Overweight and the Metabolic Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside

347 Pages·2006·4.24 MB·English

by  Andrew A. Butler

OVERWEIGHT AND THE
METABOLIC SYNDROME:
FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE
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OVERWEIGHT AND THE
METABOLIC SYNDROME:
FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE
Edited by
George A. Bray, MD
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Louisiana State University System
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Donna H. Ryan, MD
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Louisiana State University System
Baton Rouge, Louisiana,USA
GeorgeA.Bray,MD DonnaH.Ryan,MD
PenningtonBiomedicalResearchCenter PenningtonBiomedicalResearchCenter
LouisianaStateUniversity LouisianaStateUniversity
6400PerkinsRoad 6400PerkinsRoad
BatonRouge,LA,USA BatonRouge,LA,USA
OVERWEIGHTANDTHEMETABOLICSYNDROME:
FROMBENCHTOBEDSIDE
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006922024
ISBN-10:0-387-32163-2e-ISBN-10:0-387-32164-0
ISBN-13:978-0387-32163-9e-ISBN-13:978-0387-32164-6
Printedonacid-freepaper.
©2006SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthe
writtenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,Inc.,233SpringStreet,
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Contents
Preface xv
Contributors xix
Chapter1:NeuroendocrineControlofFoodIntake
AndrewA.Butler,JamesL.TrevaskisandChristopherD.Morrison 1
1. Introduction 1
2. CentralNervousSystemRegulationofFeedingBehavior 2
3. NeuroendocrineFactorsSecretedfromtheGut 2
3.1. Cholecystokinin 3
3.2. PeptideYY 5
3.3. Ghrelin 6
3.4. Amylin 7
3.5. Enterostatin 7
3.6. Glucagon-likePeptide 8
3.7. BombesinFamily:Bombesin,Gastrin-releasingPeptideandNeuromedinB 8
3.8. Oxyntomodulin 9
3.9. Leptin 10
4. NeuroendocrineIndicatorsofLong-termEnergyBalance:LeptinandInsulin 10
4.1. LeptinandInsulinSignalinginDiet-inducedObesity 12
5. Summary 13
References 13
Chapter2:BodyCompositionAssessmentofObesity
Wm.CameronChumlea 23
1. Introduction 23
2. OverviewofBodyCompositionMethods 24
2.1. Anthropometry 24
2.2. WeightandStature 24
2.3. BodyMassIndex 25
2.4. AbdominalCircumference 26
2.5. Skinfolds 27
2.6. BioelectricImpedanceAnalysis 28
vi Contents
2.7. BodyDensity 29
2.8. TotalBodyWater 29
2.9. Dual-energyx-rayAbsorptiometry 29
3. EthnicDifferencesinBodyComposition 30
4. AvailableReferenceData 30
5. Recommendations 31
6. Conclusion 31
Acknowledgments 32
References 32
Chapter3:PrevalenceofObesityandtheMetabolicSyndrome
AliH.MokdadandEarlS.Ford 37
1. OverweightandObesity 37
2. PreventionandControlPrograms 44
3. THEMetabolicSyndrome 45
4. PreventiveandControlStrategies 47
5. FuturePerspectives 48
References 49
Chapter4:TheGeneticContributiontoObesity
RaulA.Bastarrachea,JackW.KentJr.,JeffT.Williams,Guowen
Cai,ShelleyA.ColeandAnthonyG.Comuzzie 55
1. Introduction 55
2. ObesityasaCommonComplexPhenotype 56
3. AncientGenesinaModernWorld:AnEvolutionaryGeneticPerspectiveonObesity 57
4. ApproachestoObesityGeneDiscovery 58
4.1. CandidateGeneAssociationStudy 59
4.2. GenomeScan 59
4.3. mRNA 60
5. EvidencefromAnimalModelsfortheGeneticContributiontoObesity 60
5.1. MonogenicObesity 60
5.2. OligogenicObesity 62
6. EvidencefortheGeneticContributiontoObesityinHumans 63
6.1. TheGeneticContributiontoRareFormsofHumanObesity 63
6.2. GeneticContributiontoCommonHumanObesity 66
7. Conclusion 72
Acknowledgments 73
References 73
Contents vii
Chapter5:EtiologyofObesity:TheProblemofMaintainingEnergy
Balance
BarryE.LevinandDeborahJ.Clegg 83
1. Introduction:ObesityandtheConceptofDefendedBodyWeight 83
2. NeuralControloftheDefendedBodyWeight 85
3. ObesityandtheProblemofMaintainingBodyWeight 88
4. HowIsBodyWeightReallyRegulated? 90
5. FactorsThatLowertheDefendedBodyWeight 91
6. ImplicationsforFutureResearch 91
References 92
Chapter6:CurrentViewsoftheFatCellasanEndocrineCell:
Lipotoxicity
TamaraTchkonia,BarbaraE.CorkeyandJamesL.Kirkland 105
1. Introduction 105
2. FunctionsofFatTissue 105
3. ConditionsAssociatedwithLipotoxicity 106
4. MechanismsofLipotoxicity 108
5. InherentPropertiesofCellsContributetoSusceptibilitytoLipotoxicity 111
6. AssociationbetweenLipidsandInflammatoryResponses 111
7. MechanismsofDefenseagainstLipotoxicity 112
8. PreadipocytesandFatCellsAremoreResistantthanOtherCellTypestoFA 114
9. Summary 116
10. Conclusions 117
Acknowledgments 118
References 118
Chapter7:EctopicFatandtheMetabolicSyndrome
FredericoG.S.ToledoandDavidE.Kelley 125
1. Introduction 125
2. ConsequencesofExcessAdipositytoWhole-bodyGlucoseHomeostasis 126
3. FFA-inducedInsulinResistance 127
4. EctopicFatinSkeletalMuscleandInsulinResistance 128
5. RelationshipsbetweenEctopicFatinLiverandInsulinResistance 129
6. HumanLipodystrophicSyndromes 130
7. ConcludingRemarks 131
References 132
Chapter8:AbdominalObesityandtheMetabolicSyndrome
Jean-PierreDesprés,IsabelleLemieuxandNatalieAlméras 137
1. Introduction 137
2. MetabolicSyndromewithoutHyperglycemiaPredictsanInreasedCHDRisk 140
viii Contents
3. WhyMeasureWaistCircumferenceaswellandnotjustBMI? 141
4. AbdominalObesity:TheDrivingForcebehindtheMetabolicSyndrome? 143
5. TheMetabolicSyndrome:IsWaistGirthSufficient? 143
6. AreNCEP-ATPIIICriteriaValidinAllPopulations? 144
7. ManagingCHDRiskinPatientswiththeMetabolicSyndrome:WhatShouldBe
OurGoal? 145
8. Summary 146
Acknowledgments 148
References 148
Chapter9:TheProblemsofChildhoodObesityandtheMetabolic
Syndrome
SoniaCaprioandRamWeiss 153
1. Introduction 153
2. PrevalenceoftheMetabolicSyndromeinChildrenandAdolescents:Impactof
Obesity 154
3. EffectsofInsulinResistance(HOMA-IR)onthePrevalenceoftheMetabolic
Syndrome 155
4. ProinflammatoryandAntiinflammatoryMarkersandInsulinResistance 158
5. PathophysiologicalStudiesofthePrediabeticPhenotypeinYouth 159
6. RelationshipbetweenInsulinResistanceandTissueLipidPartitioning 160
7. EarlyReductionofβ-cellSensitivitytoGlucoseinObeseYouthwithImpaired
GlucoseTolerance 162
8. LongitudinalStudyofChangesinGlucoseToleranceStatusinObeseYouth 164
Acknowledgments 165
References 165
Chapter10:EvaluationoftheOverweightandObesePatient
GeorgeA.BrayandDonnaH.Ryan 169
1. Introduction 169
2. Definitions 170
3. AnthropometricMeasures 170
3.1. HeightandWeight 170
3.2. WaistCircumference 170
4. InstrumentalMethodsforMeasuringBodyFat 171
4.1. DualX-rayAbsorptiometry 172
4.2. Density 172
4.3. IsotopeDilution 173
4.4. BioelectricImpedance 173
5. ImagingTechniquesforBodyComposition 173
6. SummaryofClinicalRecommendationsforMeasurementofBodyComposition 173
7. BodyFatthroughtheLifeSpan 173
8. PrevalenceofOverweight 174
Contents ix
9. ClinicalEvaluationofOverweightPatients 176
9.1. BodyMassIndex 176
9.2. WaistCircumference 178
9.3. WeightGain 178
9.4. SedentaryLifestyle 178
9.5. LaboratoryandOtherMeasures 179
10. TheMetabolicSyndrome 179
11. EtiologicFactorsUnderlyingObesity 180
12. IntroductiontoTreatment:Risk–BenefitAssessment 183
13. Conclusion 183
References 184
Chapter11:DietaryApproachestoObesityandtheMetabolic
Syndrome
GaryD.FosterandAngelaP.Makris 187
1. Introduction 187
2. Low-fatDiets 188
2.1. EfficacyofLow-fatDietsonWeightLoss,Hypertension,andDiabetes 188
3. Very-low-fatDiets 191
3.1. EfficacyofVery-low-fatDietsonWeightLossandCardiovascularDisease 191
4. Moderate-fatDiets 192
4.1. EfficacyofModerate-fatDietsonWeightLoss,CardiovascularDisease,and
Diabetes 193
5. TheHigh-proteinDiet 195
5.1. EfficacyofHigh-proteinDietsonWeightLoss 196
6. Low-carbohydrateDiets 198
6.1. EfficacyofLow-carbohydrateDietsonWeightLoss,InsulinSensitivity,and
Lipids 198
7. LowGlycemicIndexDiet 202
7.1. EffectsofLowGlycemicIndexDietsonHungerandWeightLossand
InsulinSensitivity 202
8. ClinicalImplicationsandFutureDirectionsforResearch 205
References 205
Chapter12:ExerciseasanApproachtoObesityandtheMetabolic
Syndrome
JohnM.JakicicandAmyD.Otto 211
1. Introduction 211
2. EffectofExerciseonHealth-relatedParameters 211
3. ImpactofExerciseonWeightLoss 213
4. ExercisePrescriptionConsiderationsforLong-termWeightControl 214
5. Summary 216