Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - volume 13 Constable–Crane

1016 Pages·2004·190.046 MB·English

by  brian Harrison & H. C. G. Matthew

Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
Volume 13
Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
The British Academy
From the earliest times to the year 2000
Edited by
H. C. G. Matthew
and
Brian Harrison
Volume 13
Constable-Crane
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
General abbreviations
1
AB bachelorofarts BCnl. bachelorofcanonlaw
ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce
ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity
act. active BEd bachelorofeducation
A$ Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering
AD annodomini bkpl.bks book(s)
AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw letters literature
AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bacheloroflette/rs /
AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine
AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic
Alevel advancedlevel[examination] BP beforepresent
ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum
AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers
AMICE aEsnsgoicnieaetresmemberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (1)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorofsurgery;
ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc b(3a)cBhreiltoirshosftsacnideanrcde
appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics)
AR Arkansas
BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering)
ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet
ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology
ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists bCu.r. bcuormimedand[identifierforpublished
AR1BA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers]
Architects
ARP air-raidprecautions c. circa
ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross cC.A cCaapliitfuolrunmipal.capitula:chapter(s)
ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy
Cantab. Cantabrigiensis
AarSt.C AarrtimcyleS/eirtviecmeCorps cap. capitulumpl.capitula:chapter(s)
CB companionoftheBath
Asch AustrianSchilling
CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation
Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem
ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres
ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar
Aug August CD compactdisc
AZ Arizona Cd command[identifierforpublished
bom parliamentarypapers]
bB.A bachelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era
BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century
BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare
BAO bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour
chap. chapter
bap. baptized
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgery
BC beforeChrist / Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia
BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment
BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire
againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie
BCh bachelorofsurgery CLit companionofliterature
BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery
BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vi
Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition
parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
CMC companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService
Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd)
parliamentarypapers]
CO Colorado Eng. English
Co. company enl. enlarged
ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation
CO. county
col.pi.cols. column(s) ep.pi.epp. epistola(e)
ESP extra-sensoryperception
Corp. corporation
esp. especially
CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation
CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia esq. esquire
CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated
EU EuropeanUnion
CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
cwt hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof)
$ (American)dollar excl. excludes/excluding
exh. exhibited
d. (1)penny(pence);(2)died
DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue
Empire f.pl.fif. following[pages]
DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation
DCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians
DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile
DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry
DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy
DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries
DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety
Dec December Feb February
dem. demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering
DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine
des. destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety
DFC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure
DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical
DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers
diss. dissertation FL Florida
DL deputylieutenant ft- floruit
DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety
DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters FM frequencymodulation
DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s)
(3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs
DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French
DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety
doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute
DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (t)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow
DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety
DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists
DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics) Gynaecologists
DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
Canada
DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal
DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder FRCP(Edin.) fEedlilnobwuorfgthheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DTech doctoroftechnology London
DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists
DTM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists
DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety
DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
dwt pennyweight FRICS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered
EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors
ed.pl.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety
Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts
:
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vii
FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder
FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian
FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority
FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries ITV IndependentTelevision
ft footpi.feet Jan January
FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic.London JP justiceofthepeace
ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior
FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath
GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire
BritishEmpire KC king’scounsel
GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie
GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath
GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
GCHQ governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian
GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire
IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael
GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge
MichaelandStGeorge KCS1 knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof
GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India
GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt
GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGaiter
JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity]
GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal
GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines)
Ger. German km kilometre(s)
GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick
GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas
GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle
GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight
GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky
Heb. Hebrew £ pound)s)sterling
HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound
HI Hawaii L lirapi.lire
HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus l.pl.11. line(s)
HK$ HongKongdollar LA Lousiana
HM his/hermajesty(’s) LAA lightanti-aircraft
HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries'Hall,Dublin
HMNZS his/hermajesty’sNewZealandship Lat. Latin
HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight
HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery
HMV HisMaster’sVoice lit. literally
Hon. Honourable LittB bachelorofletters
hp horsepower LittD doctorofletters
hr hour(s) LKQCP1 licentiateoftheKingandQueen’sCollegeof
HRH his herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland
/
HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts
IA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws
ibid. ibidem inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws
ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws
ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery
IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord
illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand
in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow
Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
incl. includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries
/
IOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
Ir£ Irishpound M.pl.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s)
:
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
viii
m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota
MA (1)Massachusetts:(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate
MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska
MB bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente unanimously
MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries
MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire
MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService
MCC MaryleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey
MCh masterofsurgery NKVD [Sovietpeople'scommissariatforinternal
MChir masterofsurgery affairs]
MCom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico
MD (1)doctorofmedicine:(2)Maryland nm nanometre(s)
MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.pi.nos. number(s)
ME Maine Nov November
MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace(ofpublication]
MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle
MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament NV Nevada
MG MorrisGarages NY NewYork
MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService
Mgr Monsignor OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
MI (1)Michigan:(2)militaryintelligence obit. obituary
Mhc [secretintelligencedepartment] Oct October
MI5 [militaryintelligencedepartment] OCTU officercadetstrainingunit
MI6 [secretintelligencedepartment] OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand
Development
MI9 [secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo-
MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation
MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans]
Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe
min. minute(s) Capuchinorder
Mk mark OH Ohio
ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma
MLitt masterofletters 0level ordinarylevel[examination!
Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit
mm
millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers[Dominicans]
Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera
MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
MO Missouri OR Oregon
MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original
MP memberofparliament os oldstyle
m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict
MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers'TrainingCorps
MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety
MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis
MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pi.pp. page(s)
Surgeons PA Pennsylvania
MR1A memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy pa. perannum
MS (t)masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph
MSpl.MSS manuscript(s) PAYE payasyouearn
MSc masterofscience pbkpl.pbks paperback(s)
MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. [duringthe]period
MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy
MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (t)plate(s);(2)plural
MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll. privatecollection
MusD doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s)
MV motorvessel pubd published
MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride
n.pi.nn. note(s) q.pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s)
NAAFI Navy.Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel
NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex Regina
/
NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto
NC NorthCarolina r. reigned/ruled
NCO non-commissionedofficer RA RoyalAcademy RoyalAcademician
/
ix GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Ski- Swedishkrona
RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish
RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge
RAM [memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship
RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology
RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology
RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology
RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STB doctoroftheology
Gynaecologists
supp. supposedly
RD1 royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pi,suppls. supplement(s)
RE RoyalEngineers
repr.pi.reprs. reprint(s)/reprinted sS.Yv. ssutbevaemrbyoa/cshutbvoce:undertheword/heading
repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy
rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS |Sovietnewsagency]
Revd Reverend
RHA RoyalHibernianAcademy TB tuberculosis(lit.tuberclebacillus)
R1 W(1a)tRehro-dCoelIosulrasnd;(2)RoyalInstituteofPaintersin TD ((12))tteearcrhittaoiridadllade(cmoeramtbieornoftheDail);
TN Tennessee
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene
RR1MN RRoeyiaclhsImndairaknNavy trans. translated/translatedby/translation/
translator
RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy
RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress
RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas
RNAS RoyalNavalAirService
U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine
RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG
RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve
UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience
RO RecordOffice andTechnology
r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations
RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and
Rs rupees CulturalOrganization
RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s
ofArts EmergencyFund
RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished
Animals
USS UnitedStatesship
RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah
RtRevd RightReverend
v verso
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary
v. versus
Russ. Russian VA Virginia
RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment
S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross
s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday
s.a. subanno:undertheyear
Ven. Venerable
SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation
VJ-day victoryoverJapanday
SAS SpecialAirService
SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s)
VT Vermont
ScD doctorofscience WA Washington[state]
S$ Singaporedollar
SD SouthDakota WAAC Women'sAuxiliaiyArmyCorps
WAAF Women’sAuxiliaryAirForce
sec. second(s) WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation
sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization
sen. senior W
Sept September 1 Wisconsin
WRAF Women’sRoyalAirForce
ser. series
SSIHDARPOE sSoucpireetemeInhteeardnqautaiorntaelresda’lElnieedrgpioeweHrysd,roE-urope WWRVNS WWeosmtenVi’rsgiRnoiyaalNavalService
Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService
WY Wyoming
sig.pi.sigs. signature(s)
sing. singular ¥ yen
SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation
SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen'sChristianAssociation
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
x
2 Institution abbreviations
AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege.Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub.London
AMOxf. AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege.Cambndge
BalliolOxf. BalliolCollege.Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary'.London
BBCWAC BBCWrittenArchivesCentre.Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice.Gloucester
Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege.Cambndge
Service.Bedford Gov..ArtColl. Government.ArtCollection
Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice.Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon
BF1 BritishFilmInstitute.London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice.Winchester
BFINFTVA BritishFilmInstitute.London.NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf. HamsManchesterCollege.Oxford
andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection.Harvard
BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey.Keyworth. L'niversitv.Cambndge.Massachusetts.Nathan
Nottingham MarshPusevLibrary
Bum.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary.BirminghamCity- HarvardLL HarvardUniversity.Cambridge.Massachusetts
Archives HarvardU.. HarvardUniversity Cambndge.
Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL Massachusetts.Hou.ghtonLibrary
BL BritishLibrary.London Herefs RO HerefordshireRecordOffice.Hereford
BLNSA BritishLibrary.London.NationalSound Herts ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies.
Archive Hertford
BLOIOC BritishLibrary.London.OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania.
