Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Volume 12 Clegg–Const

1016 Pages·2004·188.891 MB·English

by  Brian Harrison & H. C. G. Matthew

Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
Volume 12
Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
The British Academy
From the earliest times to the year 2000
Edited by
H. C. G. Matthew
and
Brian Harrison
Volume 12
Clegg-Const
OXTORD
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 General abbreviations
AB bachelorofarts BCnL bachelorofcanonlaw
ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce
ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity
act. active BEd bachelorofeducation
AS Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering
AD annodomini bkpl.bks book(s)
AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw/letters/literature
AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bachelorofletters
AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine
AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic
Alevel advancedlevel[examination] BP beforepresent
ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum
AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers
AMICE associatememberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (1)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorof<
Engineers (3)Britishstandard
ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience
appxpl.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics)
AR Arkansas BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering)
ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet
ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology
ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic bur. buried
ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command[identifierforpublished
ARIBA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers]
Architects
ARP air-raidprecautions c. circa
ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross cC.A cCaapliitfuolrunmiapicapitula:chapter(s)
ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy
Cantab. Cantabrigiensis
art. article/item cap. capitulumpl.capitula:chapter(s)
ASC ArmyServiceCorps
CB companionoftheBath
Asch AustrianSchilling CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritisf
ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation
Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem
ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres
ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar
Aug August CD compactdisc
AZ Arizona Cd command[identifierforpublished
parliamentarypapers]
bB.A bbaocrhnelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era
BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century
BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare
BAO bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour
bap. baptized chap. chapter
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgery
BC beforeChrist / Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia
BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment
BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndian
againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie
BCh bachelorofsurgery CLit companionofliterature
BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery
BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vi
Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition
parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
CMG companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService
Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd)
parliamentarypapers]
Eng. English
CO Colorado
Co. company enl. enlarged
ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation
CO. county
col.pi.cols. column(s) ep.pi.epp. epistola(e)
ESP extra-sensoryperception
Corp. corporation
esp. especially
CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation
CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia 6SCJ. esquire
CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated
EU EuropeanUnion
CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
cwt hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof)
$ (American)dollar excl. excludes/excluding
exh. exhibited
d. (1)penny(pence);(2)died
DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue
Empire f.pl.ff. following(pages]
DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation
DCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians
DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile
DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry
DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy
DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries
DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety
Dec December Feb February
dem. demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering
DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine
des. destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety
DFC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure
DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical
DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers
diss. dissertation FL Florida
DL deputylieutenant fl- floruit
DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety
DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters FM frequencymodulation
DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s)
(3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs
DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French
DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety
doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute
DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow
DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety
DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists
DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics) Gynaecologists
DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal Canada
DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder FRCP(Edin.) fEedlilnobwuOrfgthheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DTech doctoroftechnology London
DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists
DTM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists
DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety
DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
dwt pennyweight FRICS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered
EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors
ed.pi.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety
Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vii
FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder
FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian
FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority
FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries rrv IndependentTelevision
ft footpi.feet Jan January
FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic.London JP justiceofthepeace
ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute|unitofhorsepower] jun. junior
FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath
GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
GBH knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire
BritishEmpire KC king’scounsel
GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie
GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath
GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
GCHQ. governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian
GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire
IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael
GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge
MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof
GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India
GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt
GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter
JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity]
GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal
GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines)
Ger. German km kilometre(s)
G1 government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick
GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas
GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle
GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight
GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky
Heb. Hebrew £ pound(s)sterling
HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound
HI Hawaii L lirapi.lire
HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus LpL11. line(s)
HK$ HongKongdollar LA Lousiana
HM his/hermajesty(’s) LAA lightanti-aircraft
HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries’Hall,Dublin
HMNZS his/hermajesty’sNewZealandship Lat. Latin
HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight
HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery
HMV HisMaster’sVoice
lit. literally
Hon. Honourable
LittB bachelorofletters
hp horsepower
LittD doctorofletters
hr hour(s) LKQCPI licentiateoftheKingandQueen’sCollegeof
HRH his/herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland
HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts
LA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws
ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws
ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws
ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery
IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord
illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand
in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow
Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
inch includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries
/
IOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
IQ. intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
Ir£ Irishpound M.pl.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vm
m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota
MA (1)Massachusetts;(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate
MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska
MB bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously
MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries
MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire
MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService
MCC MaryleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey
MCh masterofsurgery NKVD [Sovietpeople’scommissariatforinternal
MChir masterofsurgery affairs]
MCom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico
MMDDMA (m1e)tdhocytloernoefdmieodxiycmiente;ha(2m)pMhaertyalmainnde nnom.pi.nos. nnaunmobmeert(rse)(s)
Nov November
ME Maine
MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace[ofpublication]
MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle
NV Nevada
MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament
MG MorrisGarages NY NewYork
MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService
OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
Mgr Monsignor
obit. obituary
MI (1)Michigan;(2)militaryintelligence Oct October
Mile [secretintelligencedepartment] OCTU officercadetstrainingunit
MI5 [militaryintelligencedepartment] OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand
MI6 [secretintelligencedepartment] Development
MIg [secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo-
MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation
MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans]
Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe
min. minute(s) Capuchinorder
Mk mark Op.H Ohio
ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma
MLitt masterofletters Olevel ordinarylevel[examination!
Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit
mm
millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers[Dominicans]
Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera
MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
MO Missouri Oq.R Oregon
MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original
MP memberofparliament os oldstyle
m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict
MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers'TrainingCorps
MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety
MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis
MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.plpp. page(s)
Surgeons PA Pennsylvania
MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy a. perannum
MS (1)masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph
MSpi.MSS manuscript(s| PAYE payasyouearn
MSc masterofscience pbkpi.pbks paperback(s)
MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. [duringthe]period
MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy
MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural
MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll, privatecollection
MusD doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s)
MV motorvessel pubd published
MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride
n.pi.nn. note(s) pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s)
NAAFI Navy,Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen'scounsel
NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex Regina
NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto/
NNCCO Nnoornt-hcoCmamrioslisniaonedofficer rR.A rReoiygalneAdc/arduelemdy RoyalAcademician
/
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
ix
RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona
RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish
RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge
RAM [memberofthe)RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship
RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology
RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology
RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology
RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology
Gynaecologists supp. supposedly
RDI royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pisuppls. supplement(s)
RE RoyalEngineers s.v. subverbo/subvoce:undertheword/heading
repr.pi.reprs. reprint(s)/reprinted SY steamyacht
repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy
rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS [Sovietnewsagency)
RRRIeHvAd RR(1oe)yvRaehlroeHdniedbeIsrlnainadn;A(2c)aRdoyeamlyInstituteofPaintersin TTBD t((12u))btteeerarccruhilttaooisriidasall(adliet(.cmtouerbametbriecolrneobfatcihleluDsai)l);
Water-Colours TN Tennessee
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene
RIN RoyalIndianNavy
RM Reichsmark trans. translated/translatedby/translation/
translator
RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy
RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress
RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas
RNAS RoyalNavalAirService U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine
RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG
RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience
RO RecordOffice andTechnology
r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations
RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and
Rs rupees CulturalOrganization
RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s
ofArts EmergencyFund
RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished
Animals USS UnitedStatesship
RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah
RtRevd RightReverend
V verso
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary
V. versus
Russ. Russian VA Virginia
RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment
S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross
s. shilhng(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday
s.a. subanno:undertheyear Ven. Venerable
SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation
VJ-day victoryoverJapanday
SAS SpecialAirService
SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s)
VT Vermont
ScD doctorofscience WA Washington[state]
S$ Singaporedollar
WAAC Women'sAuxiliaryArmyCorps
SD SouthDakota
WAAF Women’sAuxiliaryAirForce
sec. second(s) WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation
sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization
sen. senior W
Sept September 1 Wisconsin
WRAF Women’sRoyalAirForce
ser. series
SSIHDARPOE sSoucpireetemeInhteeardnqautiaorntaelresda’lElnieedrgpioeweHrysd,roE-urope WWRVNS WWeosmtenVi’rsgiRnoiyaalNavalService
Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService
sig.pisigs. signature(s) WY Wyoming
sing. singular ¥ yen
SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation
SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen’sChristianAssociation
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
2 Institution abbreviations
AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege,Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub,London
AMOxf. AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge
BalliolOxf. BalliolCollege,Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary,London
BBCWAC BBCWrittenArchivesCentre,Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester
Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge
Service,Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection
Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice,Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon
BFI BritishFilmInstitute,London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice,Winchester
BFINFTVA BritishFilmInstitute,London,NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf. HarrisManchesterCollege,Oxford
andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection,Harvard
BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey,Keyworth, University,Cambridge,Massachusetts,Nathan
Nottingham MarshPuseyLibraiy
Birrn.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary.BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts
Archives HarvardU., HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts,HoughtonLibraiy
BL BritishLibrary,London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice,Hereford
BLNSA BritishLibrary,London,NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies,
Archive Hertford
BLOIOC BritishLibrary,London,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania,
OfficeCollections Philadelphia
BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice,London
Science,BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive,LondonandNewYork
BM EBrciotnisohmMiucsSecuiemn,ceLondon 1HCuLnt.L. HImupnetriinagltCoonllLeigber,arLy,onSdaonnMarino,California
Bodl.Oxf BodleianLibrary,Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London
Bodl.RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London
AfricanStudiesatRhodesHouse,Oxford IWM ImperialWarMuseum,London
Borth.Inst. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch, IWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London.Filmand
UniversityofYork
VideoArchive
BostonPL BostonPublicLibrary,Massachusetts IWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Sound
BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive
Bucks.RLSS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester
Service,Aylesbury King'sACCam. King'sCollegeArchivesCentre,Cambridge
CACCam. ChurchillCollege,Cambridge,Churchill King’sCam. King’sCollege,Cambridge
ArchivesCentre
Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService King'sLond. King'sCollege.London
CCCCam. CorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge King'sLond., King'sCollege,London,LiddellHartCentre
CCCOxf. CorpusChristiCollege,Oxford LiddellHartC. forMilitaryArchives
Ches.&Chester CheshireandChesterArchivesandLocal Lancs RO LancashireRecordOffice.Preston
ALSS StudiesService L.Cong. LibraryofCongress,Washington,DC
ChristChurchOxf. ChristChurch,Oxford. Leics.RO Leicestershire,Leicester,andRutlandRecord
Office,Leicester
Christies Christies,London
Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln
CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre,London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon
CKS CentreforKentishStudies,Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives
CLRO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London
Coll.Arms CollegeofArms,London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies
Col.U. ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork Service
CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice,Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary
CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt,London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge
CUL CambridgeUniversityLibrary Magd.Oxf. MagdalenCollege,Oxford
CumbriaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries
Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,Matlock Man.CL ManchesterCentralLibrary
DevonRO DevonRecordOffice,Exeter Mass.Hist.Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston
DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice,Dorchester MertonOxf. MertonCollege,Oxford
DukeU. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina MHSOxf. MuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford
DukeU.,PerkinsL. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina, MitchellL„Glas. MitchellLibrary,Glasgow
WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL„NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales,Sydney,
DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibraiy
DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary.NewYork
DWL DrWilliams'sLibrary,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa
EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland,Dublin
E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice,Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum,London
Eton EtonCollege,Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland,Edinburgh
FMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London
Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary,Washington.DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
XI
NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland.Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice
NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum.London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking
NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia.Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin
NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland.Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge
NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand.Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen
NLNZ,TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand.Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham
AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary
NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland.Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia
NLWales NationalLibraryofWales.Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge
NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales,Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London
NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham
NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice.Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibraiy
Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh
Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege
NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibraiy
Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L.
NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary
NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow
ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary
Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull
NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary
N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL.
Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds
NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary
Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL.
Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon
Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool
PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary
PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor
Office U.Mich., UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL.
PRONIre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary
Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne
PuseyOxf. PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle. UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne,
RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary
RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham
UniversityofTexas,Austin U.Nott.L. UniversityofNottinghamLibrary
RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London U.Oxf. UniversityofOxford
RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London U.Reading UniversityofReading
RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary
RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews
RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton
RIBABAL RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London, U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary
BritishArchitecturalLibrary U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton
RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle,Berkshire[by U.Texas UniversityofTexas,Austin
graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen]
U.Wales UniversityofWales
RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy,Dublin U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,Modern
RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy,Edinburgh RC RecordsCentre
RS RoyalSociety.London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London
RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National
RSFriends,Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends,London ArtLibrary
StAnt.Oxf. StAntony’sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick
StJohnCam. StJohn’sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand
S.Antiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London
Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London
Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice,
Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge
ScottPolarR1 UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester
Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice,Chichester
Sheff.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService
Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre, YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut
Shrewsbury YaleU.,BeineckeL. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,
SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary
Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService,Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale
Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt