Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - volume 18 Ela–Fancourt PDF
Preview Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - volume 18 Ela–Fancourt
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 18 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography IN ASSOCIATION WITH The British Academy From the earliest times to the year 2000 Edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison Volume 18 Ela-Fancourt oxroRD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6dp OxfordUniversityPress is a department oftheUniversityofOxford. It furthers the University’s objective ofexcellence in research, scholarship, and educationbypublishingworldwide in Oxford NewYork Auckland Bangkok BuenosAires CapeTown Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registeredtrade markofOxfordUniversity Press in the UKand in certain othercountries Published inthe United States byOxfordUniversity Press Inc., NewYork © OxfordUniversityPress 2004 © Illustrations individual copyright holders as listed in ‘Picture credits’, and reproducedwith permission Database right OxfordUniversity Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part ofthis material maybe reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, ortransmitted, in anyform orbyanymeans, withoutthe priorpermission inwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, oras expresslypermitted bylaw, orunderterms agreedwith the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerningreproduction outside the scope ofthe above shouldbe sentto the Rights Department, OxfordUniversityPress, atthe address above You must not circulate this book in anyotherbindingorcover andyou mustimpose this same condition on anyacquirer British LibraryCataloguingin Publication Data Data available LibraryofCongress Catalogingin Publication Data Dataavailable: for details seevolume 1 p. iv , ISBN 0-19-861368-7 (this volume) ISBN 0-19-861411-X (setofsixtyvolumes) Text captured byAlliance Phototypesetters, Pondicheriy^ Illustrations reproducedand archivedby Alliance Graphics Ltd, UK Typeset in OUP SwiftbyInteractive Sciences Limited, Gloucester Printed in Great Britain onacid-free paperby ButlerandTanner Ltd, Frome, Somerset OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST 1 General abbreviations AB bachelorofarts BCnL bachelorofcanonlaw ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity act. active BEd bachelorofeducation A$ Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering AD annodomini bkpi.bks book(s) AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw letters literature / / AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysjmdrome BLitt bachelorofletters AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic Alevel advancedlevel[examination] BP beforepresent ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers AMICE associatememberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (i)bachelorofscience:(2)bachelorofsurgery: Engineers (3)Britishstandard ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics) AR Arkansas BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering) ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofAit BTh bacheloroftheology ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic bur. buried ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command[identifierforpublished ARIBA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers] Architects ARP air-raidprecautions c. circa ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross cC.A cCaapliitfuolrunmipal.capitula:chapter(s) ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy Cantab. Cantabrigiensis art. article item ASC ArmyS/erviceCorps cap. capitulumpicapitula:chapter(s) CB companionoftheBath Asch AustrianSchilling CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar Aug August CD compactdisc AZ Arizona Cd command[identifierforpublished bom parliamentarypapers] bB.A bachelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf compare BAG bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour chap. chapter bap. baptized BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgeiy / Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia BC beforeChrist BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie BCh bachelorofsurgery cut companionofliterature BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre)s) GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS VI Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity CMG companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd) parliamentarypapers] Eng. English CO Colorado enl. enlarged Co. company ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation CO. county ep.pi.epp. epistola(e) col.pi.cols. column(s) ESP extra-sensoryperception Corp. corporation esp. especially CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia esq. esquire CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated EU EuropeanUnion CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder cwt hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof) excl. excludes excluding $ (American)dollar / exh. exhibited d. (i)penny(pence);(2)died DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue Empire f.pl.ff. following[pages] DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation DCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomaniy DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety Dec December Feb February dem. demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine des. destroyed FCS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety DEC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers FL Florida diss. dissertation DL deputylieutenant fl- floruit DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety FM frequencymodulation DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s) (3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand Gynaecologists DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) Canada DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal FRCP(Edin.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder Edinburgh DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(bond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DTech doctoroftechnology London DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists DIM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FRJBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects dwt pennyweight FRIGS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors ed.pi.