Owen. Argument composition and the lexicon: lexical and periphrastic causatives in Korean

581 Pages·2016·1.58 MB·English

by  Bratt E.

ARGUMENT COMPOSITION AND THE LEXICON:
LEXICAL AND PERIPHRASTIC CAUSATIVES IN
KOREAN
a dissertation
submitted to the department of linguistics
and the committee on graduate studies
of stanford university
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
doctor of philosophy
By
Elizabeth Owen Bratt
December 1996
(cid:13)c Copyright 1997 by Elizabeth Owen Bratt
All Rights Reserved
ii
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in
my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Peter Sells
(Principal Advisor)
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in
my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Ivan A. Sag
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in
my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Thomas Wasow
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in
my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Young-mee Yu Cho
(Rutgers University)
Approved for the University Committee on Graduate
Studies:
iii
Abstract
This thesis explores the properties of Korean lexical and periphrastic causatives as
a key to issues of constituent structure, case marking, complementation, and the
organization of the grammar into the lexicon and syntactic structure. The analysis,
set within the framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, treats both
formsof causativeas syntacticallymonoclausal and semanticallybiclausal. Argument
composition resolves the challenge that monoclausal periphrastic causatives present
to a monotonic syntax by lexicallyspecifying how the causative auxiliary can inherit
arguments from the causativized verb.
Constituent structure properties demonstrate the relation of the inherited argu-
mentsto the inheritinghead, withoriginal and inheritedargumentsoccurringlinearly
intermixed,and alternatingcase formson theinheritedargumentsre(cid:13)ectingtheagen-
tivity of their inheriting head, rather than their lexical, semantic head. Constituent
structure also shapes grammatical possibilities, with subject honori(cid:12)cation, plural
copy, and negation possibilities all di(cid:11)ering between lexical and periphrastic caus-
atives simply because the lexical causatives do not provide a separate lower verb
for su(cid:14)xes or particles to attach to, while the periphrastic causative verbal complex
does allow the causative auxiliary and the lower causativized verb to be singled out
individually.
Causatives, by separating semantic heads from constituent structure heads, tease
apart the often coincident characteristics of case marked elements. This separation
demonstrates that items lexically marked with underspeci(cid:12)ed grammatical case re-
ceive full speci(cid:12)cation as nominative or accusative when the Case Principles apply
to their constituent structure realizations. Semantically case-marked items generally
iv
only requiresemanticcompatibilitywiththe verbtheymodify,but locativesinherited
through argument composition additionally require the appropriate alternating form
for the verb which heads their phrase in syntax.
The syntactic and semantic representations intermediate between fully biclausal
and fully monoclausal can be seen as steps in a grammaticalizationprocess over time.
The lexical causatives re-order the obliqueness of their arguments to (cid:12)t the most
normal obliqueness for verbs; lexical causatives share a delimiter and spatial and
temporal location between causation and caused relation; and periphrastic causatives
occur in verbal complexesfunctioning as single verbs, therebydirectly re(cid:13)ecting their
complex predicatehood.
v
Acknowledgements
Iwould liketo thank thefollowingpeople forhelpingmeto completethisdissertation.
Peter Sells, a truly amazing advisor, who was always ready to help out with any
problem, read any draft, or discuss any idea, even while on sabbatical in Scotland
and in Japan. His ability to (cid:12)nd the best in any idea and developits interestingparts
guided and inspired me, and helped me keep larger ideas in mind. I could always
depend on his even judgment, and honest evaluation of the good and bad parts of
anything I presented him with, which is a tremendous asset to a graduate student
learning their way in a (cid:12)eld.
IvanA.Sag, who gavecloseattentionto thedetailsoftheHPSGanalyses through-
out the thesis, helping me to bring my analyses into line with current related work,
and to moreclearlyexpressthebest parts of myideas. Hewas generous withhis time,
and helped me thoroughly examine many analyses alongside possible alternatives.
Thomas Wasow, who read my thesis drafts carefully and helped me re(cid:12)ne details
of logic and the implications of my wording throughout the thesis.
Young-mee Yu Cho, who helped me on many levels, from teaching me Korean in
Stanford’s classes, helping me with Korean judgments, providing me with relevant
