Table Of Content

Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes Draznin_Prelims.indd i 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM About the Oxford American Handbooks in Medicine The Oxford American Handbooks are pocket clinical books, providing practi- cal guidance in quick reference, note form. Titles cover major medical special- ties or cross-specialty topics and are aimed at students, residents, internists, family physicians, and practicing physicians within specifi c disciplines. Their reputation is built on including the best clinical information, com- plemented by hints, tips, and advice from the authors. Each one is carefully reviewed by senior subject experts, residents, and students to ensure that content refl ects the reality of day-to-day medical practice. Key series features • Written in short chunks, each topic is covered in a two-page spread to enable readers to fi nd information quickly. They are also perfect for test preparation and gaining a quick overview of a subject without scanning through unnecessary pages. • Content is evidence based and complemented by the expertise and judgment of experienced authors. • The Handbooks provide a humanistic approach to medicine—it’s more than just treatment by numbers. • A “friend in your pocket,” the Handbooks offer honest, reliable guidance about the diffi culties of practicing medicine and provide coverage of both the practice and art of medicine. • For quick reference, useful “everyday” information is included on the inside covers. Published and Forthcoming Oxford American Handbooks Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Anesthesiology Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Dentistry Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy Oxford American Handbook of Critical Care Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Oxford American Handbook of Geriatric Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Nephrology and Hypertension Oxford American Handbook of Neurology Oxford American Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oxford American Handbook of Oncology Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology Oxford American Handbook of Otolaryngology Oxford American Handbook of Pediatrics Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Oxford American Handbook of Psychiatry Oxford American Handbook of Pulmonary Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Rheumatology Oxford American Handbook of Sports Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Surgery Oxford American Handbook of Urology Draznin_Prelims.indd ii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes Edited by B oris D raznin, MD, PhD Director, Adult Diabetes Program Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado S ol E pstein, MD Professor of Medicine and Geriatrics Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY with H elen E. T urner J ohn A.H. W ass 1 Draznin_Prelims.indd iii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM 3 Oxford University Press, Inc. publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press First published 2011 UK version published: 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oxford American handbook of endocrinology and diabetes / edited by Boris Draznin … [et al.]. p. ; cm. Handbook of endocrinology and diabetes Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-537428-5 1. Endocrinology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diabetes—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Draznin, Boris. II. Title: Handbook of endocrinology and diabetes. [DNLM: 1. Endocrine System Diseases—Handbooks. 2. Diabetes Mellitus—Handbooks. WK 39] RC649.O94 2011 616.4—dc22 2010050977 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China on acid-free paper Draznin_Prelims.indd iv 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a sub- stitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the con- ditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate infor- mation with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product informa- tion and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published prod- uct information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. Oxford University Press and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material, including without limitation that they make no representation or warran- ties as to the accuracy or effi cacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material. Draznin_Prelims.indd v 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM vi Preface In this era of rapid electronic transfer of medical information, the ques- tion is often posed: “Do we need textbooks anymore, as by the time they are printed much of the information is outdated?” This question is best answered by this publication, which offers the reader current, practical, clinical evidence–based information that will benefi t patients with endo- crine and metabolic disease. This handbook is not meant to be a fully comprehensive tome but to act as a quick and easily accessible source of information. While we have endeavored to