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS Vll FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries nv IndependentTelevision ft footpifeet Jan January FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic,London JP justiceofthepeace ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath GA Georgia ‘ KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire BritishEmpire KG king’scounsel GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie GCE generalcertificateofeducation KGB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder GCHQ. governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter Johnofjerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity) GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines) Ger. German km kilometre(s) GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentuclcy Fleb. Hebrew £ pound(s)sterling HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound HI Hawaii L lirapi. lire HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus 1.pi11. line(s) HK$ HongKongdollar LA Lousiana HM his/hermajesty(’s) LAA lightanti-aircraft HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries’Hall,Dublin HMNZS his/hermajesty’sNewZealandship Lat. Latin HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgeiy HMV HisMaster’sVoice lit. literally Hon. Honourable LittB bachelorofletters hp horsepower LittD doctorofletters hr hour(s) LKQCPI licentiateoftheKingandQueen’sCollegeof HRH his herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland / HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts lA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifeiy IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons incl. includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries / lOU oweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide I IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder Ir£ Irishpound M.pl.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s) GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS viii m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota MA (1)Massachusetts:(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska MB bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService MCC MaryleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey MCh masterofsurgery NKVD [Sovietpeople’scommissariatforinternal MChir masterofsurgery affairs] MCom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico MD (1)doctorofmedicine;(2)Maryland nm nanometre(s) MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.pi.nos. number(s) ME Maine Nov November MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace[ofpublication] MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle NV Nevada MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament MG MorrisGarages NY NewYork MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService Mgr Monsignor OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire MI (1)Michigan;(2)militaryintelligence obit. obituary Mhc [secretintelligencedepartment] Oct October OCTU officercadetstrainingunit MI5 [militaryintelligencedepartment] OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand MIS [secretintelligencedepartment] Development MI9 [secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo- MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor]Franciscans] Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe min. minute(s) Capuchinorder Mk mark OH Ohio ML (1)licentiateofmedicine:(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma MLitt masterofletters 0level ordinarylevel]examination] Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit mm millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers]Dominicans] Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries MO Missouri OR Oregon MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original MP memberofparliament os oldstyle m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers’TrainingCorps MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pl.pp. page(s) Surgeons PA Pennsylvania MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy p.a. perannum MS (1)masterofscience:(2)Mississippi para. paragraph MSpi.MSS manuscript(s) PAYE payasyouearn MSc masterofscience pbkpi.pbks paperback(s) MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. ]duringthe]period MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll. privatecollection MusD doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s) MV motorvessel pubd published MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride n.pi.nn. note(s) q.pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s) NAAFI Navy,Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex/Regina NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto NC NorthCarolina r. reigned/ruled NCO non-commissionedofficer RA RoyalAcademy/RoyalAcademician GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS ix RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge RAM [memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (i)Santissimi;(2)SchutzstafFel;(3)steamship RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology Gynaecologists » supp. supposedly RDI royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pi.suppls. supplement(s) RE RoyalEngineers s.v. subverbo/subvoce:undertheword/heading repr.pi.reprs. reprint(s)/reprinted SY steamyacht repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS [Sovietnewsagency] Revd Reverend TB tuberculosis(lit.tuberclebacillus) RHA RoyalHibernianAcademy TD (1)teachtaiddla(memberoftheDail); RI (1)RhodeIsland:(2)RoyalInstituteofPaintersin (2)territorialdecoration Water-Colours TN Tennessee RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene RIN RoyalIndianNavy trans. translated translatedby translation RM Reichsmark / / / translator RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas RNAS RoyalNavalAirService U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience RO RecordOffice andTechnology r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and Rs rupees CulturalOrganization RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s ofArts EmergencyFund RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished Animals USS UnitedStatesship RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah RtRevd RightReverend verso RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary versus Russ. Russian VA Virginia RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday s.a. subanno:undertheyear Ven. Venerable SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation Yl-day victoryoverJapanday SAS SpecialAirService vol.pi.vols. volume(s) SC SouthCarolina VT Vermont ScD doctorofscience WA Washington[state] S$ Singaporedollar WAAC Women’sAuxiliaryArmyCorps SD SouthDakota WAAF Women’sAuxiliaryAirForce sec. second(s) WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization sen. senior W1 Wisconsin Sept September WRAP Women’sRoyalAirForce ser. series WRNS Women’sRoyalNavalService SHAPE supremeheadquartersalliedpowers,Europe SIDRO SocieteInternationaled’EnergieHydro- WV WestVirginia Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService WY Wyoming sig.pi.sigs. signature(s) sing. singular ¥ yen SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen’sChristianAssociation INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS X 2 Institution abbreviations AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege,Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub,London AMOxf. AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge BalliolOxf BalliolCollege,Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary,London BBCWAG BBCWrittenArchivesCentre,Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge Service,Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice,Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon BFl BritishFilmInstitute,London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice,Winchester BFlNFTVA BritishFilmInstitute,London,NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf HarrisManchesterCollege,Oxford andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection,Harvard BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey,Keyworth, University,Cambridge,Massachusetts,Nathan Nottingham MarshPuseyLibrary Birm.