papers and books on Korean linguistics, and (cid:12)nding so many interesting wrinkles in
the data and stunning connections between ideas or extensions of them, and sharing
her rich knowledge of Korean linguistics with me.
The teaching assistants in Young-mee Yu Cho’s Korean classes: Eunjoo Han,
Chang-Yong Sohn, and Yookyung Kim. To all of them, taytanhi kamsa hapnita.
Ki-Sun Hong, who helped me get started in Korean syntax by providing me with
vi
many papers I referred to frequently over the years and encouraging me in my begin-
ning work on Korean.
For Korean judgments and discussion of their implications, I greatly appreciate
the help over many years of Young-mee Yu Cho, Ki-Sun Hong, Eunjoo Han, Chang-
Yong Sohn, Yookyung Kim, Hye-Won Choi, and Jong-Bok Kim, who were generous
to me with their ideas and their time.
Yoshiko Matsumoto, for chairing my oral examination.
Elizabeth Closs Traugott’s grammaticalization class, which contributed part of
myfundamental outlook on linguistics, and gave me the tools to (cid:12)nd interesting data
and look for long-range possibilities.
Donna JoNapoli,whosesyntaxclassesattheUniversityofMichiganwereexciting,
challenging, and inspiring, and who was generous in her time and attention, and
encouraged me in my ideas and my linguistic career.
Alex Alsina, for discussion of ideas in my thesis, and for the stimulating ideas in
his thesis and the class he taught based on his thesis.
Rosanne Pelletier,who discussed ideas and helped me polish my wording with an
infectious enthusiasm for precise expression.
Tom Veatch, for teaching me about using Waves and analyzing phonetic data,
and discussing my phonetic experiments and their syntactic relevance.
Liz Shriberg, for discussing experimental methodology with me for my phonetic
experiments.
Mark Gawron, for discussing type hierarchies with me, and helping me sort out
my approach.
John Dowding, for discussing the role of types within grammar, and for swiftly
providing me with a copy of any ACL paper I got interested in, and attempting to
scout out computational books for me when Stanford’s library didn’t have them.
Donna Gerdts, for discussing my thesis at an early stage, while she was a visitor
at Stanford, and encouraging me.
Georgia Green, for questions and discussion at the Stanford HPSG conference
which helped balance my outlook.
vii
WilliamO’Grady, for encouragement and discussion at the 1993 Harvard Interna-
tional Symposiumon Korean Linguistics whichhelped methink about severalpoints.
Tony Davis and Michio Isoda for discussion of ideas.
BeverleyMcChesney, Phil Hubbard, Connie Rylance, Carole Mawson, and Cristy
Carlson Juencke in the English for Foreign Students Program, for friendship and
support in the part of my life that balanced out the intense thesis writing. Thanks to
Phil and Beverley for hiring me to teach the courses which supported my (cid:12)nal years
at Stanford, and to Connie for developing my EFS teaching approach when I started
out as her TA.
The National Science Foundation, for (cid:12)nancially supporting my (cid:12)rst three years
with a Graduate Fellowship.
The MellonFoundation, for (cid:12)nanciallysupporting a dissertation writing year,and
encouraging and supporting me as a Mellon Fellow throughout my graduate educa-
tion, including the two Mellon conferences. I especially appreciated Dr. Robert Go-
heen’syearlylettersshowinghowpersonallyhefollowedeachMellonFellow’sprogress.
Emma Pease, for CSLI’s great macros for linguistic examples and trees, and her
overall LaTeX support.
My father, Raymond Owen, who drew on his own grad school experience as well
as his experienceas a professor to give mean outside perspectiveand steady support,
and my mother, Dorothy Owen, who drew on her experience supporting my father
through his grad school years to provide support to me.
To Harry Bratt, how can I thank thee, let me count the ways! For listening to me
talk out new ideas, asking useful questions, always being on the alert for a reallykeen
way to automate a tedious task or customizemyenvironment,developing the macros
for my HPSG signs, giving me the idea, the courage, and the guidance to write my
own perl scripts for all kinds of (cid:12)nal thesis quality checks, being a 24-hour on-call
personal sys admin for me, and being patient and understanding with all the events
in my long journey through grad school.
viii
This thesisis dedicatedto the memoryof mygrandfather, FitzhughBaytopJones,
whose lifelong fascination with learning, exploration and research has always inspired
me.
ix
Abbreviations
Glosses
The following abbreviations are used in the word-by-word glosses for examples in
languages other than English.
Acc accusative case
Adj adjectival su(cid:14)x
Adv adverbializer
Caus causative (su(cid:14)x)
Clasf numeral classi(cid:12)er
Cmp complementizer (su(cid:14)x)
Com comitative
Conj conjunction (su(cid:14)x)
Dat dative case
Dec declarative mood
DecAbr abbreviated form of declarative mood
Dir directional (su(cid:14)x)
x