include material that is as current as pos- sible, the many advances occurring in the fi eld of endocrinology and dia- betes made this a daunting task. This meant including emerging advances in translational research, molecular biology, genomics, diagnostic tests, and therapies without sacrifi cing clinical presentations. Our expert colleagues, to whom we as co-editors are eternally indebted and who are too numerous to mention individually, have devoted a con- siderable amount of time to ensuring the provision of the most relevant information in a very readable fashion. They accepted their assignments with grace and a willingness to participate, which made our task as editors so much easier. We are certain that the reader will enjoy this U.S. version of the O xford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes and apply this to their clinical practice. We thank the authors of the original British edition, Helen E. Turner and John A.H. Wass. We also thank the editorial staff of the Oxford University Press for their professional assistance. Boris Draznin and Sol Epstein Draznin_Prelims.indd vi 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM vii Contents Contributors viii Detailed contents ix Symbols and abbreviations xxviii Part 1 Thyroid 1 Part 2 Pituitary 8 1 Part 3 Adrenals 1 63 Part 4 Reproductive endocrinology 221 Part 5 Endocrine disorders of pregnancy 345 Part 6 Calcium and bone metabolism 365 Part 7 Pediatric endocrinology 429 Part 8 Neuroendocrine disorders 463 Part 9 Inherited endocrine syndromes and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 485 Part 10 M iscellaneous endocrinology 513 Part 11 D iabetes 585 Part 12 L ipids and hyperlipidemia 659 Part 13 L aboratory endocrinology 687 Index 699 Draznin_Prelims.indd vii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM viii Contributors Marc-Andre Cornier, MD Kristen Nadeau, MS, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Endocrinology, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Diabetes Endocrinology University of Colorado School of University of Colorado School Medicine of Medicine Aurora, CO Aurora, CO Part : Miscellaneous Part : Pediatric Endocrinology Endocrinology Rachel Pessah, MD Emily Gallagher, MB, Division of Endocrinology, BCh, BAO Diabetes, and Bone Disease Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Diabetes, and Bone Disease New York, NY Mount Sinai School of Medicine Part : Thyroid New York, NY E. Chester Ridgway, MD Part : Neuroendocrine Disorders Professor of Medicine Dina Green, MD Senior Associate Dean for Assistant Professor of Medicine Academic Affairs Division of Endocrinology, Vice Chairman: Department Diabetes, and Bone Disease of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine University of Colorado School New York, NY of Medicine Parts : Thyroid, Neuroendocrine Aurora, CO Disorders, Lipids and Part : Laboratory Endocrinology Hyperlipidemia Barrie Weinstein, MD Janice M. Kerr, MD Division of Endocrinology, Assistant Professor Diabetes, and Bone Disease Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Metabolism and Diabetes New York, NY University of Colorado Denver/ Part : Lipids and Hyperlipidemia Anschutz Medical Campus Margaret E. Wierman, MD Aurora, CO Part : Pituitary Chief of Endocrinology, Denver VAMC Caroline Messer, MD Professor of Medicine, Physiology Division of Endocrinology, and Biophysics Diabetes, and Bone Disease University of Colorado School Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Medicine New York, NY Aurora, CO Part : Thyroid Part : Reproductive Endocrinology Draznin_Prelims.indd viii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM ix Detailed contents Part 1 Thyroid 1 Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid 2 Anatomy 2 Physiology 4 2 Thyroid investigations 7 Tests of hormone concentration 7 Tests of homeostatic control 7 Antibody screen 10 Scintiscanning 11 Ultrasound (US) scanning 13 Fine needle aspiration (FNAC) cytology 14 Computed tomography (CT) 14 Additional laboratory investigations 15 Sick euthyroid syndrome (non-thyroidal illness syndrome) 15 Atypical clinical situations 16 3 Thyrotoxicosis 1 7 Etiology 17 Manifestations of hyperthyroidism 19 Treatment 21 Thyroid crisis (storm) 28 Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy 31 Hyperthyroidism in children 35 Secondary hyperthyroidism 36 4 Graves’ ophthalmopathy, dermopathy, and acropachy 39 Graves’ ophthalmopathy 39 Graves’ dermopathy 43 Thyroid acropachy 43 5 Multinodular goiter and solitary adenomas 44 Background 44 Clinical evaluation 45 Studies 46 Treatment 47 Pathology 48 Thyroid nodules in pregnant mothers 48 Draznin_Prelims.indd ix 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM

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The discipline of Endocrinology encompasses diabetes and obesity, two of the most common and pressing health care concerns today. The Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes concisely reviews the entire discipline, providing a wealth of daily help for students and residents managing pat
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by  Boris Draznin
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Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes Draznin_Prelims.indd i 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM About the Oxford American Handbooks in Medicine The Oxford American Handbooks are pocket clinical books, providing practi- cal guidance in quick reference, note form. Titles cover major medical special- ties or cross-specialty topics and are aimed at students, residents, internists, family physicians, and practicing physicians within specifi c disciplines. Their reputation is built on including the best clinical information, com- plemented by hints, tips, and advice from the authors. Each one is carefully reviewed by senior subject experts, residents, and students to ensure that content refl ects the reality of day-to-day medical practice. Key series features • Written in short chunks, each topic is covered in a two-page spread to enable readers to fi nd information quickly. They are also perfect for test preparation and gaining a quick overview of a subject without scanning through unnecessary pages. • Content is evidence based and complemented by the expertise and judgment of experienced authors. • The Handbooks provide a humanistic approach to medicine—it’s more than just treatment by numbers. • A “friend in your pocket,” the Handbooks offer honest, reliable guidance about the diffi culties of practicing medicine and provide coverage of both the practice and art of medicine. • For quick reference, useful “everyday” information is included on the inside covers. Published and Forthcoming Oxford American Handbooks Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Anesthesiology Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Dentistry Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy Oxford American Handbook of Critical Care Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Oxford American Handbook of Geriatric Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Nephrology and Hypertension Oxford American Handbook of Neurology Oxford American Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oxford American Handbook of Oncology Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology Oxford American Handbook of Otolaryngology Oxford American Handbook of Pediatrics Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Oxford American Handbook of Psychiatry Oxford American Handbook of Pulmonary Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Rheumatology Oxford American Handbook of Sports Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Surgery Oxford American Handbook of Urology Draznin_Prelims.indd ii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes Edited by B oris D raznin, MD, PhD Director, Adult Diabetes Program Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado S ol E pstein, MD Professor of Medicine and Geriatrics Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY with H elen E. T urner J ohn A.H. W ass 1 Draznin_Prelims.indd iii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM 3 Oxford University Press, Inc. publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press First published 2011 UK version published: 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oxford American handbook of endocrinology and diabetes / edited by Boris Draznin … [et al.]. p. ; cm. Handbook of endocrinology and diabetes Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-537428-5 1. Endocrinology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diabetes—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Draznin, Boris. II. Title: Handbook of endocrinology and diabetes. [DNLM: 1. Endocrine System Diseases—Handbooks. 2. Diabetes Mellitus—Handbooks. WK 39] RC649.O94 2011 616.4—dc22 2010050977 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China on acid-free paper Draznin_Prelims.indd iv 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a sub- stitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the con- ditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate infor- mation with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product informa- tion and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published prod- uct information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. Oxford University Press and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material, including without limitation that they make no representation or warran- ties as to the accuracy or effi cacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material. Draznin_Prelims.indd v 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM vi Preface In this era of rapid electronic transfer of medical information, the ques- tion is often posed: “Do we need textbooks anymore, as by the time they are printed much of the information is outdated?” This question is best answered by this publication, which offers the reader current, practical, clinical evidence–based information that will benefi t patients with endo- crine and metabolic disease. This handbook is not meant to be a fully comprehensive tome but to act as a quick and easily accessible source of information. While we have endeavored to include material that is as current as pos- sible, the many advances occurring in the fi eld of endocrinology and dia- betes made this a daunting task. This meant including emerging advances in translational research, molecular biology, genomics, diagnostic tests, and therapies without sacrifi cing clinical presentations. Our expert colleagues, to whom we as co-editors are eternally indebted and who are too numerous to mention individually, have devoted a con- siderable amount of time to ensuring the provision of the most relevant information in a very readable fashion. They accepted their assignments with grace and a willingness to participate, which made our task as editors so much easier. We are certain that the reader will enjoy this U.S. version of the O xford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes and apply this to their clinical practice. We thank the authors of the original British edition, Helen E. Turner and John A.H. Wass. We also thank the editorial staff of the Oxford University Press for their professional assistance. Boris Draznin and Sol Epstein Draznin_Prelims.indd vi 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM vii Contents Contributors viii Detailed contents ix Symbols and abbreviations xxviii Part 1 Thyroid 1 Part 2 Pituitary 8 1 Part 3 Adrenals 1 63 Part 4 Reproductive endocrinology 221 Part 5 Endocrine disorders of pregnancy 345 Part 6 Calcium and bone metabolism 365 Part 7 Pediatric endocrinology 429 Part 8 Neuroendocrine disorders 463 Part 9 Inherited endocrine syndromes and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 485 Part 10 M iscellaneous endocrinology 513 Part 11 D iabetes 585 Part 12 L ipids and hyperlipidemia 659 Part 13 L aboratory endocrinology 687 Index 699 Draznin_Prelims.indd vii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM viii Contributors Marc-Andre Cornier, MD Kristen Nadeau, MS, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Endocrinology, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Diabetes Endocrinology University of Colorado School of University of Colorado School Medicine of Medicine Aurora, CO Aurora, CO Part : Miscellaneous Part : Pediatric Endocrinology Endocrinology Rachel Pessah, MD Emily Gallagher, MB, Division of Endocrinology, BCh, BAO Diabetes, and Bone Disease Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Diabetes, and Bone Disease New York, NY Mount Sinai School of Medicine Part : Thyroid New York, NY E. Chester Ridgway, MD Part : Neuroendocrine Disorders Professor of Medicine Dina Green, MD Senior Associate Dean for Assistant Professor of Medicine Academic Affairs Division of Endocrinology, Vice Chairman: Department Diabetes, and Bone Disease of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine University of Colorado School New York, NY of Medicine Parts : Thyroid, Neuroendocrine Aurora, CO Disorders, Lipids and Part : Laboratory Endocrinology Hyperlipidemia Barrie Weinstein, MD Janice M. Kerr, MD Division of Endocrinology, Assistant Professor Diabetes, and Bone Disease Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Metabolism and Diabetes New York, NY University of Colorado Denver/ Part : Lipids and Hyperlipidemia Anschutz Medical Campus Margaret E. Wierman, MD Aurora, CO Part : Pituitary Chief of Endocrinology, Denver VAMC Caroline Messer, MD Professor of Medicine, Physiology Division of Endocrinology, and Biophysics Diabetes, and Bone Disease University of Colorado School Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Medicine New York, NY Aurora, CO Part : Thyroid Part : Reproductive Endocrinology Draznin_Prelims.indd viii 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM ix Detailed contents Part 1 Thyroid 1 Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid 2 Anatomy 2 Physiology 4 2 Thyroid investigations 7 Tests of hormone concentration 7 Tests of homeostatic control 7 Antibody screen 10 Scintiscanning 11 Ultrasound (US) scanning 13 Fine needle aspiration (FNAC) cytology 14 Computed tomography (CT) 14 Additional laboratory investigations 15 Sick euthyroid syndrome (non-thyroidal illness syndrome) 15 Atypical clinical situations 16 3 Thyrotoxicosis 1 7 Etiology 17 Manifestations of hyperthyroidism 19 Treatment 21 Thyroid crisis (storm) 28 Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy 31 Hyperthyroidism in children 35 Secondary hyperthyroidism 36 4 Graves’ ophthalmopathy, dermopathy, and acropachy 39 Graves’ ophthalmopathy 39 Graves’ dermopathy 43 Thyroid acropachy 43 5 Multinodular goiter and solitary adenomas 44 Background 44 Clinical evaluation 45 Studies 46 Treatment 47 Pathology 48 Thyroid nodules in pregnant mothers 48 Draznin_Prelims.indd ix 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM

Description:
The discipline of Endocrinology encompasses diabetes and obesity, two of the most common and pressing health care concerns today. The Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes concisely reviews the entire discipline, providing a wealth of daily help for students and residents managing pat
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