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary,BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts Archives HarvardU., HarvardUniversity,Cambridge, Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts,HoughtonLibrary BL BritishLibrary,London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice,Hereford BLNSA BritishLibrary,London,NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies, Archive Hertford BLOlOC BritishLibrary,London,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania, OfficeCollections Philadelphia BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice,London Science,BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive,LondonandNewYork BM EBrciotnisohmMiucsSecuiemn,ceLondon HICuLnt.L. HImupnetriinagltCoonllLeigber,arLy,onSdaonnMarino,California Bodl.Oxf BodleianLibrary,Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London Bodl.RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London AfricanStudiesatRhodesFlouse,Oxford IWM ImperialWarMuseum,London Borth.Inst. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch, rWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Filmand UniversityofYork VideoArchive BostonPL BostonPublicLibrary,Massachusetts IWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Sound BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive Bucks.RLSS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester Service,Aylesbury King’sACCam. King’sCollegeArchivesCentre,Cambridge CACCam. ChurchillCollege,Cambridge,Churchill King’sCam. King’sCollege,Cambridge ArchivesCentre King’sLond. King’sCollege,London Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService King’sLond., King’sCollege,London,LiddellHartCentre CCCCam. CorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge LiddellHartC. forMilitaiyArchives CCCOxf CorpusChristiCollege,Oxford Lancs.RO LancashireRecordOffice,Preston Ches.&Chester CheshireandChesterArchivesandLocal L.Cong. LibraryofCongress,Washington,DC ALSS StudiesService Leics.RO Leicestershire,Leicester,andRutlandRecord ChristChurchOxf ChristChurch,Oxford Office,Leicester Christies Christies,London Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre,London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon CKS CentreforKentishStudies,Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives CLRO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London Coll.Arms CollegeofArms,London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies Col.U. ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork Service CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice,Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt,London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge CUL CambridgeUniversityLibrary Magd.Oxf MagdalenCollege,Oxford CumbriaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,Matlock Man.CL ManchesterCentralLibrary DevonRO DevonRecordOffice,Exeter Mass.Flist.Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice,Dorchester MertonOxf MertonCollege,Oxford DukeU. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina MHSOxf MuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford DukeU.,PerkinsL. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina, MitchellL.,Glas. MitchellLibrary,Glasgow WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL.NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales,Sydney, DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork DWL DrWilliams’sLibrary,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland,Dublin E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice,Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum,London Eton EtonCollege,Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland,Edinburgh FMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary,Washington,DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS XI NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen NLNZ.TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibraiy NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales,Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L. NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrmmorJonesLibrary 3 N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL. Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL. OxfU.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool PembrokeGam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor Office U.Mich., UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL. PRONlre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne PuseyOxf PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle, UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne, RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham UniversityofTexas,Austin U.Nott.L. UniversityofNottinghamLibrary RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London U.Oxf. UniversityofOxford RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London U.Reading UniversityofReading RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton RIBABAL RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London, U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary BritishArchitecturalLibrary U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle,Berkshire[by U.Texas UniversityofTexas,Austin graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen] U.Wales UniversityofWales RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy,Dublin U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick.Coventry,Modem RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy,Edinburgh RC RecordsCentre RS RoyalSociety,London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National RSFriends,Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends,London ArtLibrary StAnt.Oxf StAntony’sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick StJohnCam. StJohn’sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand S.i\ntiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice, Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge ScottPolarR1 UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice.Chichester Sheff.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre, YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut Shrewsbury YaleU.,BeineckeL. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut, SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService,Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt
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