OfficeCollections Philadelphia
BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice.London
Science.BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch HultonArchive.LondonandNewYork
BM EBrciotnisohmMiucsSecuiemn.ceLondon Hunt.L HuntingtonLibrary.SanMarino,California
ICL ImpenalCollege.London
BBooddll..ORxHf. BBooddlleeiiaannLLiibbrraarryy.oOfxCfoormdmonwealthand Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers.London
AfricanStudiesatRhodesFlouse.Oxford IrnwstM.EE IInmspteintuatlioWnaorfEMluescteruicma.lLEnognidnoeners.London
Borth.Inst. UBnoirvtehrwsiictkyoIfnsYtoirtukteofHistoricalResearch. IWMFVA ImpenalWarMuseum.London.Filmand
VideoArchive
BBroissttoolnRPLO BBroissttoolnRPeucbloircdLOifbfriacrey.Massachusetts rwMSA ImpenalWarMuseum.London.Sound
Archive
CBuAcCksC.aRmL.SS CASBehruruccvrhkicicihvenie.glsAhlCyaCelmonesltslhrbeieugrere.yRCeacmobrrdisdgaen.dCLhoucraclhSitluldies FKKRiiInn.gg's*ACCamCam kK|iionnhggn''sRsvCCoolllallneedggsee.I'ACmravcemhrbivvrieitsdvgCleeinbtrraer,vCoafmMbanncdhgerster
Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService KingsLond KingsCollege.London
CCCCam. CorpusChnstiCollege.Cambridge King'sLond. King'sCollege.London.LiddellHartCentre
CCCOxf. CorpusChnstiCollege.Oxford LiddellHartC. forMilitaryArchives
Ches.&Chester CheshireandChesterArchivesandLocal Lancs RO lancashueRecordOffice.Preston
ALSS StudiesService libraryofCongress Washington.DC
ChristChurchOxf. ChristChurch.Oxford Letts.RO Leicestershire.leiccster.andRutlandRecord
Office.Leicester
Christies Christies.London
CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre.London lines Arch LincolnshireArchives,lancnln
CCKLSRO CCoernptorreaftoiroKneonftiLsohnSdtoundiReesc.oMradisdOsftfoincee LLLPiMnlAn Soc llIiaonmnnbdeeoatnnhMSePotaclriaoecpteoy,loilftoIannndooAtrnicohnives
CCoolll..UA.rms CCoollluemgbeioafUAnrimvse.rsiLtoyn.dNonewYork (poolRO LSeirvveircpeoolRecordOfficeandlocalStudies
CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice.Truro LUL londonIfoivrrsitvlibrary
CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt.London Magd Cam MagdaleneCollege.Cambndge
CUL CambndgeUniversityLibrary Magd Oxf MagdalenCollege.Oxford
CumbnaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man CityGall ManchesterCity(.allenes
Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice.Matlock Man CL ManchesterCentralLibrary
DevonRO DevonRecordOffice.Exeter Mass Hist.Soc MassachusettsHisfoncalSociety.Roston
DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice.Dorchester MertonOxf MertonCollege.Oxford
DukeII. DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina MHSOxf MuseumoftheHistoryofScience.Oxford
DukeU..PerkinsL DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina. MitchellL.Glas MitchellLibrary.Glasgow
WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL.NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales.Sydney.
DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary
DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork
DWL DrWilliams'sLibrary.London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada.Ottawa
EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre NationalArchivesofIreland.Dublin
E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice.Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum.London
Eton EtonCollege.Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland.Edinburgh
EMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum.Cambndge NewsInt RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice.London
Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary.Washington.DC NGIre NationalGalleryofIreland.Dublin
XI INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice
NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking
NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin
NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge
NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen
NLNZ.TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham
AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary
NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia
NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge
NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales.Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London
NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham
NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary
Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh
Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh.NewCollege
NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary
Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L.
NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary
NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow
ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary
Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull
NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary
N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL.
Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds
NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary
Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL.
Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon
Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool
PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary
PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor
Office U.Mich.. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL.
PRONIre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary
Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne
PuseyOxf. PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle, UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne,
RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary
RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham
UniversityofTexas,Austin
RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London U.Nott.L. UniversityofNottinghamLibrary
U.Oxf. UniversityofOxford
RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London
U.Reading UniversityofReading
RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary
RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews
RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton
RIBABAL RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London, U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary
BritishArchitecturalLibrary U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton
RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle,Berkshire[by U.Texas UniversityofTexas,Austin
graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen]
U.Wales UniversityofWales
RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy,Dublin U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,Modem
RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy,Edinburgh RC RecordsCentre
RS RoyalSociety,London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London
RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National
RSFriends,Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends,London ArtLibrary
StAnt.Oxf. StAntony’sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick
StJohnCam. StJohn'sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand
S.Antiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London
Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London
Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice,
Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge
ScottPolarRI UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester
Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice,Chichester
Shelf.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService
Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre, YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut
Shrewsbury YaleU.,BeineckeL. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,
SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary
Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService,Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale
Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt