigs. signature(s) WY Wyoming
sing. singular ¥ yen
SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation
SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen’sChristianAssociation
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
2 Institution abbreviations
AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege,Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub,London
AMOxf. AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge
BalliolOxf. BalliolCollege,Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary,London
BBCWAC BBCWrittenArchivesCentre,Reading Glos.RO GloncestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester
Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge
Service,Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection
Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice,Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon
BFI BritishFilmInstitute,London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice,Winchester
BFINFTVA BritishFilmInstitute,London,NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf. HarrisManchesterCollege,Oxford
andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection,Harvard
BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey,Keyworth, University,Cambridge.Massachusetts,Nathan
Nottingham MarshPuseyLibraiy
Birm.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary,BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts
Archives HarvardU., HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts,HoughtonLibrary
BL BritishLibrary,London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice,Hereford
BLNSA BritishLibraiy,London,NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies,
Archive Hertford
BLOIOC BritishLibrary,London,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania,
OfficeCollections Philadelphia
BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice,London
Science,BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive,LondonandNewYork
EconomicScience Hunt.L. HuntingtonLibrary.SanMarino,California
BM BritishMuseum,London ICL ImperialCollege,London
Bodl.Oxf. BodleianLibrary,Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London
Bodl.RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London
AfricanStudiesatRhodesHouse,Oxford iwm ImperialWarMuseum,London
Borth.Inst. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch, IWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Filmand
UniversityofYork
VideoArchive
BostonPL BostonPublicLibraiy,Massachusetts IWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Sound
BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive
Bucks.RLSS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester
Service.Aylesbury King’sACCam. King'sCollegeArchivesCentre,Cambridge
CACCam. ChurchillCollege,Cambridge,Churchill King’sCam. King'sCollege,Cambridge
ArchivesCentre
King’sLond. King'sCollege,London
Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService
King’sLond., King’sCollege,London,LiddellHartCentre
CCCCam. CorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge
LiddellHartC. forMilitaryArchives
CCCOxf. CorpusChristiCollege,Oxford Lancs.RO LancashireRecordOffice,Preston
Ches.&Chester CheshireandChesterArchivesandLocal L.Cong. LibraryofCongress,Washington,DC
ALSS StudiesService Leics.RO Leicestershire,Leicester,andRutlandRecord
ChristChurchOxf. ChristChurch,Oxford Office,Leicester
Christies Christies,London Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln
CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre,London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon
CKS CentreforKentishStudies,Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives
CLRO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London
Coll.Arms CollegeofArms,London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies
Col.U. ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork Service
CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice,Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary
CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt,London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge
CUL CambridgeUniversityLibrary Magd.Oxf. MagdalenCollege,Oxford
CumbriaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries
Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,Matlock Man.CL ManchesterCentralLibrary
DevonRO DevonRecordOffice.Exeter Mass.Hist.Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston
DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice,Dorchester MertonOxf. MertonCollege,Oxford
DukeU. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina MHSOxf. MuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford
DukeU.,PerkinsL. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina, MitchellL.,Glas. MitchellLibrary,Glasgow
WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL,NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales,Sydney,
DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary
DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork
DWL DrWilliams’sLibraiy,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa
EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland,Dublin
E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice,Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum,London
Eton EtonCollege,Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland.Edinburgh
FMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum.Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London
Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary,Washington,DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
XI
NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice
NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking
NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin
NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge
NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand.Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen
NLNZ.TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington. U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham
AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary
NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia
NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge
NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales.Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London
NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum.London U.Durham UniversityofDurham
NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary
Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice. U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh
Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege
NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary
Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives.Nottingham Coll.L.
NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary
NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow
ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary
Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull
NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull.BrynmorJonesLibrary
N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL.
Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds
NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary
Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL.
Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon
Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool
PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary
PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor
Office U.Mich., UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor.WilliamL.
PRONlre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary
Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne
PuseyOxf. PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle. UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne.
RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary
RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham
UniversityofTexas,Austin
RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London UU..ONxotft..L. UUnniivveerrssiittyyooffONxoftotridnghamLibrary
RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London
U.Reading UniversityofReading
RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary
RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews
RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton
RIBABAL RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects.London. U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary
BritishArchitecturalLibrary
U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton
RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle.Berkshire[by U.Texas UniversityofTexas.Austin
graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen|
U.Wales UniversityofWales
RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy.Dublin U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick.Coventry,Modem
RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy.Edinburgh RC RecordsCentre
RS RoyalSociety,London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London
RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National
RSFriends.Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends.London ArtLibrary
StAnt.Oxf. StAntony’sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick
StJohnCam. StJohn'sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand
S.Antiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London
Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London
Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice,
Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge
ScottPolarRI UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester
Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice,Chichester
Sheff.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService
Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre. YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut
Shrewsbury YaleU.,BeineckeL. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,
SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary
Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService.Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale
Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt