Oxford dictionary of national biography: from the earliest times to the year 2000 volume 23 Goss–Griffiths

1018 Pages·2004·206.187 MB·English

by  Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Howard Harrison, British Academy

Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography
Volume 23
OXPORD
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,
ISBN 0-19-861373-3 (this volume)
ISBN 0-19-861411-X (set ofsixtyvolumes)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 General abbreviations
AB bachelorofarts BCnL bachelorofcanonlaw
ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce
ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity
act. active BEd bachelorofeducation
AS Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering
AD annodomini bkpi.bks book(s)
AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw letters literature
/ /
AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bachelorofletters
AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine
AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic
Alevel advancedlevel(examination) BP beforepresent
ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum
AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers
AMICE associatememberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (i)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorofsurgery;
Engineers (3)Britishstandard
ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience
appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics)
AR Arkansas
BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering)
ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet
ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology
ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
bur. buried
ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command(identifierforpublished
ARIBA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers]
Architects
c. circa
ARP air-raidprecautions
c. capitulumpi.capitula:chapter(s)
ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross CA California
ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy
Cantab. Cantabrigiensis
art. article item
/ cap. capitulumpi.capitula:chapter(s)
ASC ArmyServiceCorps
CB companionoftheBath
Asch AustrianSchilling
CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation
Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem
ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres
ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar
Aug August CD compactdisc
AZ Arizona Cd command(identifierforpublished
bom parliamentarypapers]
bB.A bachelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era
BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century
BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare
BAD bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofFlonour
chap. chapter
bap. baptized
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgery
/ Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia
BC beforeChrist
BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency
BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment
BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire
againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie
BCh bachelorofsurgery cut companionofliterature
BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery
BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS VI
Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition
parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
CMC companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland • EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService
Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd)
parliamentarypapers] Eng. English
CO Colorado enl. enlarged
Co. company ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation
CO. county ep.pl.epp. epistola(e)
col.pi.cols. column(s) ESP extra-sensoryperception
Corp. corporation esp. especially
CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation esq. esquire
CSl companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia est. estimate/estimated
CT Connecticut EU EuropeanUnion
CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
ex soldby(lit.outof)
cwt hundredweight excl. excludes/excluding
$ (American)dollar exh. exhibited
d. (i)penny(pence);(2)died exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue
DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
Empire f.pl.ff. following[pages]
FA FootballAssociation
DCH diplomainchildhealth
FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians
DCh doctorofsurgery
DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile
DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry
DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy
DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries
FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety
DE Delaware
Dec December Feb February
FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering
dem. demolished
FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine
DEng doctorofengineering
FCS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety
des. destroyed
DEC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure
DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical
Engineers
DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry
FL Florida
diss. dissertation
floruit
DL deputylieutenant fl-
FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety
DLitt doctorofletters
FM frequencymodulation
DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters
DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s)
(3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs
DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French
DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety
doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute
DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow
oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety
DPhil doctorofphilosophy
DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic
DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists
DSC doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
Gynaecologists
DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics)
FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) Canada
DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal
FRCP(Edin.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder Edinburgh
DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof
DTech doctoroftechnology London
DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists
DTM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists
DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety
DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects
dwt pennyweight FRIGS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered
EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors
ed.pi.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety
Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vii
FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder
FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian
FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature FTA IndependentTelevisionAuthority
FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries rrv IndependentTelevision
ft footpi.feet Jan January
FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic,London JP justiceofthepeace
ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior
FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath
GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish
GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire
BritishEmpire KC king’scounsel
GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie
GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath
GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
GCHQ. governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian
GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire
IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael
GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge
MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof
GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India
GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt
GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter
JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity]
GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder
VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal
GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines)
Ger. German km kilometre(s)
GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick
GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas
GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle
GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight
GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky
Heb. Hebrew £ pound(s)sterling
HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound
HI Hawaii
L lirapi.lire
HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus
l.pl.11. line(s)
HK$ HongKongdollar LA Lousiana
HM his/hermajesty(’s) LAA lightanti-aircraft
HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries’Hall,Dublin
HMNZS his/hermajesty’sNewZealandship Lat. Latin
HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight
HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery
HMV HisMaster’sVoice
lit. literally
Hon. Honourable
LittB bachelorofletters
hp horsepower
LittD doctorofletters
hr hour(s) LKQCPI licentiateoftheKingandQueen’sCollegeof
HRH his/herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland
HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts
lA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws
ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws
ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws
ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery
IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord
illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic
illustx. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians
IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand
in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow
Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons
incl. includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries
/
lOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder
Ir£ Irishpound M.pi.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s)
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS Vlll
m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota
MA (1)Massachusetts;(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate
MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska
MB bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously
MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries
MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire
MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService
MCC MaryleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey
MCh masterofsurgery NKVD [Sovietpeople’scommissariatforinternal
affairs]
MChir masterofsurgery
NM NewMexico
MCom masterofcommerce
nm nanometre(s)
MD (i)doctorofmedicine;(2)Maryland
MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.pi.nos. number(s)
Nov November
ME Maine
MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace[ofpublication]
MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle
NV Nevada
MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament
NY NewYork
MG MorrisGarages
MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService
OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire
Mgr Monsignor
obit. obituary
MI (1)Michigan;(2)militaryintelligence Oct October
Mhc [secretintelligencedepartment]
OCTU officercadetstrainingunit
MI5 [militaryintelligencedepartment]
OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand
MIS [secretintelligencedepartment] Development
MI9 [secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo-
MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation
MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans]
Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini;memberofthe
min. minute(s) Capuchinorder
Mk mark OH Ohio
ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma
MLitt masterofletters 0level ordinarylevel[examination]
Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit
mm
millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers[Dominicans]
Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera
MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
MO Missouri OR Oregon
MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original
MP memberofparliament os oldstyle
m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict
MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers’TrainingCorps
MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety
MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis
MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pl.pp. page(s)
Surgeons PA Pennsylvania
MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy p.a. perannum
MS (1)masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph
MSpi.MSS manuscript(s) PAYE payasyouearn
MSc masterofscience pbkpi.pbks paperback(s)
MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. [duringthe]period
MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy
MusB bachelorofmusic
pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural
MusBac bachelorofmusic . * priv.coll. privatecollection
MusD doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s)
MV motorvessel pubd published
MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride
n.pi.nn. note(s) q.pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s)
NAAFI Navy,Army,andAirForceInstitutes Q.C queen’scounsel
NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex Regina
NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto/
NNCCO Nnoornt-hcoCmamriolsisniaonedofficer rR.A rReoiyganleAdc/arduelemdy RoyalAcademician
/
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
IX
RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona
RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish
RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge
RAM [memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (i)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship
RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology
RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology
RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology
RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology
Gynaecologists supp. supposedly
RDl royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pisuppls. supplement(s)
RE RoyalEngineers s.v. subverbo/subvoce:undertheword/heading
repr.pireprs. reprint(s)/reprinted SY steamyacht
repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy
rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS [Sovietnewsagency]
Revd Reverend
RRIHA (R1o)yRahloHdiebeIsrlnainadn;A(2c)aRdoyeamlyInstituteofPaintersin TTBD t((12u))btteeerarccruhilttaooirsiidasdll(adliet(.cmtouerbametbriecolrneobfatcihleluDsa)il);
Water-Colours
TN Tennessee
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene
RIN RoyalIndianNavy
trans. translated translatedby translation
RM Reichsmark / / /
translator
RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy
RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress
RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas
RNAS RoyalNavalAirService
U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine
RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG
RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve
UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience
RO RecordOffice andTechnology
r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations
RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and
Rs rupees CulturalOrganization
RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s
ofArts EmergencyFund
RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished
Animals
USS UnitedStatesship
RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah
RtRevd RightReverend
V verso
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary
V. versus
Russ. Russian
VA Virginia
RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment
S4C SianelPedwarCymru
VC VictoriaCross
s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday
s.a. subanno:undertheyear
Ven. Venerable
SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation
VJ-day victoryoverJapanday
SAS SpecialAirService
vol.pivols. volume(s)
SC SouthCarolina
VT Vermont
ScD doctorofscience WA Washington[state]
S$ Singaporedollar
SD SouthDakota WAAC Women’sAuxiliaryArmyCorps
WAAF Women’sAuxiliaryAirForce
sec. second(s)
WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation
sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization
sen. senior
WI Wisconsin
Sept September
WRAP Women’sRoyalAirForce
ser. series
SHAPE supremeheadquartersalliedpowers,Europe WRNS Women’sRoyalNavalService
SIDRO SocieteInternationaled’EnergieHydro- WV WestVirginia
Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService
sig.pi.sigs. signature(s) WY Wyoming
sing. singular ¥ yen
SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation
SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen’sChristianAssociation
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS X
2 Institution abbreviations
AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege,Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub,London
AMOxf. AshmoleauMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge
BalliolOxf BalliolCollege,Oxford GL, GuildhallLibrary,London
BBCWAC BBCWrittenArchivesCentre,Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester
Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge
Service,Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection
Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice,Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon
BFl BritishFilmInstitute,London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice,Winchester
BFlNFTVA BritishFilmInstitute,London,NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf HarrisManchesterCollege,Oxford
andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection,Harvard
BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey,Keyworth, University,Cambridge,Massachusetts,Nathan
Nottingham MarshPuseyLibrary
Birm.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary,BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts
Archives HarvardU., HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts,HoughtonLibrary
BL BritishLibrary,London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice,Hereford
BLNSA BritishLibrary,London,NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies,
Archive Hertford
BLOlOC BritishLibrary,London,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania,
OfficeCollections Philadelphia
BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice,London
Science,BritishLibraiyofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive,LondonandNewYork
EconomicScience Hunt.L. HuntingtonLibrary,SanMarino,California
BM BritishMuseum,London ICL ImperialCollege,London
Bodl.Oxf. BodleianLibrary,Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London
Bodl.RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London
AfricanStudiesatRhodesHouse,Oxford IWM ImperialWarMuseum,London
Borth.Inst. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch, IWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Filmand
UniversityofYork
VideoArchive
BostonPL BostonPublicLibrary,Massachusetts rWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Sound
BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive
Bucks.RLSS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester
Service,Aylesbury King’sACCam. King’sCollegeArchivesCentre,Cambridge
CACCam. ChurchillCollege,Cambridge,Churchill
King’sCam. King’sCollege,Cambridge
ArchivesCentre
King’sLond. King’sCollege,London
Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService
CCCCam. CorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge King’sLond., King’sCollege,London,LiddellHartCentre
CCCOxf. CorpusChristiCollege,Oxford LiddellHartC. forMilitaryArchives
Ches.&Chester CheshireandChesterArchivesandLocal Lancs.RO LancashireRecordOffice,Preston
ALSS StudiesService L.Cong. LibraryofCongress,Washington,DC
ChristChurchOxf ChristChurch,Oxford Leics.RO Leicestershire,Leicester,andRutlandRecord
Office,Leicester
Christies Christies,London
Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln
CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre,London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon
CKS CentreforKentishStudies,Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives
CLRO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London
Coll.Arms CollegeofArms,London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies
Col.U. ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork Service
CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice,Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary
CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt,London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge
CUL CambridgeUniversityLibraiy Magd.Oxf MagdalenCollege,Oxford
CumbriaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries
Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,M.rtlock Man.CL ManchesterCentralLibrary
DevonRO DevonRecordOffice,Exeter Mass.Hist.Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston
DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice,Dorchester MertonOxf MertonCollege,Oxford
DukeU. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina MHSOxf MuseumoftheHistoiyofScience,Oxford
DukeU.,PerkinsL. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina, MitchellL.,Glas. MitchellLibrary,Glasgow
WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL,NSW StateLibraiyofNewSouthWales,Sydney,
DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary
DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork
DWL DrWilliams’sLibraiy,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa
EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland,Dublin
E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice,Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum,London
Eton EtonCollege,Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland,Edinburgh
FMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London
Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary,Washington,DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
XI
NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice
NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking
NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin
NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge
NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen
NLNZ,TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham
AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary
NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia
NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge
NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales,Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London
NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham
NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary
Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh
Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege
NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary
Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L.
NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary
NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow
ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary
Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull
NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary
N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL.
Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds
NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary
OxfUA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL.
OxfU.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon
Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool
PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary
PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor
Office U.Mich., UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL.
PRONlre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary
Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne
PuseyOxf PuseyHouse,Oxford
U.Newcastle, UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne,
RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary
RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham
UniversityofTexas,Austin
RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London UU..NOoxtft.L. UUnniivveerrssiittyyooffONxoftotridnghamLibrary
RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London
U.Reading UniversityofReading
RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon
U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary
RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London
U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews
RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary
RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton
RIBABAL RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London, U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary
BritishArchitecturalLibrary
U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton
RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle,Berkshire(by
U.Texas UniversityofTexas,Austin
graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen]
U.Wales UniversityofWales
RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy,Dublin U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,Modem
RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy,Edinburgh
RC RecordsCentre
RS RoyalSociety,London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London
RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National
RSFriends,Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends,London
ArtLibrary
StAnt.Oxf StAntony’sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick
StJohnCam. StJohn’sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand
S.Antiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London
Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London
Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice,
Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge
ScottPolarRI UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester
Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice,Chichester
Shelf.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService
Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre, YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut
Shrewsbury YaleU.,BeineckeL. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,
SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary
Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService,Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale
Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt
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